RESUMO
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Approximately 85 % of lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancers while 15 % are small cell lung cancers. Histologically, following subtypes of non-small cell cancer are distinguished: adenocarcinoma (38.5 % of all lung cancers), squamous cell carcinoma (20 %) and large cell carcinoma (3 %). Over recent years, the incidence of adenocarcinoma has been increasing. Squamous cell carcinoma is more commonly associated with smoking while adenocarcinoma is the most common histological type in non-smokers. The treatment of non-small cell lung cancer is decided according to clinical stage, morphological diagnosis, and the performance status of the patient. Early-stage patients are typically indicated for surgery. In some cases, adjuvant therapy is indicated. In locally advanced and metastatic stages, chemotherapy, biological treatment, and, recently, immunotherapy is indicated. Radiotherapy should also be considered for locally advanced disease. In small-cell lung cancer, the combination of etoposide and cisplatin or etoposide and carboplatin is still considered standard chemotherapy. Radiotherapy is an integral part of treatment of either type of lung cancer. Keywords: lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy, biological therapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/terapia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/terapia , Terapia Combinada , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Estadiamento de NeoplasiasRESUMO
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents 80 % of diseases considering all patients with lung cancer. NSCLC comprises all histological types except for the small cell cancer. The treatment is chosen based on a clinical stage, morphological diagnosis and performance status of patients. In the low clinical stages a surgical solution is indicated. An alternative is radiotherapy. In some cases adjuvant treatment is indicated. In the locally advanced and metastatic stages chemotherapy and biological therapies are available and in recent time also immunotherapy is used. With regard to locally advanced diseases radiotherapy should also be considered.Key words: biological treatment - chemotherapy - immunotherapy - therapy - non-small cell lung cancer.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/terapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Terapia Combinada/métodos , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Radioterapia/métodosRESUMO
Patients with lung cancer experience elevated risk of venous thromboembolism. Cancer patients with thrombosis have a shorter life expectancy and the occurrence of VTE worsens the quality of life and may delay, interrupt, or completely halt the cancer therapy. In a large cohort of lung cancer patients we monitored the incidence of venous thromboembolism and we identified groups of patients with the highest risk of venous thromboembolism suitable for antithrombotic prophylaxis, which could favourably affect their morbidity and mortality.