Outcomes of Video-assisted Minimally Invasive Cardiac Myxoma Resection.

BACKGROUND: Myxomas are the most frequent cardiac tumours. Their diagnosis requires prompt removal. In our centre, for valve surgery we use a minimally invasive approach. Here, we report our experience of cardiac myxoma removal through right lateral mini-thoracotomy (RLMT) with particular focus on its feasibility, efficacy and patient safety. METHODS: Between February 2006 and January 2017, 30 consecutive patients (aged 66±12.6years, range 35-83 years) underwent atrial myxoma resection through video-assisted RLMT. Percutaneous venous drainage was performed in all patients and direct cannulation of the ascending aorta was performed in 28 out of 30 (93.3%). The diagnosis of atrial myxoma was confirmed by histology. RESULTS: Complete surgical resection was achieved in all patients. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time was 76.5±40.8minutes and average aortic cross-clamping time was 41.5±29.8minutes. No patient suffered postoperative complications. Five patients (16.7%) received a blood transfusion. Mechanical ventilation ranged from 3 to 51hours (median 6hours), intensive care unit (ICU) stay ranged from 1 to 5days (median 1day). Total hospital length of stay (HLOS) was 5.6±2 days. Home discharge rate was 56.7%. No in-hospital mortality was reported. During follow-up (55.6±32.3 months; range 4-132 months), one tumour recurrence was observed. There were three late non-cardiac deaths. Overall survival was 100%, 85.7% and 85.7% at 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of video-assisted RLMT is an effective and reproducible strategy in all patients requiring expedited surgery for left atrial myxoma, independently of coexisting morbidity such as systemic embolisation or previous surgery. This technique leads to complete tumour resection, prompt recovery, early home discharge and high freedom from both symptoms and tumour recurrence.

Sutureless aortic valve replacement for aortic incompetence.

OBJECTIVE: Sutureless prostheses for surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) are usually used in degenerative calcified aortic stenosis. Less is known on the application of sutureless prostheses for pure aortic incompetence. METHODS: Between 2011 and 2014, 442 patients were operated on with the Perceval aortic sutureless valve implant. We identified 11 patients (10 female, mean age 70.5) who underwent sutureless AVR for pure aortic incompetence (off-label use). Three patients had a left ventricle ejection fraction of 30% or less. Mean logistic EuroSCORE was 15.2 (range 2.2-45.2). In five patients associated mitral procedures (three [60%] repair and two [40%] replacement) were performed. Four procedures were performed through a minimally invasive approach (three right minithoracotomies and one partial sternotomy). RESULTS: Mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 130.2 min and aortic cross clamp time was 82.2 min. Mean implanted prosthesis size was 24.5 ± 1.3 (median 25) mm (insignificant correlation with preoperative aortic valve annulus measurement by transthoracic echocardiography: 21.6 ± 1.5 [median 21] mm, Pearson's r = 0.373, p = 0.259). One patient died on 24th day after AVR associated with aortic arch replacement and hypothermic circulatory arrest (10 years after correction for type A aortic dissection). No residual para- or intravalvular leakage was present on discharge and 12-month follow-up. No migration of the prosthesis occurred. CONCLUSION: Sutureless AVR is an option in selected patients with aortic incompetence. Preoperative aortic annulus measurement by echocardiography has poor predictive value for estimation of prosthetic valve size.

Ten-year experience with sutureless Perceval bioprosthesis: single-centre analysis in 1157 implants.

AIMS: We describe long-term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes in the largest single-centre cohort of patients who underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) with sutureless Perceval (CorCym, Italy) bioprosthesis. METHODS: Between March 2011 and March 2021, 1157 patients underwent AVR with Perceval bioprosthesis implantation. Mean age was 77 ±â€Š6 years (range: 46-89 years) and mean EuroSCORE II was 6.7 ±â€Š3.2% (range: 1.7-14.2%). Concomitant procedures were performed in 266 patients (23%). RESULTS: Thirty-day mortality was 1.38% (16/1157). Eight hundred and twenty of 891 (92%) isolated AVRs underwent minimally invasive surgery with a ministernotomy ( n  = 196) or right minithoracotomy ( n  = 624) approach. Cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times were 81.1 ±â€Š24.3 and 50.6 ±â€Š11.7 min for isolated AVR and 144.5 ±â€Š34.7 and 96.4 ±â€Š21.6 min for combined procedures. At mean follow-up of 53.08 ±â€Š6.7 months (range: 1-120.5 months), survival was 96.5% and mean transvalvular pressure gradient was 13.7 ±â€Š5.8 mmHg. Left ventricular mass decreased from 152.8 to 116.1 g/m 2 ( P  < 0.001) and moderate paravalvular leakage occurred in three patients without haemolysis not requiring any treatment. Freedom from reoperation was 97.6%. Eight patients required surgical reintervention and 19 patients transcatheter valve-in-valve procedure for structural prosthesis degeneration at a mean of 5.6 years after first operation (range: 2-9 years). CONCLUSION: AVR with a Perceval bioprosthesis is associated with good clinical results and excellent haemodynamic performance in our 10-year experience. Structural degeneration rate of Perceval is comparable with other bioprosthetic aortic valves. Sutureless technology may reduce operative time especially in combined procedures and enable minimally invasive AVR.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Degenerated Perceval Bioprosthesis: Clinical and Technical Aspects in 32 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Sutureless aortic bioprostheses are increasingly being used to provide shorter cross-clamp time and facilitate minimally invasive aortic valve replacement. As the use of sutureless valves has increased over the past decade, we begin to encounter their degeneration. We describe clinical outcomes and technical aspects in patients with degenerated sutureless Perceval (CorCym, Italy) aortic bioprosthesis treated with valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement (VIV-TAVR). METHODS: Between March 2011 and March 2023, 1310 patients underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) with Perceval bioprosthesis implantation. Severe bioprosthesis degeneration treated with VIV-TAVR occurred in 32 patients with a mean of 6.4 ± 1.9 years (range: 2-10 years) after first implantation. Mean EuroSCORE II was 9.5 ± 6.4% (range: 1.9-35.1%). RESULTS: Thirty of thirty-two (94%) VIV-TAVR were performed via transfemoral and two (6%) via transapical approach. Vascular complications occurred in two patients (6%), and mean hospital stay was 4.6 ± 2.4 days. At mean follow-up of 16.7 ± 15.2 months (range: 1-50 months), survival was 100%, and mean transvalvular pressure gradient was 18.7 ± 5.3 mmHg. CONCLUSION: VIV-TAVR is a useful option for degenerated Perceval and appears safe and effective. This procedure is associated with good clinical results and excellent hemodynamic performance in our largest single-center experience.

Right anterior mini-thoracotomy and sutureless valves: the perfect marriage.

BACKGROUND: A minimally invasive approach (MIA) reduces mortality and morbidity in patients referred for aortic valve replacement (AVR). Sutureless technology facilitates a MIA. We describe our experience with the sutureless Perceval (LivaNova, Italy) aortic bioprosthesis through a right anterior mini-thoracotomy (RAMT) approach. METHODS: Between March 2011 and October 2019, 1,049 patients underwent AVR with Perceval bioprosthesis. Five hundred and three patients (48%) were operated through a RAMT approach in the second intercostal space. Considering only isolated AVR (881), 98% of patients were operated with MIA, and Perceval in RAMT approach was performed in 57% of these patients. Eight patients (1.6%) had previously undergone cardiac surgery. The prosthesis sizes implanted were: S (n=91), M (n=154), L (n=218) and XL (n=40). Concomitant procedures were mitral valve surgery (n=6), tricuspid valve repair (n=1), mitral valve repair and tricuspid valve repair (n=1) and miectomy (n=2). Mean age was 78±4 years (range, 65-89 years), 317 patients were female (63%) and EuroSCORE II was 5.9%±8.4%. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality was 0.8% (4/503). Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and aortic cross-clamp times were 81.6±30.8 and 50.3±24.5 minutes respectively for stand-alone procedures. In two patients, early moderate paravalvular leakage appeared as a result of incomplete expansion of the sutureless valve due to oversizing of the bioprosthesis, requiring reoperations at two and nine postoperative days with sutured aortic bioprosthesis implantation. Permanent pacemaker implantation within the first thirty days was necessary in 26 (5.2%) patients. At the mean follow-up of 4.6 years (range, 1 month to 8.6 years), survival was 96%, freedom from reoperation was 99.2%, and mean transvalvular pressure gradient was 11.9±4.3 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: AVR with the Perceval bioprosthesis in a RAMT approach is a safe and feasible procedure associated with low mortality and excellent hemodynamic performance. Sutureless technology facilitates a RAMT approach.

Minimally Invasive Sutureless Aortic Valve Replacement is Associated With Improved Outcomes in Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with severe aortic stenosis and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) have a poor prognosis compared with patients with preserved LVEF. To evaluate the impact of sutureless Perceval (LivaNova, Italy) aortic bioprosthesis on LVEF and clinical outcomes in patients with baseline left ventricular (LV) dysfunction who underwent isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR). METHODS: Between March 2011 and August 2017, 803 patients underwent AVR with Perceval bioprosthesis implantation. Fifty-two isolated AVR had preoperative LVEF ≤45%. Mean age of these patients was 77 ± 6 years, 24 patients were female (46%), and mean EuroSCORE II was 9.4% ± 4.8%. Perceval bioprosthesis was implanted in 9 REDO operations. In 43 patients (83%), AVR was performed in minimally invasive surgery with an upper ministernotomy (n = 13) or right anterior minithoracotomy (n = 30). RESULTS: One patient died in hospital. Cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times were 85.5 ± 26 minutes and 55.5 ± 19 minutes, respectively. At mean follow-up of 33 ± 20 months (range: 1 to 75 months), survival was 90%, freedom from reoperation was 100%, and mean transvalvular pressure gradient was 11 ± 5 mmHg. LVEF improved from 37% ± 7% preoperatively to 43% ± 8% at discharge (P < 0.01) and further increased to 47% ± 9% at follow-up (P = 0.06), LV mass decreased from 149.8 ± 16.9 g/m2 preoperatively to 115.3 ± 11.6 g/m2 at follow-up (P < 0.001), and moderate paravalvular leakage occurred in 1 patient without hemolysis not requiring any treatment. CONCLUSIONS: AVR with sutureless aortic bioprosthesis implantation in patients with preoperative LV dysfunction demonstrated a significant immediate and early improvement in LVEF.

Relationships Between Phenotype and Function of Blood CD4+ T-Cells and Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: an Experimental Study.

INTRODUCTION: Non-familial ascending thoracic aorta dilation and aneurysms (TAAs) are silent diseases in elderly patients. Histopathology revealed that functionally polarized infiltrating CD4+ T-cells play a key role in aortic wall weakening. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible associations between phenotype and cytokine production of circulating CD4+ T-lymphocytes and the presence of TAA in patients with aortic valve disease (AVD). METHODS: We studied blood samples from 10 patients with TAA and 10 patients with AVD. Flow cytometry was used to quantify: a) CD4+ T-lymphocytes surface expression of CD25, CD28, and chemokine receptors (CCR5, CXCR3, CX3CR1); b) fractions of in vitro stimulated CD4+ T-cells producing cytokines (interferon gamma [IFN-γ], interleukin [IL]-17A, IL-21, IL-10); c) CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ regulatory T-cells (Treg) fraction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were performed for cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-23, transforming growth factor beta [TGF-ß]) and chemokines (RANTES, CX3CL1). RESULTS: The total CD4+CD28±CD4+/CX3CR1+ T-cells fraction was higher (P=0.0323) in AVD (20.452±4.673) than in TAA patients (8.633±2.030). The frequency ratio of CD4+ T-lymphocytes producing IFN-γ vs. IL-17A+IL-21 cytokine-producing CD4+ T-cells was higher (P=0.0239) in AVD (2.102±0.272) than in TAA (1.365±0.123) patients. The sum of CD4+CD28±CD4+/CX3CR1+ T-cells correlated positively with values of the previous cytokine ratio (P=0.0002, R=0.732). The ratio of CD4+CD28±CD4+/CX3CR1+ T-cells vs. Treg was higher (P=0.0008) in AVD (20.859±3.393) than in TAA (6.367±1.277) patients. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the presence of TAA in subjects with AVD is associated with imbalance between phenotypic and cytokine-producing subsets of circulating CD4+ T-lymphocytes, prevalently oriented towards a pro-fibrotic and IFN-γ counteracting effect to functional polarization.

EuroSCORE Performance in Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery: Discrimination Ability and External Calibration.

OBJECTIVE: Prediction of operative risk in adults undergoing cardiac surgery remains a challenge. The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) is one of the most commonly used in clinical settings. Recently, the new EuroSCORE II was published attempting to improve the accuracy of risk prediction. We sought to assess the predictive value of EuroSCORE or EuroSCORE II in selected field of minimally invasive cardiac surgery. METHODS: Patients who underwent cardiac surgery operation with minimally invasive approach from 2007 to 2013 identified from prospective cardiac surgical database. Additional variables included in EuroSCORE II, but not in original EuroSCORE, were retrospectively collected via electronic health records reviewing. The C-statistic was calculated for the EuroSCORE (additive and logistic) and EuroSCORE II. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to assess model calibration by comparing observed and expected morality in number of risk strata. RESULTS: There were 39 hospitals deaths (1.6%). A total of 2472 patients were identified from the main database. The mean ± SD logistic EuroSCORE was 7.6 ± 8.3, mean ± SD additive EuroSCORE was 6.1 ± 2.7, and mean ± SD EuroSCORE II was 2.9 ± 4.2. EuroSCORE logistic model performed with substantial accuracy of 0.78, EuroSCORE additive performed with accuracy of 0.78, and EuroSCORE II performed as almost perfect 0.82. Model calibration was poor in EuroSCORE II (χ = 17.57, P = 0.02), calibration for logistic EuroSCORE was also poor (χ = 140.58, P < 0.01), and additive model also (χ = 94.95, P < 0.01). The area under the curve was high in all algorithms; logistic EuroSCORE was 0.78 (95% confidence interval = 0.71-0.85), additive EuroSCORE was 0.79 (95% confidence interval = 0.71-0.86), and EuroSCORE II was 0.82 (95% confidence interval = 0.75-0.89). CONCLUSIONS: In overall settings, original EuroSCORE and EuroSCORE II perform poorly in minimally invasive operation conditions. Data suggest that EuroSCORE could not be used for estimating operative risks correctly. New risk score should be explored, developed, and implemented for selective minimally invasive cohorts.

Antegrade and retrograde perfusion in minimally invasive mitral valve surgery with transthoracic aortic clamping: a single-institution experience with 1632 patients over 12 years.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a retrograde arterial perfusion (RAP) strategy versus an antegrade arterial perfusion (AAP) strategy in a consecutive, large cohort of patients who underwent minimally invasive mitral valve surgery with transthoracic aortic clamping through a right minithoracotomy. Methods: Between 2003 and 2015, 1632 consecutive patients underwent first-time minimally invasive mitral valve surgery with transthoracic aortic clamping at our institution; 141 (8.6%) of these patients received retrograde perfusion with femoral artery cannulation, whereas 1421 (91.4%) received antegrade perfusion with ascending aorta cannulation. Logistic regression was used to evaluate outcomes and risk factors for death and stroke between groups. Results: The overall frequency of 30-day mortality was 0.7% (13/1632) and was similar between groups (retrograde arterial perfusion RAP 0.7% vs AAP 0.8%; P = 0.903). The overall postoperative stroke rate was 1.3% (22/1632). The stroke rate was significantly higher in patients receiving retrograde perfusion (3.5% vs 1.1%; P = 0.005). Risk factors for death were advanced age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.3; P = 0.004), mitral valve replacement (OR = 3.9; P = 0.05), emergent procedure (OR = 3.4; P = 0.014) and conversion to sternotomy (OR = 3.7; P = 0.001). Multivariable regression analysis revealed that retrograde perfusion was an independent risk factor for stroke (OR = 3.3; P = 0.004). Other risk factors were conversion to sternotomy (OR = 12; P = 0.001), active endocarditis (OR = 5.8; P = 0.07) and hypercholesterolaemia (OR = 2.4; P = 0.048). Interaction modelling revealed that the only significant risk factor for a neurological event was the use of retrograde perfusion in patients older than 70 years with an atherosclerotic burden (OR = 6.4; P = 0.033). Conclusions: Minimally invasive mitral valve procedures can be performed with low morbidity and mortality. The use of retrograde perfusion is associated with a higher incidence of neurological complications in older patients with atherosclerotic burden. Central aortic cannulation permits avoidance of complications associated with retrograde perfusion and extends the suitability of minimally invasive mitral procedures to those patients who have an absolute contraindication for femoral artery cannulation.

Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery in Truly High-Risk Patients: Are We Pushing the Boundaries?: An Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess in a retrospective series of truly high-risk patients who underwent minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: (1) postoperative and long-term results and (2) logistic EuroSCORE and EuroSCORE II discrimination power. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2013, we reviewed in our institution patients who underwent minimally invasive mitral valve surgery with or without tricuspid valve repair via right minithoracotomy with logistic EuroSCORE of 20 or higher. RESULTS: Among a total number of 1604, 88 patients were identified. Median logistic and EuroSCORE II was 27.29 (interquartile range, 15.3) and 12.7% (11.3%), respectively. Mean (SD) age was 71.9 (8.4) years; 42 were female (47.7%); 60 patients (68.1%) underwent previous sternotomy. Mitral valve was replaced in 59 (67%) and repaired in 29 (32.9%) patients; tricuspid valve repair was performed in 23 patients (26.1%). Median cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp times were 157 minutes (interquartile range, 131-187 minutes) and 83 minutes (81-116 minutes), respectively; conversion to sternotomy and reopening for bleeding was necessary in 4 (4.5%) and 3 (3.4%) patients; permanent and transient neurological injuries were reported in 6 (6.8%) and 3 (3.4%) patients; acute kidney injury was reported in 13 patients (14.7%); 15 patients (17%) had pulmonary complications. Ten patients died while in the hospital (11.2%). Survival at 6 years was 78% (95% confidence interval, 69-88). CONCLUSIONS: In this series of truly high-risk patients, minimally invasive mitral surgery was associated with acceptable early mortality and morbidity as well as long-term outcomes; both logistic and EuroSCORE II showed suboptimal discrimination power.

Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement: 12-year single center experience.

BACKGROUND: This study reports the single center experience on minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (MIAVR), performed through a right anterior minithoracotomy or ministernotomy (MS). METHODS: Eight hundred and fifty-three patients, who underwent MIAVR from 2002 to 2014, were retrospectively analyzed. Survival was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The Cox multivariable proportional hazards regression model was developed to identify independent predictors of follow-up mortality. RESULTS: Median age was 73.8, and 405 (47.5%) of patients were female. The overall 30-day mortality was 1.9%. Four hundred and forty-three (51.9%) and 368 (43.1%) patients received biological and sutureless prostheses, respectively. Median cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross-clamping time were 108 and 75 minutes, respectively. Nineteen (2.2%) cases required conversion to full median sternotomy. Thirty-seven (4.3%) patients required re-exploration for bleeding. Perioperative stroke occurred in 15 (1.8%) patients, while transient ischemic attack occurred postoperative in 11 (1.3%). New onset atrial fibrillation was reported for 243 (28.5%) patients. After a median follow-up of 29.1 months (2,676.0 patient-years), survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 96%±1% and 80%±3%, respectively. Cox multivariable analysis showed that advanced age, history of cardiac arrhythmia, preoperative chronic renal failure, MS approach, prolonged mechanical ventilation and hospital stay as well as wound revision were associated with higher mortality. CONCLUSIONS: MIAVR via both approaches is safe and feasible with excellent outcomes, and is associated with low conversion rate and low perioperative morbidity. Long term survival is at least comparable to that reported for conventional sternotomy AVR.

Sutureless Aortic Valve Prosthesis Sizing: Estimation and Prediction Using Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The sutureless prostheses may facilitate minimally invasive aortic valve replacement because of easy and fast deployment. However, correct device sizing remains a crucial step of this procedure, which may be difficult and time consuming in minimal invasive approaches. We sought to analyze the accuracy of contrast-enhanced preoperative multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) in predicting the size of the prosthesis to be implanted in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement through a right anterior minithoracotomy (RAMT). METHODS: From January 2011 to September 2013, 235 patients underwent aortic valve surgery as sole procedure with implantation (Sorin Perceval S) in RAMT. Inclusion criterion for this study was presence of preoperative multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) with contrast enhancement and Doppler echocardiography. A preoperative MDCT was used to measure the aortic annulus as the diameter derived from either the area (aD) or the circumference (cD) of the virtual basal ring, left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter derived either from the area (aLVOT) or the circumference (cLVOT). Multidetector-row CT was reviewed by a single operator who was blind to implanted valve size. The operator measured the aortic annulus and LVOT in multiplanar reconstruction modality. Aortic annular diameter and LVOT diameter were retrieved from echocardiographic records. Predictive models were built based on logistic regression; outcome variable was the sutureless valve size, and covariates (annular and LVOT measurements) were used as single and multivariate predictors. A classification tree was built and then pruned with limited nodes to be able to obtain better predictive performance. RESULTS: We identified 54 patients who had preoperative contrast-enhanced MDCT. Seven patients received a size S, 21 received a size M, and 26 received a size L prosthesis. The mean age of the patients at the time of intervention was 76.3 ± 6.8 years, and the mean logistic EuroSCORE was 10.4% ± 8.7%. Echocardiographic measurements showed lower accuracy compared to MDCT measurements. Echocardiographic LVOT measurement was 61.11% to predict the valve size, whereas annulus measurement was 53.7%. The aLVOT from MDCT had an accuracy of approximately 62.96%, and cLVOT had 64.81% predictive accuracy. Aortic annulus perimeter cD had the highest accuracy to predict the valve size [62.96%, under the curve, 0.61] followed by aortic annular surface aD having an accuracy of approximately 70.37% (under the curve, 0.75). Classification tree models, after pruning with 4 nodes, increased their accuracy (83.33%), and it was easy to interpret and possibly to implement for clinical use. CONCLUSIONS: Multidetector-row CT-derived estimates seem to have higher predictive value for valve size determination in patients undergoing RAMT with the Perceval S prosthesis, thus facilitating this delicate procedure and preventing the selection of wrong candidates. Possibly for precise aortic annulus measurement, contrast-enhanced MDCT is preferable.

Right anterior minithoracotomy for aortic valve replacement: 10-year experience of a single center.

OBJECTIVE: Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (AVR) has been associated with several better outcomes over the standard full sternotomy approach. We revised our 10-year experience with right anterior minithoracotomy (RAMT) for AVR. METHODS: Between 2004 and 2014, a total of 593 patients (310 men; median age: 73.8 years) underwent AVR via RAMT. Preoperatively, a mixed valve lesion was diagnosed in 55 (9.3%) patients; and pure aortic regurgitation in 86 (14.5%). Mean logistic EuroSCORE I (European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation) was 7.4 (median: 5.76). RESULTS: In 302 (50.9%) patients, a sutureless or rapidly implantable biological prosthesis was used; in 23 (3.9%), a mechanical prosthesis; and in the remainder, a conventional biological prosthesis. A total of 113 (19.1%) patients had a small aortic annulus (≤21 mm). Operative times averaged 80 (median: 74) minutes of crossclamping time, and 117 (107) minutes of perfusion time; these were significantly shorter with a sutureless prostheses, compared with a sutured prostheses: perfusion 99 versus 134 minutes, P < .0005; aortic crossclamping time: 64 versus 97 minutes, P < .0005. The mean (median) assisted ventilation time was 9.8 (6) hours; intensive care unit stay was 1.5 (1) days; hospital length of stay was 6.6 (6) days. Overall in-hospital mortality was 9 deaths (1.5%). At 31.5 months mean follow-up time (1531 cumulative patient-years), 94.8% survival was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive AVR is a safe procedure, with low perioperative morbidity, and low rates of reoperation and death at late follow-up. Excellent outcomes can be achieved with minimally invasive AVR via right anterior minithoracotomy. Sutureless prostheses facilitate minimally invasive AVR and are associated with reduced operative times.

Minimally invasive septal myectomy for the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and intrinsic mitral valve disease.

OBJECTIVE: Transaortic left ventricular septal myectomy described by Morrow is a classical procedure for the treatment of systolic anterior motion of the mitral apparatus associated with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). We aimed to review our results of transmitral septal myectomy and mitral valve repair/replacement in patients with intrinsic mitral valve disease associated with HOCM, operated on through a minimally invasive approach. METHODS: Between 2005 and 2014, 19 patients [7 men (37%); mean (SD) age, 69.4 (14.5) years] were treated with minimally invasive approach for degenerative mitral regurgitation and HOCM. Preoperative peak left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient was 66 (24) mm Hg. Severe mitral regurgitation was diagnosed in 16 cases (84%). New York Heart Association functional class III to IV heart failure was present in 13 patients (68%). RESULTS: Fifteen patients (79%) underwent mitral valve replacement, and four patients (21%) underwent mitral valve repair. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction was corrected directly in all patients via the mitral valve with septal myectomy/myotomy, avoiding aortotomy in majority of the patients. No significant prolongation of extracorporeal circulation/aortic cross-clamping times was observed (P = 0.41 and P = 0.67, respectively) when compared with a similar population without HOCM. No iatrogenic ventricular septal defect developed in treated patients. No hospital mortality occurred. Resting LVOT gradient reduced at discharge to 13 (22) mm Hg (P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Transmitral left ventricular septal myectomy in patients with degenerative mitral valve disease is quite a simple, feasible, and effective technique and does not require aortotomy in most cases. It can be performed with low early mortality and satisfactory resolution of LVOT obstruction in a minimally invasive setting.

Enhancing quality control and performance monitoring in thoracic aortic surgery: a 10-year single institutional experience.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to monitor performance and learning effects for thoracic aortic surgery. In addition, we evaluated the volume-outcome relationship of patients undergoing surgery of the thoracic aorta, comparing the results of two higher-volume surgeons (HVSs) with six lower volume surgeons. METHODS: A total of 867 thoracic aortic procedures (elective cases n = 753 and Type A acute dissection n = 114) were performed from 2003 to 2013 by eight surgeons (range 28-238 procedures) at our institution. Departmental and individual performance was monitored using control charts, with a predetermined acceptable failure rate of 10%. Perioperative death or one or more of four adverse events constituted failure. Moreover, results of two higher-volume operators (n = 460; 53%) were compared with those of six lower-volume operators (n = 407; 47%). RESULTS: The incidence rate of in-hospital mortality for elective cases was 2% and for Type A dissection repair 9.6%. Institutional control charts revealed that the surgical process was under control for all the study periods apart from small periods of worse than expected performance which were congruent with new surgeons joining the programme. The predominant surgical failure was reoperation for bleeding. There were differences between surgeons with regard to the learning curves and performance. No significant differences were observed between high- and low-volume surgeons in terms of mortality and morbidity for elective cases. However, high-volume surgeons presented a trend suggesting a higher mortality rate in Type A aortic dissection repair (17.1 vs 6.3%; P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Thoracic aortic surgery can be performed with similar results by high- and low-volume surgeon. Control charts can facilitate learning effects and performance monitoring. Implementation of continuous departmental and individual performance monitoring is practicable.

Free triiodothyronine: a novel predictor of postoperative atrial fibrillation.

OBJECTIVE: Despite improved perioperative management, atrial fibrillation (AF) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains a relevant clinical problem, whose pathogenetic mechanisms remain incompletely explained. A reduced incidence of postoperative AF has been described in CABG patients receiving IV tri-iodothyronine (T3). This study was designed to define the role of thyroid metabolism on the genesis of postoperative AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Free T3 (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone were assayed at admission in 107 consecutive patients undergoing isolated CABG surgery. Patients with thyroid disease or taking drugs known to interfere with thyroid function were excluded. A preoperative rhythm other than sinus rhythm was considered an exclusion criterion. Thirty-three patients (30.8%) had postoperative AF. An older age (P=0.03), no therapy with beta-blockers (P=0.08), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P=0.08), lower left ventricle ejection fraction (P=0.09) and lower fT3 concentration (P=0.001), were univariate predictors of postoperative AF. On multivariate analysis, low fT3 concentration and lack of beta-blocking therapy were independently related with the development of postoperative AF (odds ratio, OR, 4.425; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.745-11.235; P=0.001 and OR 3.107; 95% CI 1.087-8.875; P=0.03, respectively). Postoperative AF significantly prolonged postoperative hospital stay (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Low basal fT3 concentration can reliably predict the occurrence of postoperative AF in CABG patients.

Mitral valve repair for degenerative disease: is pericardial posterior annuloplasty a durable option?

OBJECTIVE: Biological and prosthetic rings are available for supporting mitral valve repair (MVR). Contrasting data are reported on the durability of pericardial ring annuloplasty. This retrospective study was undertaken to assess the durability of MVR for degenerative regurgitation with posterior annuloplasty performed with glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium. METHODS: From August 1995 through December 2000, 133 patients underwent mitral repair for degenerative regurgitation (86 men, age 62.9+/-11.5 years). Thirty patients (22.6%) underwent combined coronary artery bypass graft and fourteen (10.5%) underwent tricuspid annuloplasty. Associated aortic disease, previous cardiac surgery and endocarditis were considered exclusion criteria. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients (57.9%) received a Carpentier-Edwards ring and 56 received (42.1%) an autologous pericardium ring. Thirty-day mortality was 3.8%. Mean follow-up, 98.3% complete, was of 35.6+/-18.7 months. Five-year freedom from reoperation and recurrence of mitral regurgitation> or =3+/4+ was significantly higher in the prosthetic ring group (90.1% - CL90%: 81.9-98.3%) compared with the pericardial ring group (62.6% - CL90%: 43.1-82.1%; P=0.027). Prosthetic ring implantation (P=0.004; RR=0.11) and preoperative New York Heart Association (NYHA) class< or =II (P=0.011; RR=0.16) were independently related to a lower risk of reoperation and recurrence of mitral regurgitation> or =3+/4+, by multivariate analysis. Five-year overall survival was 91.4% (CL90%: 87.9.7-95%). A higher preoperative left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (P=0.006; RR=1.17) and the severity of associated coronary artery disease (P=0.021; RR=2.00) were independent predictive factors for poor survival by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior pericardial annuloplasty can jeopardize reproducibility and durability of MVR for degenerative regurgitation.

Relationships between phenotype and function of blood cd4+ t-cells and ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm: an experimental study

Abstract Introduction: Non-familial ascending thoracic aorta dilation and aneurysms (TAAs) are silent diseases in elderly patients. Histopathology revealed that functionally polarized infiltrating CD4+ T-cells play a key role in aortic wall weakening. Objective: To evaluate the possible associations between phenotype and cytokine production of circulating CD4+ T-lymphocytes and the presence of TAA in patients with aortic valve disease (AVD). Methods: We studied blood samples from 10 patients with TAA and 10 patients with AVD. Flow cytometry was used to quantify: a) CD4+ T-lymphocytes surface expression of CD25, CD28, and chemokine receptors (CCR5, CXCR3, CX3CR1); b) fractions of in vitro stimulated CD4+ T-cells producing cytokines (interferon gamma [IFN-γ], interleukin [IL]-17A, IL-21, IL-10); c) CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ regulatory T-cells (Treg) fraction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were performed for cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-23, transforming growth factor beta [TGF-β]) and chemokines (RANTES, CX3CL1). Results: The total CD4+CD28±CD4+/CX3CR1+ T-cells fraction was higher (P=0.0323) in AVD (20.452±4.673) than in TAA patients (8.633±2.030). The frequency ratio of CD4+ T-lymphocytes producing IFN-γ vs. IL-17A+IL-21 cytokine-producing CD4+ T-cells was higher (P=0.0239) in AVD (2.102±0.272) than in TAA (1.365±0.123) patients. The sum of CD4+CD28±CD4+/CX3CR1+ T-cells correlated positively with values of the previous cytokine ratio (P=0.0002, R=0.732). The ratio of CD4+CD28±CD4+/CX3CR1+ T-cells vs. Treg was higher (P=0.0008) in AVD (20.859±3.393) than in TAA (6.367±1.277) patients. Conclusion: Our results show that the presence of TAA in subjects with AVD is associated with imbalance between phenotypic and cytokine-producing subsets of circulating CD4+ T-lymphocytes, prevalently oriented towards a pro-fibrotic and IFN-γ counteracting effect to functional polarization.

Triple valve surgery in the modern era: short- and long-term results from a single centre.

OBJECTIVES: Triple valve surgery (TVS) is still a challenge for surgeons because of prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and myocardial ischaemic times. The reported operative mortality rate for TVS ranges between 2.5 and 25%; long-term survival is also diminished, with reported survival rates at 5 and 10 years of 75-82 and 61-75%, respectively. The objective of our study is to define early and late clinical outcomes, reporting the initial experience in the treatment of triple valve disease through a minimally invasive approach. METHODS: A retrospective, observational, cohort study was undertaken of prospectively collected data on 106 patients who underwent TVS at our institution between October 2001 and June 2013. A total of 101 procedures were done through the standard median sternotomy; however, in 5 patients, the surgical procedure was carried out through a right minithoracotomy. Univariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of early and late survival. RESULTS: The in-hospital mortality rate was 5.6% (6 of 107 patients). Predictors of early mortality were: previous cardiac surgery [odds ratio (OR) 4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-5.2, P = 0.04], preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.8-1.1, P = 0.003), prolonged CPB time (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.04, P = 0.01) and postoperative pulmonary complications (OR 8, 95% CI 5.8-41, P = 0.0001). Five- and 10-year survival rates were 85 ± 3 and 65 ± 9%, respectively. In univariate analysis, diabetes [hazard ratio (HR) 2.5, 95% CI 1-6.2, P = 0.045], preoperative dialysis (HR 3, 95% CI 2-4.7, P = 0.001), unstable angina (HR 4.8, 95% CI 1-18, P = 0.03), preoperative LVEF (HR 0.9, 95% CI 0.8-1.1, P = 0.02), concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5-5.7, P = 0.006), prolonged CPB time (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.13, P = 0.006), postoperative pacemaker (PMK) implantation (HR 6.2, 95% CI 1.3-18, P = 0.01) and postoperative pulmonary complications (HR 3.3, 95% CI 2.1-7.3, P = 0.002) were found to be significant predictors of late mortality following TVS. The freedom rates from valve-related complications and reoperation at 10 years were 95 ± 2 and 97 ± 2%, respectively. The 10-year freedom rates from thromboembolism and anticoagulation-related haemorrhage were 88 ± 5 and 88 ± 4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TVS offers encouraging short-term and long-term patient survival; these good results after TVS in patients with advanced valvular heart disease justify aggressive surgical therapy in these patients. TVS with a minimally invasive approach is feasible and could be another treatment option.

The low triiodothyronine syndrome: a strong predictor of low cardiac output and death in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: There is strong clinical and experimental evidence that altered thyroid homeostasis negatively affects survival in cardiac patients, but a negative effect of the low triiodothyronine (T3) syndrome on the outcome of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has not been demonstrated. This study was designed to evaluate the prognostic significance of low T3 syndrome in patients undergoing CABG. METHODS: The thyroid profile was evaluated at hospital admission in 806 consecutive CABG patients. Known thyroid disease, severe systemic illness, and use of drugs interfering with thyroid metabolism were considered exclusion criteria. The effect of the baseline free T3 (fT3) concentration and of preoperative low T3 syndrome (fT3 <2.23 pmol/L) on the risk of low cardiac output (CO) and death was analyzed in a logistic regression model. RESULTS: There were 19 (2.3%) deaths, and 64 (7.8%) patients experienced major complications. After univariate analysis, fT3, low T3, New York Heart Association class greater than II, low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and emergency were associated with low CO and hospital death. History of atrial fibrillation, cardiopulmonary bypass time, and peripheral vascular disease were associated only with low CO. At multivariate analysis, only fT3, low T3, emergency, and LVEF were associated with low CO, and fT3 (odds ratio, 0.172, 95% confidence interval, 0.078 to 0.379; p < 0.0001) and LVEF (odds ratio, 0.934, 95% confidence interval, 0.894 to 0.987; p = 0.03) were the only independent predictors of death. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that low T3 is a strong predictor of death and low CO in CABG patients. For this reason, the thyroid profile should be evaluated before CABG, and patients with low T3 should be considered at higher risk and treated accordingly.