Effects of mental practice with action observation training on occupational performance after stroke.

BACKGROUND: Studies on whether mental practice (MP) in patients with stroke using action observation training (AOT) is effective in improving physical performance are still insufficient. To examine the effects of MP on both occupational performance and motor function to complement studies relevant to MP with AOT. METHODS: Subjects of this study were 3 individuals who were diagnosed with stroke. We used an A-B-A study design with follow-up evaluation, which is a type of reversal single experimental research design. A total of 20 experimental sessions were conducted. To assess the long-term effect of MP with AOT, follow-up baseline measurements were made after 2 weeks without MP. Three-dimensional motion analysis and electromyography were conducted during each of the 20 sessions. The Motor Activity Log and Assessment of Motor and Process Skills were measured 3 times: in the pre-MP phase, the post-MP phase, and the 2-week follow-up phase. RESULTS: Occupational performance improved after intervention in all 3 subjects when applying an MP task using AOT. All subjects showed improvement of motor functions, including smoothness of movement, agonistic muscle activation, and co-ordination. The treatment effect continued after 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: MP using AOT in patients with stroke is an effective treatment protocol to improve occupational performance and motor function. Thus, MP using AOT may be applicable for treating stroke patients with stroke not only while they are in the hospital but also at home or in the community.

Effects of a time-use intervention in isolated patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with coronavirus disease experience deterioration in occupational balance and mental health. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a time-use intervention on the occupational balance of isolated patients with coronavirus disease. Its impact on secondary outcomes including mental health and quality of life was also assessed. METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in a single community-based hospital. Forty-one patients (19 in the experimental group and 22 in the control group) with coronavirus disease were recruited between February 1, 2021, and March 19, 2021. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a time-use intervention or education on self-activity. The time-use intervention is to plan a daily routine to engage in meaningful occupations. It consisted of 4 steps: time-use analysis, occupation selection, arrangement of activities and practice, and occupational therapist intervention. The control group was educated on self-activity and spent time autonomously. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was occupational balance, evaluated using the Korean version of the Life Balance Inventory. Secondary outcomes were mental health and quality of life assessed using the Korean version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Korean Form of Zung's Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Korean version of the Insomnia Severity Index, Multidimensional State Boredom Scale-8, Fear of Coronavirus Disease: Korean version of the Fear of Coronavirus Disease Scale, and World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument-BRIEF. Outcome measures were evaluated at admission and discharge. RESULTS: The time-use intervention significantly improved occupational balance (F = 14.12, p < .001) and all other measures of depression, anxiety, boredom, fear, and quality of life. Conversely, the control group showed a worsening pattern for all measures. CONCLUSION: The time-use intervention is effective for improving occupational balance, mental health, and quality of life in patients with coronavirus disease.

Predictive factors associated with trajectory of job satisfaction of workers with physical disabilities: A latent growth curve analysis.

BACKGROUND: Job satisfaction is a highly useful factor in maintaining a successful work life for the disabled. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate how job satisfaction among workers with physical disabilities evolves over time, and to identify predictive factors that influence the trajectory of job satisfaction. METHODS: A longitudinal data analysis using the three-year databases of the 2016-2018 Employment Panel Survey for the Disabled (n = 693). A latent growth curve model analysis was conducted to determine the trajectory of the job satisfaction among workers with physical disabilities, as well as the predictive factors affecting it. RESULTS: Job satisfaction among workers with physical disabilities increased over time, and there were substantial individual differences in the trajectory of the job satisfaction. The significant predictors for the job satisfaction over the three years were degree of disability, computer usage ability, employment support services, and experience of discrimination. Gender, educational background, interpersonal relationship/organizational adaptability, convenience facilities for the disabled, job suitability, disability acceptability, and self-esteem had a considerable impact on the intercept of the job satisfaction, but not on the slope. CONCLUSION: The findings would inform healthcare providers to establish mid-to-long-term vocational rehabilitation intervention plans that could increase the job satisfaction among workers with physical disabilities.

Measurement Properties of the Stroke-Predischarge Occupational Therapy Assessment.

There is no comprehensive predischarge occupational therapy assessment tool in South Korea. The objective of this study was to determine Stroke-Predischarge Occupational Therapy Assessment (S-POTA) validity and reliability. Twenty-seven occupational therapists (OTs) assessed 97 patients with stroke. Concurrent validity was evaluated by comparing S-POTA scores with stroke-specific quality of life (SS-QOL). Discriminant validity was evaluated by comparing S-POTA scores between outpatient and readmitted groups, and a receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted. The test-retest was conducted twice in 20 patients, and the inter-rater test was conducted with two OTs per patient. S-POTA positively correlated with SS-QOL. S-POTA rating differs significantly across outpatients and readmitted groups. All S-POTA areas under curve values ranged from .70 to .85, and cut-off points were derived. Cronbach's α for internal consistency was .953, the intraclass correlation coefficient for test-retest was .990, and .987 for inter-rater reliability. The results suggest S-POTA is a reliable tool for efficient implementation of discharge planning.

Effect of intensive training with a spring-assisted hand orthosis on movement smoothness in upper extremity following stroke: a pilot clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: A commercial splinting system is designed to permit quick training in opening and closing the affected hand in order to overcome the disadvantages of previous approaches. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of intensive training using a spring-assisted hand orthosis on upper extremity in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke. DESIGN: Five participants for the experimental group and 5 for the control group were recruited from a local rehabilitation hospital. Subjects in the experimental group participated in 4 weeks of training using a SaeboFlex orthosis for 1 hour per day, 5 times per week. Each subject in the control group wore the same orthosis for 1 hour per day without participating in upper extremity training. Outcome measures included the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Box and Block Test, and Action Research Arm Test; kinematic parameters were collected using a 3-D motion analysis system. RESULTS: The Fugl-Meyer assessment and the Box and Block Test score were increased significantly in the experimental group after the intervention. The resultant velocity of the wrist joint for the reach-to-grasp task decreased significantly, and the resultant velocity of the shoulder joint while performing a reach-to-grasp task at acromion height decreased significantly in the experimental group. CONCLUSION: A pilot clinical study of spring-assisted dynamic hand orthosis training is feasible in recovering the movement of the hemiparetic upper extremity.

Leisure Time Physical Activity to Reduce Metabolic Syndrome Risk: A 10-Year Community-Based Prospective Study in Korea.

PURPOSE: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major public health problem related to increased risks of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. We investigated whether recommended levels of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) decrease the risk of MetS in a community-based prospective cohort study (Ansung and Ansan cohort). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 3910 adults (1890 men, 2020 women) without MetS examined in 2001-2002 (baseline) were included in this study and followed up from 2013 to 2014. We measured LTPA energy expenditure using the standard metabolic equivalent value [metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-h/wk]. Individuals were categorized into five groups (physically inactive, 0.1 to <7.5, 7.5 to <15.0, 15.0 to <22.5, 22.5 to <40.0, and ≥40.0 MET-h/wk). RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 11.8 years. Among the cohort, 482 men (25.5%) and 541 women (26.8%) were diagnosed with newly developed MetS. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed a 4.4% lower MetS risk among those performing two to three times the recommended minimum of 7.5 MET-h/wk [multivariate relative risk (RR), 0.956; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.654-1.398] and a 21.9% lower risk among those performing three to four times the physical activity minimum (multivariate RR, 0.781; 95% CI, 0.574-1.063). This association was only significant in females performing three to four times the minimum (crude RR, 0.655; 95% CI, 0.432-0.994). CONCLUSION: We noted that physical activity at more than 2 times the recommended minimum prevents MetS. Healthcare professionals should encourage inactive adults to be physically active during their leisure time to take advantage of its health benefits.

The application of client-centred occupational therapy for Korean children with developmental disabilities.

The aim of this paper was to investigate the effectiveness of client-centred occupational therapy using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS). Eight girls and 23 boys from Korea, with developmental disabilities and from 3 to 10 years of age participated in this study. Each child participated in 20 to 24 sessions of client-centred occupational therapy. Both the COPM and the AMPS change scores demonstrated statistically significant improvement (p < 0.01) in occupational performance. Significant correlations were found between COPM - Performance and AMPS - Motor skills (r(s) = 0.64, p < 0.05), and COPM - Satisfaction and AMPS - Process skills (r(s) = 0.62, p < 0.05) in a group positive towards client-centred occupational therapy. The COPM was a valuable tool in guiding and measuring the client-centred occupational therapy for children with developmental disabilities. The small sample size of 31 children limits the generalizability of the study's results. Future research needs to use a larger and more diverse sample of children to further validate the effectiveness of client-centred occupational therapy.

The effects of mental practice combined with modified constraint-induced therapy on corticospinal excitability, movement quality, function, and activities of daily living in persons with stroke.

PURPOSE: Studies on to what extent the combined therapy of modified constraint-induced movement therapy and mental practice is more effective than modified constraint-induced movement therapy alone are lacking. This study aims to compare the effects of the combined therapy with modified constraint-induced movement therapy alone on corticospinal excitability, quality of the movement of the affected upper extremity, upper motor functions, and performance of the affected arm in daily life of hemiplegic stroke patients. METHODS: The participants comprised 14 people who had suffered stroke and were randomly divided into two groups. All participants participated in modified constraint-induced movement therapy, while only the experimental group partook in additional mental practice. Both groups were tested for corticospinal excitability, quality of movement, hand function, and activities of daily living. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant improvement in the movement quality of reaching and performance of activities of daily living. In the experimental group, functional improvement of the upper limb was also observed. The improvements in corticospinal excitability, upper extremity function, and performance in daily activities were significantly greater in the experimental group compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that the combined therapy produces more effective improvement in corticospinal excitability, upper limb function, and performance in daily activities. The combined therapy of mental practice and modified constraint-induced movement therapy could be used as a clinically useful intervention. Implications for rehabilitation Modified constraint-induced movement therapy could be used as an intervention method for people with stroke to make improvements in the quality of movement and performance in activities of daily livings with the affected side. With additional mental practice, upper extremity functions improve, and changes in neurological, functional and performance in daily lives are greater compared to modified constraint-induced movement therapy without mental practice. Impact of mental practice has on rehabilitation should not be underestimated.

Comparison of Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance and conventional occupational therapy on occupational performance in individuals with stroke: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) approach based on cognitive strategy in occupational therapy. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of CO-OP approach on occupational performance in individuals with hemiparetic stroke. METHODS: This study was designed as a 5-week, randomized, single-blind. Forty-three participants who had a diagnosis of first stroke were enrolled in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 20) or the control group (n = 23). The experimental group conducted CO-OP approach while the control group conducted conventional occupational therapy based on occupational performance components. This study measured Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and Performance Quality Rating Scale (PQRS). Outcome measurements were performed at baseline and post-intervention. RESULTS: After training, the scores of COPM and PQRS in trained task were significantly higher for the score in the experimental group than the control group. In addition, the non-trained task was significantly higher for the score in the experimental group than the control group in COPM and the PQRS. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the CO-OP approach is beneficial effects on the occupational performance to improvement in individuals with hemiparetic stroke, and have positive effects on generalization and transfer of acquired skills.

Effects of Task-Oriented Training as an Added Treatment to Electromyogram-Triggered Neuromuscular Stimulation on Upper Extremity Function in Chronic Stroke Patients.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of electromyogram-triggered neuromuscular stimulation (EMG-stim) combined with task-oriented training (TOT) on upper extremity function in chronic stroke patients. Twenty chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 10) or control (n = 10) group. The intervention group conducted TOT with EMG-stim on the wrist and finger extensor of the affected arm for 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. The control group was provided EMG-stim for 20 minutes per day for the same duration. The intervention group exhibited significant improvement relative to the control group in muscle activation, motor recovery (Fugl-Meyer assessment) and dexterity (Box and Block Test) (p < 0.05). Significant differences in hand function between the groups were detected in the writing of short sentences and in stacking checkers (p < 0.05). It is concluded that EMG-stim in combination with TOT may be better than EMG-stim alone for the treatment of arm paresis in stroke patients. Further research with a larger sample is recommended to examine neurologic changes or cerebral cortex reorganization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The effects of virtual reality-based bilateral arm training on hemiplegic children's upper limb motor skills.

BACKGROUND: Hemiplegic cerebral palsy is a neurological symptom appearing on the unilateral arm and leg of the body that causes affected upper/lower limb muscle weakening and dysesthesia and accompanies tetany and difficulties in postural control due to abnormal muscle tone, and difficulties in body coordination. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of virtual reality-based bilateral arm training on the motor skills of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, in terms of their upper limb motor skills on the affected side, as well as their bilateral coordination ability. METHODS: The research subjects were three children who were diagnosed with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. The research followed an ABA design, which was a single-subject experimental design. The procedure consisted of a total of 20 sessions, including four during the baseline period (A1), 12 during the intervention period (B), and four during the baseline regression period (A2), For the independent variable bilateral arm training based on virtual reality, Nintendo Wii game was played for 30 minutes in each of the 12 sessions. For the dependent variables of upper limb motor skills on the affected side and bilateral coordination ability, a Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) was carried out for each session and the Pediatric Motor Activity Log (PMAL) was measured before and after the intervention, as well as after the baseline regression period. To test bilateral coordination ability, shooting baskets in basketball with both hands and moving large light boxes were carried out under operational definitions, with the number of shots and time needed to move boxes measured. The results were presented using visual graphs and bar graphs. RESULTS: The study's results indicated that after virtual reality-based bilateral arm training, improvement occurred in upper limb motor skills on the affected sides, and in bilateral coordination ability, for all of the research subjects. Measurements of the effects of sustained therapy after completion of the intervention, during the baseline regression period, revealed that upper limb motor skills on the affected side and bilateral coordination ability were better than in the baseline period for all subjects. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that for children with hemiplegic with cerebral palsy, bilateral arm training based on virtual reality can be an effective intervention method for enhancing the upper limb motor skills on the affected side, as well as bilateral coordination ability.

Reliability and Validity of the Activity Participation Assessment for School-age Children in Korea.

OBJECTIVE: This pilot study examined the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, and discriminant validity of the Activity Participation Assessment (APA) for school-age children in Korea. METHODS: The construct validity of the APA was first established by factor analysis on the response of 134 nondisabled children. Internal consistency was evaluated for each of the factors. A test-retest study was conducted on 22 nondisabled children. Discriminant validity was established by comparing the participation of 56 nondisabled children and 56 children with intellectual disabilities and examining sex differences of 61 boys and 61 girls. RESULTS: Analysis of the APA revealed five factors, which were labeled as instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), sports and outdoor activities, hobbies and school activities, social activities, and personal care. The factors showed acceptable levels of internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .63-.89). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the five factors were all in the good range (ICC = .86-.92). We found statistically significant difference between nondisabled children and children with intellectual disabilities in five factors. We also found that girls participated in significantly more IADL, hobbies and school activities, and social activities. However, boys participated in significantly more sports and outdoor activities. CONCLUSION: The APA shows good internal reliability, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity, and construct validity. However, evidence of psychometric properties was limited by a small sample size. Psychometric properties such as interrater reliability as well as concurrent validity and construct validity need to be tested using a larger sample size with representative demographics.

Relationship between Quantified Instrumental Swallowing Examination and Comprehensive Clinical Swallowing Examination.

The aim of this study was to identify the correlation between the Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA) and the Videofluoroscopic Dysphagia Scale (VDS) to investigate the applicability of the MASA as a follow-up test of swallowing function. Criterion validity was assessed for MASA results versus VDS scores of tests administered to 54 patients who had a stroke and dysphagia. A significant correlation was found between the MASA and the VDS (correlation coefficient = -0.509). In analyses of test-re-test reliability and inter-rater reliability of the scoring scale, intraclass correlation coefficients (2, 1) were high (0.98, 0.99). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that the MASA holds adequate clinical test-re-test and inter-rater reliabilities and criterion validity for measuring the swallowing abilities of Korean patients who had a stroke and dysphagia. The MASA could contribute to more systematic management of swallowing problems and efficient therapeutic service.

Psychosocial predictors of participation restriction poststroke in Korea: A path analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The present cross-sectional study tested a hypothetical path model consisting of psychosocial factors in relation to activity participation restriction in chronic stroke. Motor and cognitive functions and age; psychological factors consisting of depressive symptoms, hopeful thinking, and self-esteem; and activities of daily living and social support served as psychosocial factors. METHOD: Data were collected from 171 community-dwelling individuals with chronic stroke in Korea. Path analysis was conducted to test the model fit between the obtained data and the hypothetical model to examine the direct and indirect effects of variables on participation restriction. RESULTS: Among the psychosocial factors, psychological factors and activities of daily living played the most significant role in predicting the degree of participation restriction, as well as mediating the relationship. Motor and cognitive functions were mediated by activities of daily living, and social support was mediated by psychological factors to affect participation restriction. Among the psychological factors, hopeful thinking exhibited the strongest relationship. CONCLUSION: To increase stroke survivors' participation during the course of rehabilitation, psychosocial factors as well as biological factors should be included in a multidimensional treatment approach.

A comparison of hemisphere-specific training pattern in Inter-limb Learning Transfer (ILT) for stroke patients with hemiparesis.

BACKGROUND: Stroke patients have major problems with impaired upper-extremity function. Unfortunately, many patients do not experience a full recovery from movement deficits in the upper extremities. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of inter-limb learning transfer (ILT) to the contralateral upper limb after both hemisphere-specific and -unspecific ipsilateral upper limb training for stroke patients with hemiparesis. METHODS: Twenty-four stroke patients with hemiparesis participated. The hemisphere-specific training group performed reaching movements in a customized training setting in which non-dominant limb training participants began from a single starting location and proceeded to one of three target locations (1S3T condition); the dominant limb training participants started from one of three starting locations and proceeded to a single target location (3S1T condition). The hemisphere-unspecific training group performed these movements starting under reverse-start and target conditions. RESULTS: The non-dominant to dominant limb transfer, the hemisphere-specific training group performance time decreased significantly as compared with the pre-training session (p < 0.05). Also, the isolation contraction ratio was decreased significantly from that of the pre-training session in the biceps brachii muscles and increased significantly in the upper trapezius muscles (p < 0.05). And, dominant to non-dominant limb transfer in the hemisphere-specific training group significantly increased RMS amplitudes from the pre-training session in the biceps brachii and triceps muscles (p < 0.05). Also, the isolation contraction ratio was increased significantly from that of the pre-training session in the biceps brachii muscles and decreased significantly in the upper trapezius muscles (p < 0.05). However, the hemisphere-unspecific training group showed no significant differences in inter-limb learning transfer (ILT). CONCLUSION: The transfer of hemisphere-specific training from one arm to the other had a more positive influence on functional recovery than did hemisphere-unspecific training for patients with stroke and hemiparesis.

Effect of specialized task training of each hemisphere on interlimb transfer in individuals with hemiparesis.

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic concept of interlimb transfer provides very important information relevant to patients with stroke because it can be applied to help these patients recover movement skills disrupted following unilateral damage to the brain. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the transfer effects for both specialized training in each hemisphere and reversed training of a specialized task. METHODS: Twenty patients (ten women and ten men) with stroke and hemiparesis participated. All participants were in Brunnstrom recovery stage five or higher for arm and hand function and had Mini-Mental State Examination scores ≥25. We used a training task involving a modified static cone, modified box and block, and modified pegboard tasks. The specified-training group performed the reaching movements (based on grip, reach, and release movements) in a modified training setting in which left-handed participants began from a single starting location and proceeded to one of three target locations (1S3T condition), and the right-handed participants started form one of three starting locations and proceeded to a single target location (3S1T condition). The unspecified training group performed these movements starting under reverse-start and target conditions. RESULTS: As a result of the left-to-right limb transfer in the specified-training group differed significantly in duration from that in the pre-training group. Also, the biceps brachii and triceps (lateral head) muscles were significantly more active after performing the specified training than before. On the other hand, the activity of the upper trapezius muscle did not significantly differ after specified training compared with before training. CONCLUSION: Consequently, a symmetric transfer advantage was observed that depended on the characteristic resources of each hemisphere. The transfer of specified training from one arm to the other had a more positive influence on functional recovery than did unspecified training for patients with stroke and hemiparesis.

A systematic review of the effects of occupational therapy for persons with dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: Meta-analysis was conducted to examine effects of OT interventions based on sensory stimulation, environmental modification and functional task activity on the behavioral problems and depression of individual with dementia. SEARCH STRATEGY: An extensive search in database such as MEDLINE, CINAHL, ProQuest Medical Library, and Cochrane and OT related 11 journals was performed. SELECTION CRITERIA: Potential studies were identified through the KEYWORDS: dementia or Alzheimer, randomized controlled trials and occupational therapy or occupational therapist or ADL or sensory stimulation or Snoezelen or environmental modification or education for caregivers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently identified studies, extracted data, assessed methodological quality of the studies. Effect size was estimated using standardized mean difference with 95% confidence intervals. Significant heterogeneity and publication bias were investigated. MAIN RESULTS: Nine studies including 751 people were selected. Sensory stimulation was effective intervention in improving behavioral problems (0.32; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.59). CONCLUSION: This review identified that OT intervention based on sensory stimulation was effective intervention to improve behavioral problems. However, the number of studies included in this review is limited. More research is needed to enable evidence-based OT for dementia patients.

Effects of forced use combined with scheduled home exercise program on upper extremity functioning in individuals with hemiparesis.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to 1) investigate the effects of forced use combined with scheduled home exercise program compared to forced use only on increasing upper extremity functioning, 2) examine whether increased upper extremity functioning generalized to activities of daily living (ADL) functioning, and 3) explore participants' psychosocial functioning. METHODS: A single-subject A-B-A'-C research design was employed in this study. The intervention consisted of two conditions: forced use only (intervention period B), and forced use in addtion to scheduled home exercise program (intervention period C). RESULTS: The results were as follows: 1) Forced use combined with scheduled home exercise program compared to forced use only allowed individuals with stroke to take part in exercise programs on their own within their home setting, ultimately improving their upper extremity functioning. 2) The program's promotion of performance in ADL tasks have the advantage of keeping participants focused so that a number of exercises can be maintained throughout the intervention. 3) Finally, forced use combined with scheduled home exercise program showed partial effects on improving the participants' psychosocial functioning. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that forced use combined with scheduled home exercise program compared to forced use only has the potential to be a cost- and resource-efficient method for intensifying rehabilitation.

Effects of functional task training with mental practice in stroke: a meta analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Meta analysis of studies was carried out to examine the effectiveness of functional task training with mental practice on functional performance following stroke. SEARCH STRATEGY: An exhaustive search was conducted using computerized databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane, PsycINFO, and EBSCO (CINAHL). SELECTION CRITERIA: The search was performed using the following keywords: stroke, functional task, mental practice, randomized controlled trial. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently retrieved appropriate RCTs, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality of each study. Selected studies needed to report the statistical values necessary for calculating the effect size, which was estimated using the standardized difference of the mean. Statistical heterogeneity and publication bias were also investigated. RESULTS: The five studies included 146 participants. The overall effect size was moderate (0.51, p < 0.001). The 95% confidence interval was from 0.27 to 0.75. Significant heterogeneity and publications bias were not founded. CONCLUSION: The present study is the first meta-analysis conducted on the effectiveness of functional task training with mental practice in stroke. The results indicate the clinical effectiveness of functional task training with mental practice provided by occupational and physical therapists in stroke rehabilitation.