Thermal Balance of the Brain and Markers of Inflammatory Response in Patients with Schizophrenia.

In patients with schizophrenia, the thermal balance of the cerebral cortex was studied by means of microwave radiothermometry method and compared with the markers of systemic inflammation and clinical features of the disease course during therapy. Low temperature heterogeneity of the cerebral cortex was associated with an increase in the activity of inflammatory markers in the blood and, in most cases, with a positive response to therapy. High temperature heterogeneity of the cerebral cortex was typical of patients with insufficient activity of the inflammatory proteolytic system, high levels of antibodies to brain antigens, a more severe course of the disease and, in most cases, with resistance to therapy. A conclusion was made about the diagnostic value of the study of the thermal balance of the brain in patients with schizophrenia.

MRI-Based Markers of Changes in the Supragranular Cortical Layer in Individuals at Clinically High Risk of Endogenous Psychosis.

We analyzed morphometric MRI parameters indirectly attesting to structural changes in the supragranular layer in 33 non-converted individuals at clinical high risk for endogenous psychosis (follow-up period of 6.7±0.6 years) and in 34 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. In the group of clinical high-risk individuals, changes indicative of potential predominance of supragranular thinning in comparison with a decrease of infragranular cortical layer thickness were revealed. The results are discussed in the context of the concepts of resilience and risk markers of developing endogenous psychosis.

Multimodal MRI of Conduction Tracts and Anatomy of the Cerebral Gray Matter in Familial Risk of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia.

The present study analyzed diffusion characteristics of white matter tracts and grey matter anatomy in 48 mentally healthy participants, including first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia (N=13) and affective spectrum disorders (N=13). The subgroup with familial risk of schizophrenia displayed abnormalities in the structural connectivity and increased cortical thickness in the superior frontal gyrus. No differences in the analyzed characteristics were revealed in the subgroup with familial risk for affective disorders. The results are discussed within the framework of the concepts of endophenotypes and processes reflecting compensatory and protective mechanisms.

Impaired monocyte activation in schizophrenia: ultrastructural abnormalities and increased IL-1ß production.

Monocyte activation is consistently reported in patients with schizophrenia (SZ). We aimed to study the ultrastructure of monocytes and monocyte production of IL-1ß in drug-free patients with SZ and controls. Monocytes from young (18-30 y.o.) healthy and SZ men in relapse were studied. Electron microscopy and morphometry were applied to estimate areas of monocytes, volume density (Vv), areas, and number of organelles. The production IL-1ß by monocytes was estimated by the ELISA method. Group differences were examined using ANCOVA. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to examine the effects of possible confounding variables. Correlation analyses were applied to detect the relationships between the parameters of monocytes measured and between the parameters measured and the IL-1ß production. Area of nucleolus, Vv and area of mitochondria and lysosomes, and the number of lysosomes were significantly increased in patients as compared to controls. Area of mitochondria was correlated significantly with Vv and area of lysosomes, and the number of lysosomes was significantly correlated with area of monocyte and Vv of vacuoles only in the control group. The production of IL-1ß by monocytes was higher in patients than in controls (p = 0.01) and was correlated with Vv of lysosomes (r = 0.68, p = 0.04) and area of lysosomes (r = 0.78, p = 0.013). The data provide new evidence for over activation of monocytes in SZ and disturbed metabolic relationships between lysosomes, mitochondria, and vacuoles.

MRI Study for the Features of Brain Conduction Pathways in Patients with an Ultra-High Risk of Endogenous Psychoses.

Diffusion parameters of brain tracts (n=18) were studied in 27 men with ultra-high risk of endogenous attack-like psychoses and 27 mentally healthy men of the same age group (fractional anisotropy; and average, radial, and axial diffusion). Correlation analysis was performed between these parameters and severity of mental disorders (SOPS scale). The indexes of radial diffusion and axial diffusion were shown to change in the left anterior thalamic radiation and right posterior cingulum bundle, respectively. Our results are consistent with published data that disturbances in the frontal and temporal lobes play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The degree of mental disorders correlated with diffusion parameters in the left and right anterior cingulum bundle.

[Polymorphism C366G of gene GRIN2B and verbal episodic memory: No association with schizophrenia].

The present study searched for associations between gene GRIN2B (glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl-D-aspartate, subunit 2B) and component processes of verbal episodic memory in schizophrenic patients. The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) as a part of a large neuropsychological battery was administered to 302 patients with schizophrenic spectrum disorders (sample PI). Also, 285 patients (sample P2) and 243 healthy controls (sample C2) performed the "10 words" test that measures short-term memory. The GRIN2B rs7301328 (C366G) polymorphism was genotyped for each subject. There were no associations between the polymorphism and any measure of the RAVLT either in the whole PI sample or in a subsample of patients with a severe cognitive deficit. The GRIN2B influenced immediate recall and proactive interference in the "10 words" test in the control group: homozygotes CC recalled fewer words and showed a lower effect of proactive interference than carriers of other genotypes. The results suggest that the C366G polymorphism could influence verbal episodic memory in the general population, but this influence is absent in schizophrenic patients.

(1)H-MRS and MEGA-PRESS pulse sequence in the study of balance of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the human brain of ultra-high risk of schizophrenia patients.

The MEGA-PRESS pulse sequence was used for determination of overlapping signals in the (1)H-MRS spectra of the human brain. For the first time, the balance of GABA glutamate/glutamine concentrations was estimated quantitatively in the human brain of patients with ultra-high risk of schizophrenia. It was found that GABA concentration and GABA/GLX ratios were significantly reduced in the left frontal lobe of UHR subjects.

[Relationship of Executive Functions and Processing Speed with Cortical Gray Matter Morphometry in Healthy Adults and at The Early Stages of Schizophrenia].

13 male patients with schizophrenia and 18 age-matched healthy men underwent structural magnetic reso- nance imaging and completed the Stroop task which included the switching condition. As compared to con- trols, the patients showed slowing of color naming in the neutral condition and a reduction ofgray matter vol- ume and thickness in the frontal and temporal areas. In healthy subjects, the time of color naming was neg- atively correlated with gray matter volume in the left cuneus. In the schizophrenia group, there was a positive correlation between the time of color naming and cortical thickness in the middle and inferior frontal gyri of the right hemisphere. These results indicate a change in structural-functional relationships at the early stages of schizophrenia.

[Association between serotonin receptor 2C gene Cys23Ser polymorphism and social behavior in schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals].

The purpose of this work was to search for associations between the serotonin receptor 2C gene (HTR2C) and the peculiarities of social behavior and social cognition in schizophrenia. To do this, patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and healthy control subjects were genotyped for the Cys23Ser HTR2C marker and underwent psychological examination, including assessment of Machiavellianism, recognition of emotions in facial expression, and theory of mind. In addition, we estimated the trait anxiety level as a potential factor affecting the relationship between the gene HTR2C and social behavior. We found a significant association between the Ser allele and a reduction of estimates on the Mach-LV Machiavellianism scale in the total sample of patients (n = 182) and control subjects (n = 189), which did not reach the confidence level in either of the groups. A tendency towards a HTR2C gene influence on the trait anxiety level was also revealed. The association between HTR2C and Machiavellianism was retained if the anxiety level was taken into account. The results suggest a pleiotropic effect of HTR2Con anxiety and Machiavellianism.

Characteristics of Diffusion in the Corticospinal Tract of Patients with Early Stage of Schizophrenia: Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Specific features of diffusion in the cerebral corticospinal tract of patients with early stages of schizophrenia were studied using methods of diffusion tensor magnetic-resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A decrease in the coefficient of fractional anisotropy in the posterior limb of the internal capsule and an increase in diffusion coefficient in the radiate crown and motor cortex were observed. The results reflect different mechanisms of changes in water diffusion in various areas of the corticospinal tract: changes in nerve fiber microstructure in the internal capsule of the left hemisphere and a decrease in their density in the motor cortex and radiate crown.

[The Features of Saccadic Reactions to a Consequent of Visual Stimuli in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Schizophrenia].

We studied the features of cognitive functions of attention and decision making in 18 healthy subjects and 15 patients with schizophrenia with the use of pairs of two short visual stimuli (double step). In the group of patients with schizophrenia, we observed a higher number of errors and higher frequency of modified saccadic pattern--two saccades to each stimulus instead of only one saccade to the second stimulus. In these patients, the latency period of the first saccade was shorter, while the latency period of a single saccade to the second stimulus was longer as compared with healthy subjects. The lateral differences in the saccade latency in schizophrenic and healthy subjects are opposite. The data provide an evidence of disorders in the cognitive control and prognostic processes of saccade programming in schizophrenic patients.

[Willingness to expend effort for rewards in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis: a relationship with the severity and stability of negative symptoms]. / Gotovnost' prilagat' usiliya v gruppe klinicheskogo vysokogo riska razvitiya psikhoza: svyaz' s vyrazhennost'yu i stabil'nost'yu negativnoi simptomatiki.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the deficit in willingness to expend effort and its association with negative symptoms in the high-risk for psychosis (CHR) group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included young men: 45 patients, who met CHR criteria and were treated for a depressive episode, and 15 controls. All subjects completed a modified version of the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT). The CHR group was assessed with the SOPS, SANS and HDRS at the beginning and at the end of treatment. EEfRT was performed only at the end of treatment. RESULTS: The CHR group was significantly less likely to choose high effort tasks across reward probability and magnitude levels compared with the control group (all p<0.001). No significant correlations were found between the rate of selecting the high effort task and the negative syndrome domains of amotivation and diminished expression. The subgroups of CHR with stable and transient (i.e., with a reduction >50% during treatment) negative symptoms, which were identified by a cluster analysis, did not differ in the willingness to expend effort. CONCLUSION: The study confirmed a decrease in the willingness to expend effort in the CHR group; however, this deficit was only weakly correlated with negative symptoms and persisted after the symptoms reduction during treatment, which requires future studies to investigate mechanisms underlying impaired effort expenditure for rewards in CHR.

[Attenuated negative symptoms in the structure of youth depression]. / Attenuirovannye negativnye simptomy v strukture yunosheskikh depressii.

OBJECTIVE: To detect negative symptoms in adolescent depression, to determine their psychopathological structure and predictive significance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-one young in-patients (average age 19.5±2.4 years) (main group) and 52 in-patients (average age 19.8±2.7 years) (comparison group) with the diagnosis «Depressive episode¼ according to ICD-10 F32.1, F32.2 were examined. Inclusion criterion in the main group was attenuated negative symptoms (ANS) in adolescent depression. Clinical-psychopathological and psychometric examination was carried out using HDRS, SOPS, SANS. The statistical analysis was done by Statistica 12. RESULTS: Adolescent depression with ANS was more persistent than depression in the comparison group (27.5±17.2 month versus 7.0±6.3, p<0.001), there was higher level of positive symptoms and disorganization symptoms on the respective SOPS sub-scales (7 [5; 9] and 4.5 [3; 8.75], p=0.002; 8 [6; 10] and 5.5 [3.25; 7], p<0.001, respectively). According to the psychopathological structure of the negative symptoms, patients in the main group were divided into a subgroup (n=38, 53.5%) with the predominance of emotional spectrum disorders and a subgroup (n=33, 46.5%) with the predominant involvement of the volition spectrum. ANS in the negative SOPS sub-scale were significantly higher (p=0.045) in patients of the subgroup with volitional disorders. Also, a total HDRS score, reflecting the severity of depressive symptoms, was significantly higher compared to a subgroup with the predominance of emotional spectrum disorders (p=0.038). CONCLUSION: The results show that it is possible to clinically verify negative symptoms in the adolescent depression, which makes it possible to assign such patients to the risk group of manifestation of schizophrenia, and to assign depression with ANS to the model of the initial stage of schizophrenic process.

[History of the development of domestic psychiatry: the period 1940-1980]. / Istoriya razvitiya otechestvennoi psikhiatrii: period 1940­1980 gg.

The article briefly presents an analysis of the development of domestic psychiatry (with an emphasis on research in the field of psychopathology and nosology) from the post-war period (the Great Patriotic War) to the era of "perestroika". With the founding of the Institute of Psychiatry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences under the leadership of V.A. Gilyarovsky, the study of endogenous diseases was based on a multidisciplinary approach, in which the clinical-psychopathological research method was combined with clinical/biological ones. The most important role of the subsequent school of A.V. Snezhnevsky in describing the syndromes and forms of the course of schizophrenia (G.A. Rotshtein, R.A. Nadzharov, A.B. Smulevich, A.K. Anufriev), its age aspects (E.Ya. Sternberg; M.S. Vrono, G.P. Panteleeva, M.Ya. Tsutsulkovskaya; V.M. Bashina) is reflected. The contribution to psychopathology of other leading Russian psychiatrists, who worked mainly in Moscow and Leningrad research institutions of that period, was noted: students of P.B. Gannushkin - O.V. Kerbikov, V.M. Morozov, D.S. Ozeretskovsky, S.G. Zhislin, as well as G.K. Ushakov, A.E. Lichko, M.M. Kabanov, G.V. Morozov, M.V. Korkina, A.A. Portnov, I.N. Pyatnitskaya and others. The priority of A.V. Snezhnevsky and G.K. Avrutsky with colleagues for the introduction of neuroleptics and other new psychotropic drugs in the treatment of mental illnesses is emphasized. The review ends with the activities of M.E. Vartanyan who headed the country's leading scientific institution in the difficult «perestroika¼ era and developed the biological approach to mental illness further with the creation of international research programs.

[Borderline personality disorder in young adults: features of psychopathology and patterns of course]. / Pogranichnoe rasstroistvo lichnosti v yunosheskom vozraste: osobennosti psikhopatologii i zakonomernosti techeniya.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the psychopathological features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adolescence, determine the trajectory of its further course, and develop criteria for differential diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical/psychopathological and psychometric methods were used to study 143 patients. The patients were divided into two groups: a clinical group - 73 patients, who were inpatients or outpatients in the clinical departments of the Mental Health Research Center (MHRC) in 2019-2022, and a follow-up group - 70 patients who were inpatients or outpatients in the MHRC clinic in 2006-2010. RESULTS: The structure of BPD in adolescence was clinically heterogeneous, which allowed distinguishing three typological varieties: with phenomena of «affective storm¼, which was characterized by the dominance of affective disorders, including after completion of adolescence, with some stabilization of personality structure (type I); with the dominance of addictive patterns of the type of «adrenalinomania¼, in which one of the key positions was occupied by craving impairments, with a constant need to search for new extreme hobbies, the use of psychoactive substances, which persisted after the end of adolescence (type II); with the predominance of «cognitive dissociation¼, which was characterized by the most polymorphic picture of disorders, with the predominance of self-identification disorders with dissociative disorders that retain their severity after the end of adolescence (type III). An integrative assessment of outcomes showed that rather favorable results (47.37%) (χ2=23.37, p=0.001) prevailed at type I, type II was characterized by rather unfavorable (59.26%) and unfavorable results (22.22%) (χ2=12.75, p=0.013) and type III by rather unfavorable (79.17%) and unfavorable (8.33%) outcomes (χ2=16.75, p=0.002). In the nosological evaluation of the follow-up group, 80.0% of patients were diagnosed with BPD, in the rest of the patients there was a change in diagnosis: in 14.3% for schizotypal disorder, in 5.7% for an attack-like form of schizophrenia (χ2=13.8, p=0.008; χ2=14.5, p=0.006). CONCLUSION: BPD in adolescence was confirmed in the majority of cases in adulthood. The results confirm that the typological variants of BPD are of prognostic value and can serve to further develop therapeutic and socio-rehabilitation measures.

[Augmentation therapy of resistant schizophrenia with rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation]. / Augmentatsiya terapii rezistentnoi shizofrenii metodom ritmicheskoi transkranial'noi magnitnoi stimulyatsii.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the clinical efficacy of rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in resistant schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 44 male patients with resistant schizophrenia, divided into 4 groups: with depressive (group 1; n=11, 25.0%), with hallucinatory (group 2; n=12, 27.3%), with negative (group 3; n=11, 25.0%) and with delusional symptoms (group 4; n=10, 22.7%). Patients received rTMS, the parameters of which were determined depending on the typological variety, for 3 weeks (15 sessions). Psychometric assessment was carried with PANSS, CGI-S, CGI-I, SANS, CDSS, AHRS when included in the study (0 day), after stimulation (21 days) and by the end of the study (42 day) that allowed evaluation of both the severity of the therapeutic effect and its duration. RESULTS: By the end of the course of stimulation, patients of the first three groups developed a distinct positive effect corresponding to a significant reduction in the total PANSS score: group 1 - 24.4% (p=0.002), group 2 - 8.3% (p=0.02), group 3 - 11.7% (p=0.001), which remained stable by day 42 in patients of the first (p=0.001) and second (p=0.005) groups. In patients with delusional symptoms (group 4), a subpsychotic state developed with a corresponding increase in the total PANSS score by 9.7% (p=0.007) requiring a course of relief therapy, which showed effectiveness by the end of the observation (day 42), indicating that resistance was overcome. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated the validity of rTMS as an adjuvant method of treatment in the resistant schizophrenia. To implement the potential of rTMS, it is necessary first of all to take into account the structural features of the condition, as well as to continue improving the stimulation technique itself (increasing the duration of the course, developing supportive courses).

[Juvenile depression as at-risk state for psychotic disorders]. / Yunosheskie depressii kak gruppa riska endogennykh psikhozov.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the risk of psychotic disorders in juvenile depression and to study the role of negative symptoms in its formation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-four in-patients (19.6±2.3 years old), who were hospitalized for the first time in the clinic for a depressive episode, were examined. Psychometric scales HDRS, SOPS, SANS were used. The risk of manifestation of psychotic disorders was established in the presence of attenuated positive symptoms (APS) with values of at least one of the points P1, P2, P3 and P4 of the corresponding SOPS subscale more or equal to 3. The overall risk of schizophrenia spectrum disorders was established in the presence of attenuated negative symptoms (ANS) with values of at least one of the points H1-H6 of the negative SOPS subscale is more than or equal to 5. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistica 12 program. RESULTS: During the psychometric assessment of patients at admission, four groups were identified based on the presence of APS and ANS: group 1 (APS+ANS), group 2 (APS), group 3 (ANS) and a comparison group without APS/ANS. It was found that the presence of APS and ANS in the structure of depression increased its severity (U=109.0; p=0.009). Assessment of the ANS severity on the negative subscale of SOPS and on the SANS demonstrated quantitative differences with the highest representation of negative symptoms in the corresponding groups (APS+ANS and ANS) with significant differences in total scores in the comparison group (U=93.0; p=0.004 and U=85.0; p=0.002). When studying the structure of negative symptoms according to the SANS subscales, patients with APS differed in a lower degree of severity of negative symptoms only according to the «Avolition-Apathy¼ subscale (U=141.5; p=0.028). Patients from the comparison group, despite significant differences in other psychopathological symptoms, showed lower values only for the SANS subscales «Affective flattening¼ (U=112.0; p=0.02) and, to a greater extent, «Avolition-Apathy¼ (U=84.0; p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Based on the presence of prodromal symptoms in the structure of juvenile depression and their dynamics during therapy, one can assume not only a different degree of risk of endogenous psychoses, but also their nosological affiliation.

[Psychopathological correlates of depression with non-suicidal self-harm in non-psychotic mental illnesses of adolescence]. / Psikhopatologicheskie korrelyaty depressii s nesuitsidal'nymi samopovrezhdeniyami pri nepsikhoticheskikh psikhicheskikh zabolevaniyakh yunosheskogo vozrasta.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the main clinical and psychopathological features of the relationship between depressive states and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in mental illnesses of the non-psychotic register in adolescence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical data of 128 patients (77 males and 51 females), who presented with depressive states and NSSI in non-psychotic mental disorders during adolescence, were analyzed. The patients were examined at the Clinic of the Mental Health Research Center during the period 2020-2023. The mean age of the patients was 19±4.1 years. RESULTS: Based on the data from studying depression and NSSI in adolescence, we developed a typology, identifying three variants of affect and auto-aggressive activity interactions. The affect-dominant type (25.8%) was characterized by a predominance of affective pathology (p<.05), with the occurrence of impulsive NSSI (45.5%) and demonstrative NSSI (30.3%) (p<0.05). The personality-dominant type (43.0%) was based on pathocharacterological abnormalities (60.0%), where NSSI were represented by impulsive (25.5%), depersonalizing (27.3%), and addictive variants (32.7%) (p<0.05). The reciprocal type (31.3%) exhibited pronounced polymorphism, combining high affect variability with a tendency towards auto-aggressive behavior of varying severity and manifestations of NSSI (p<0.05). In terms of nosological distribution, schizotypal disorder predominated (45.0%) followed by predominantly borderline personality disorder (30.0%) and bipolar affective disorder (25.0%) (p<0.05). In terms of nosological distribution, schizotypal disorder predominated (45.0%), followed by predominantly borderline personality disorder (30.0%) and bipolar affective disorder (25.0%) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Three types of correlation between depression and NSSI were identified, the formation of which was due to the pathoplastic influence of the age factor, nosological affiliation and a certain, including pathological personality structure. Statistically significant regularities between variants of NSSI and types of their interrelation were revealed. The results can be considered as differential diagnostic and prognostic markers of their further trajectories and, therefore, contribute to the creation of new therapeutic strategies, timely diagnosis and earlier intervention.

[Therapeutic drug monitoring of antipsychotic drugs in routine psychiatric practice]. / Terapevticheskii lekarstvennyi monitoring antipsikhoticheskikh preparatov v povsednevnoi psikhiatricheskoi praktike.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between daily doses of antipsychotic drugs, their serum concentrations, and characteristics of patients treated for schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder in day-to-day clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 187 patients were included in the study, 77 (41.1%) patients were on monotherapy, and 110 (58.9%) patients received two or more antipsychotics. Patients age was 27.8±8.1 years, and their body weight was 79.8±15.6 kg. The sample was represented mainly by young men (93.0%). The proportion of smokers was 37.4%. The appropriate HPLC-MS/MS method was used for the simultaneous analysis of 8 antipsychotics and its active metabolites. Serum concentrations of the drugs aripiprazole (ARI), chlorpromazine (CPZ), haloperidol (HAL), zuclopenthixol (ZUC), clozapine (CLO), risperidone (RIS), quetiapine (QUE), olanzapine (OLA), norclozapine (N-desmethylclozapine, NOR), 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH-RIS), dehydroaripiprazole (DGA) were measured. The serum concentration/dose ratio (C/D) was employed as the primary outcome measure, as doses were not kept constant during the study. The active antipsychotic fraction (drug+active metabolite, active moiety - AM) was also evaluated for RIS and ARI. In addition, the metabolite/parent ratio (MPR) was evaluated for RIS and ARI. RESULTS: A total of 265 biological samples were obtained, 421 and 203 measurements of the concentration of drugs and their metabolites were carried out, respectively. Overall, 48% of antipsychotics levels were in the expected therapeutic ranges, 30% were below therapeutic ranges, and 22% were above them. A total of 55 patients underwent dose adjustments or drug changes due to ineffectiveness or side-effects. It has been found that smoking reduces the level of C/D for CLO (p<0.01, Mann-Whitney test). We have established that comedication with CLO significantly increases the C/D ratio of QUE (p<0.05, Mann-Whitney test). We have not revealed any influence of weight and age of the subjects on the C/D. The dose-concentration regression relationships are formalized for all AP. CONCLUSION: Therapeutical drug monitoring (TDM) is an essential tool to personalize antipsychotic therapy. Careful analysis of TDM data can contribute significantly to the study of the impact of individual patient characteristics on systemic exposure to these drugs.

[Existential youth depressions]. / Ekzistentsial'nye yunosheskie depressii.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and psychopathological features of existential depression in youth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 53 male patients (16-25 years old) with diagnosis F31.3, F31.4, F32, F33 with existential themes of depressive experiences were studied by clinical and psychopathological method. RESULTS: The axial symptom of existential was over-value ideas about the meaninglessness of their own and human life with ideas of self-abasement, insolvency, low value, imperfection of society, which in most of the studied cases (79.2%) was accompanied by various degrees of severity suicidal thoughts and intentions. Three varieties were identified: with the prevalence of reflections on the meaninglessness of life (39.6%); with the prevalence of neurotic religiosity (28.3%); with an existential philosophical interpretation (32.1%). CONCLUSION: As a result of the study, the heterogeneity of existential depressions, a significant role of psychogenic factors in their formation were revealed, as a high suicidal risk. Existential depressive states differed in duration, severity of depressive symptoms, high frequency of non-suicidal self-neglect and suicidal risk.