High-resolution 3-D scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of DOTTM polynucleotides (PN): Unique scaffold characteristics and potential applications in biomedicine.

INTRODUCTION: Polynucleotides (PN) are becoming more prominent in aesthetic medicine. However, the structural characteristics of PN have not been published and PN from different companies may have different structural characteristics. This study aimed to elucidate the structural attributes of DOT™ PN and distinguish differences with polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRN) using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DOT™ PN was examined using a Quanta 3-D field emission gun (FEG) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Sample preparation involved cryogenic cooling, cleavage, etching, and metal coating to facilitate high-resolution imaging. Cryo-FIB/SEM techniques were employed for in-depth structural analysis. RESULTS: PDRN exhibited an amorphous structure without distinct features. In contrast, DOT™ PN displayed well-defined polyhedral shapes with smooth, uniformly thick walls. These cells were empty, with diameters ranging from 3 to 8 micrometers, forming a seamless tessellation pattern. DISCUSSION: DOT™ PN's distinct geometric tessellation design conforms to the principles of biotensegrity, providing both structural reinforcement and integrity. The presence of delicate partitions and vacant compartments hints at possible uses in the field of pharmaceutical delivery systems. Within the realms of beauty enhancement and regenerative medicine, DOT™ PN's capacity to bolster cell growth and tissue mending could potentially transform approaches to rejuvenation treatments. Its adaptability becomes apparent when considering its contributions to drug administration and surgical procedures. CONCLUSION: This study unveils the intricate structural scaffold features of DOT™ PN for the first time, setting it apart from PDRN and inspiring innovation in biomedicine and materials science. DOT™ PN's unique attributes open doors to potential applications across healthcare and beyond.

Sex differences in the relationship between leukocyte count and chronic kidney disease: the 2007 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as an independent predictor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is now regarded as an inflammatory disease. This study aimed to determine the association of CKD with white blood cell (WBC) count as a marker of systemic inflammation. METHODS: We examined the association of WBC count with CKD in 2825 Korean adults (1155 men, 1670 women) in the 2007 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). CKD was defined as either proteinuria or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). The odds ratios (ORs) for CKD were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting for confounding variables across gender-specific WBC count quartiles. RESULTS: The proportion of CKD increased with increasing WBC quartiles, from 9.7% in the lowest quartile to 20.7% in the highest quartile for women. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the corresponding odds ratios (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for a CKD across WBC count quartiles among women were 1.00, 1.45 (0.91-2.31), 1.65 (1.03-2.63), and 2.11 (1.33-3.35), after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, smoking status, current drinking high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride. In contrast, compared with women, men appeared to have no significant results of a relationship between WBC quartiles and CKD. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows a significant association between WBC count and the risk for CKD in women. Accordingly, potential health benefits of early detection of a higher level of WBC count may be useful for CKD risk assessment in women.