Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) diversity and vaccination. A review.

BVDV is associated with a range of economically important clinical diseases including reproductive disorders and acute fatal haemorrhagic disease in cattle industry. Vaccination is still the most important control strategy for controlling BVDV infections in many countries of the world. The existence of great genetic and antigenic diversity of BVDV isolates is very important concern for BVDV vaccine development and protective efficacy of current vaccines. In this review, the protective efficacies of the selected examples of BVDV vaccines with regard to BVDV diversity and the novel marker vaccine development studies are discussed.

Bilateral accessory flexor digitorium longus muscle in man.

An accessory muscle (flexor digitorum longus accessorius) was encountered in the deep posterior compartment of both legs of a 57-year-old male cadaver. The muscle originated with two heads from the medial margin of the tibia, lateral margin of the fibula, posterior intermuscular septum and the deep fascia at the distal part of the leg. Both heads came together just posterior and superficial to the tibial nerve, and converged into a slender tendon which traversed the tarsal tunnel in the vicinity of the neurovascular bundle to reach the sole of the foot. It terminated by merging into the tendon of the quadratus plantae muscle. The potential of such an anomalous muscle to lead to misinterpretations of the radiodiagnostic examinations and the fact that it can be one of the causes of tarsal tunnel syndrome should be borne in mind.

Compound heterozygosity for hemoglobin Knossos [alpha 2 beta 2 27 (B9) Ala-Ser] and IVS I-1 mutation.

A three-year-old female with compound heterozygosity for Hb Knossos and IVS-I-1 mutation is presented. On physical examination she had no abnormality except for pallor. Hb was 6.9 g/dl, MCV 61 fl, Hb A2 2% and Hb F 38.5%. Acrylamidegel electrophoresis at a pH of 6 revealed the presence of Hb Knossos in the child and her father. DNA studies revealed that the child was compound heterozygous for Hb Knossos and the IVS I-1 mutation. When the clinical expression of this combination in a previously reported patient with Hb Knossos/FSC8 mutation is compared, it is shown that the newly presented patient has a more severe condition, indicating that the mutations in the trans of Hb Knossos may play a role in the phenotypical expression of the disease.

Effect of nalidixic acid on recombination and DNA repair of Escherichia coli K-12 strains.

Bacterial DNA gyrase enzyme plays a role in replication, transcription, recombination and repair. Escherichia coli gyrase enzyme is composed of two types of subunit, the gyr A and gyr B gene products called subunit A and B. Each type of subunit can be inhibited with temperature-sensitive mutations or by treating cells with specific antibiotic. Quinolones class of drugs such as nalidixic acid, oxonilic acid and norfloxacin affect gyr A protein. This effect due to inactivation of gyrase arises from the change in DNA superhelical tension. Mutant bacteria resistant to nalidixic acid show structural alterations in subunit A. Nalidixic acid resistant mutants of E. coli strains showed lower recombination efficiency, linkage, DNA repair, and mutation frequency than their wild types.

Proximal focal femoral deficiency, contralateral hip dysplasia in association with contralateral ulnar hypoplasia and clefthand: a case report and review of literatures of PFFD and/or FFU.

A 14 year old boy with proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD) on left side, contralateral hip dysplasia in association with ulnar hypoplasia and cleft hand was seen our clinic one year ago. From our research, despite it is atypical presentation, this case in a broad context conforms with the femoral-fibula-ulna complex (FFU). This boy was born to healthy and nonconsanguineous parents. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated, and no history of prenatal teratogen exposure, any drug ingestion, infection, diabetes mellitus or other conditions that could be associated with malformation. The patient refused any sort of surgical treatment.

[Spontaneous reversion of polA1 mutation on a mutant strain of E. coli K12 by transfer of ColE1 plasmid]. / Bir Escherichia coli K-12 susunda polA1 mutasyonunun geri dönüsümünün ColE1 plazmid aktarim metoduyla gözlenmesi.

Specific polA1 mutation prevented the expression of high mutability in the mutator strain, H2IIO polA1 Spontaneous revertant of H2IIpolA1 was isolated by the transfer of ColE1 plasmid onto the mutator mutant. This spontaneous revertant, H2IIOpol, regained the mutator phenotype.

[Effect of F-prime, Col factor and R factor on the mutation phenotype in the Escherichia coli K12 strain]. / Escherichia coli K12 susunda bazi F-prime, Col faktör ve R Faktörlerin mutator fenotipine etkisi.

The increased rate of mutation in E. coli strains, containing mutator gene mutH21, which followed loss of F factor in H2110 and KL398 mut - was not seen with the parent H2. It was likely that the effect specific for the mutH phenotype. This effect may have been due to a further mutation on the F-prime, Thus a different non mutagenised F-prime, Col factor and R factor was reintroduced to test this hypothesis.

Anomalous insertional slip of latissimus dorsi muscle: arcus axillaris.

An anomalous muscular slip arising from the latissimus dorsi m. was encountered on the right side of a male cadaver during a dissection in our laboratory. The slip left the muscular part of the latissimus dorsi 8 cm distal to its insertion, coursed superolaterally anterior to the neurovascular structures and was inserted into the coracobrachialis fascia. The morphology of the additional slip and its possible clinical implications are discussed.

Accessory extensor carpi radialis muscle and interconnecting muscular bundle.

An accessory muscle and a muscular bundle were found and prepared in both forearms of a 55-year-old male cadaver. On the left side, the accessory muscle-originated from the medial aspect of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle, coursed downwards, crossed posterior to the tendon of ECRB, passed through the second chamber of the extensor retinaculum and inserted into the base of second metacarpal bone. Additionally, a muscular bundle was observed between the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and ECRB muscles. On the right side, both ECRL and ECRB had bifid tendons. The long and thin additional tendon of ECRL coursed downwards and joined the accessory tendon of the ECRB before entering the second chamber of the extensor retinaculum and the common tendon inserted into the base of the second metacarpal bone.