[Analysis of mortality and leading causes of death in Chinese children under 5-year-old between 2010 and 2016].

We collected death data of children under 5-year-old in China from the national child mortality surveillance system from 2010 to 2016. The change of mortality rate and causes of death were described. The mortality rate of Chinese children under 5-year-old decreased from 16.4‰ to 10.2‰ in all areas between 2010 and 2016, from 20.1‰ to 12.4 ‰ in rural areas and from 7.3‰ to 5.2‰ in urban areas, respectively, with a greater average annual decreasing rate in rural areas than urban area. During these years, in addition to traffic accidents and sepsis, other 8 cause-specific mortality rates showed a downward trend. There were substantial decreases of mortality rates of premature birth or low birth weight, birth asphyxia and neural tube defects. In urban areas, the mortality rate of premature birth or low birth weight, birth asphyxia decreased, and the mortality rate of congenital heart disease and diarrhea substantially decreased. However, there was a substantial increase of mortality rate of septicemia in urban areas. In rural areas, the change of major cause-specific mortality rates were consistent with the national trend.

Effects of Bacillus fermentation on the protein microstructure and anti-nutritional factors of soybean meal.

This study evaluated the effects of Bacillus fermentation on soybean meal protein (SBMP) microstructure and major anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in soybean meal (SBM). The Bacillus siamensis isolate JL8 producing high yield of protease at 519·1 U g-1 was selected for the laboratory production of fermented soybean meal (FSBM). After 24 h fermentation, the FSBM showed better properties compared with those of SBM, the ANFs such as glycinin, ß-conglycinin and trypsin inhibitor significantly decreased by 86·0, 70·3 and 95·01%, while in vitro digestibility and absorbability increased by 8·7 and 18·9% respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of fermented soybean meal protein showed smaller aggregates and looser network than that of SBMP. Secondary structure examination of proteins revealed fermentation significantly decreased the content of ß-sheet structure by 43·2% and increased the random coil structure by 59·9%. It is demonstrated that Bacillus fermentation improved the nutritional quality of SBM through degrading ANFs and changing the microstructure of SBMP. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: There is limited information about the structural property changes of soybean protein during fermentation. In this study, physicochemical analysis of soybean meal protein showed evidence that the increase in in vitro digestibility and absorbability of fermented soybean meal reflected the decrease in ß-conformation and destruction of original structure in soybean meal protein. The results directly gained the understanding of nutritional quality improvement of soybean meal by Bacillus fermentation, and supply the potential use of Bacillus siamensis for fermented soybean meal production.

Clinical determinants of a positive visual inspection after treatment with acetic acid for cervical cancer screening.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the determinants of a positive visual inspection after acetic acid (VIA), including the relationship of testing positive for high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), which is the necessary cause of cervical cancer. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SETTING: Three clinical sites in rural China. POPULATION: A total of 7541 women aged 25-65 years. METHODS: All women underwent VIA, DNA testing, by two DNA tests performed on both clinician- and self-collected specimens, and HPV E6 oncoprotein testing. Those positive by any test underwent colposcopy and four-quadrant biopsy evaluation. A random sample of women with negative screening results also underwent colposcopy and, if colposcopic abnormalities were observed, four-quadrant biopsy evaluation was performed. Women diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2), or more severe grades (CIN2 + ), underwent treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Testing positive for VIA. RESULTS: Overall, 7.6% (95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 7.0-8.2%) had a positive VIA. Women who tested positive for HPV were more likely to have a positive VIA than women who tested negative for HPV (15.0%, 95% CI 12.9-17.2% versus 6.3%, 95% CI 5.7-6.9%; P < 0.001). Older women were less likely to have a positive VIA (Ptrend  < 0.001), including women with CIN2 +  (Ptrend  < 0.001). A logistic regression model demonstrated that diagnosis (CIN2 +  versus

[Study on radiation dose in different field of views of oral and maxillofacial cone-beam CT].

Objective: To analyze the absorptive radiation dose of non-target sensitive organs under the NewTomVGi oral and maxillofacial cone-beam CT scanning in different view fields. Methods: The thermoluminescence dosimeter chip was placed in the non-target sensitive organ of the simulated radiology head model, and 6 scanning fields were measured and analyzed (standard resolution: scanning range was 15 cm×15 cm, 15 cm×12 cm, 12 cm×8 cm, 8 cm×8 cm respectively). High definition resolution: the radiation absorption dose of thermoluminescence with the scanning range of 12 cm×8 cm, 8 cm×8 cm, respectively. Results: Under the same resolution, the absorptive dose increased with the expansion of scanning field, and the amount of absorbent during high resolution scanning was higher than that during the standard resolution with the same scanning field. Conclusions: New TomVGi oral and maxillofacial cone-beam CT has sighificant difference in radiation dose in different view fields. The appropriate view field should be selected according to the patient's clinical needs, so as to reduce unnecessary radiation dose during medical imaging examination.