Colon capsule endoscopy is feasible to perform after incomplete colonoscopy and guides further workup in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) could be an option to examine the colon after incomplete colonoscopy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the extent that CCE complements incomplete colonoscopy and guides further workup. DESIGN: Prospective, follow-up study. SETTING: Three tertiary-care centers. PATIENTS: Consecutive outpatients after colonoscopy failure; 1-year study period. INTERVENTION: Patients underwent CCE either immediately after colonoscopy or were rescheduled. Further investigations were guided by the results of CCE. Patients were followed as long as 2 years. RESULTS: We studied 75 outpatients; 39 had a screening colonoscopy. One third of the patients underwent CCE immediately after colonoscopy. Overall, CCE reached or went beyond the colon segment at which colonoscopy stopped in 68 patients (91%). CCE technically complemented difficult colonoscopy independently of whether same-day CCE was performed (24 [96%]) or was not performed (44 [88%]). CCE detected additional significant findings in 36% of the same-day CCE cases and in 48% of the rescheduled ones. Two patients in the same-day group and 13 in the rescheduled CCE group underwent further colon examination that revealed additional significant findings in 3 of them. Ten percent of the patients reported mild adverse events (AE). If needed, 63 participants (84%) were willing to repeat CCE. Follow-up has not identified symptomatic missed colon cancers. LIMITATIONS: Selected patient population, first-generation colon capsule, old preparation scheme. CONCLUSION: CCE performed immediately or at a scheduled date after colonoscopy failure is feasible and safe. CCE after incomplete colonoscopy appears to yield significant findings, guide further workup, and has high patient acceptance.

Evaluation of a conventional ELISA (Novitec) and a near patient immunochromatographic test (Stick H. pyl) for Helicobacter pylori antigen detection in stool.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The detection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antigen in stool by conventional ELISA is a reliable non-invasive method for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection in untreated patients. Recently, rapid in-office stool tests have been developed for the same purpose. METHODOLOGY: We have prospectively evaluated the performances of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassay (Novitec EIA) and a rapid near-patient immunochromatographic stool test (Stick H. pyl) for the detection of H. pylori stool antigen. Fifty H. pylori positive and 50 negative patients were included. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by using histology, rapid urease test and urea breath test. Patients were classified as positive if two of the three tests were positive and negative if all the three tests were negative. Testing was carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions. RESULTS: Novitec EIA had 8% equivocal results. If they were interpreted as negative the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall diagnostic accuracy were 82%, 86%, 86%, 83% and 84% and if as positive 88%, 76%, 79%, 86% and 82% respectively. ROC curve analysis showed a cut-off value of 0.144 for our population. The corresponding numbers for this cut-off value were: 82%, 94%, 93%, 84% and 88%. The respective numbers for Stick H. pyl were 78%, 78%, 76%, 78% and 79%. CONCLUSIONS: Novitec EIA performed well in this cohort of Greek patients and demonstrated a high specificity and positive predictive value when we adjusted the cut-off at 0.144. Performance of Stick H. pyl was sub-optimal.

A 13-year time trend analysis of 3724 small bowel video capsule endoscopies and a forecast model during the financial crisis in Greece.

INTRODUCTION: Since its introduction, small bowel video capsule endoscopy (VCE) use has evolved considerably. AIM: Evaluation of the temporal changes of small bowel VCE utilization in three tertiary centers in Greece in Era 1 (2002-2009) and Era 2 (2010-2014) and the development a forecast model for future VCE use during 2015-2017. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from all small bowel VCE examinations were retrieved and analyzed in terms of the annual number of the performed examinations, their indications and the significance of their findings. RESULTS: Overall, we evaluated 3724 VCE examinations. The number of studies peaked in 2009 (n=595) and then decreased to reach 225 in 2014. Overall, more (53.8 vs. 51.4%) patients with iron-deficiency anemia and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (IDA/OGIB) and fewer (10.7 vs. 14%) patients with chronic diarrhea were evaluated in Era 2 compared with Era 1 (P=0.046). In Era 2, there were more nondiagnostic examinations (39.5 vs. 29.3%, P<0.001), whereas the rate of cases with relevant findings decreased from 47.8 to 40.9%. According to the time trend analysis, we developed a forecast model with two scenarios: the pessimistic and the optimistic. Validation of the model with 2015 data showed that reality was close to the pessimistic scenario: the number of exams further decreased to 190, studies carried out for IDA/OGIB increased to 67%, and there were more negative than positive exams (40.7 vs. 39.2%). CONCLUSION: The number of VCE studies carried out after the emergence of the financial crisis decreased significantly and VCE indications were optimized. Our forecast model predicts lower numbers of VCE studies, with IDA/OGIB being the dominant indication. However, the predicted increase of negative exams requires further evaluation.

Premalignant lesions and conditions for gastric adenocarcinoma: diagnosis, management and surveillance guidelines.

Despite universal trends of declining mortality rates, gastric cancer remains a major health problem. The advent of endoscopy has made a major impact in the diagnosis and management of early gastric cancer as well as of the premalignant lesions of the stomach. Nevertheless the disagreement between Japanese and Western histopathologists regarding the nomenclatures of the gastric precancerous lesions resulted in different recommendations and therapeutic guide lines. On this background we review the current concepts related to premalignant lesions, especially intestinal metaplasia and gastric dysplasia as well as the critical role of Helicobacter pylori in the evolution of these lesions. Additionally, this extensive review deals with the majority of precancerous conditions related to gastric adenocarcinoma and provides surveillance and therapeutic guidelines.

One-year infliximab administration for the treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis.

AIM: To determine the efficacy of infliximab in the treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis, following ileo-pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: Seven patients (4 females, 3 males) with chronic refractory pouchitis were included in an open study. Pouchitis was diagnosed by clinical plus endoscopic and histological criteria. Three patients also had fistulae (pouch-bladder in 1 and perianal in 2). Extraintestinal manifestations were also present in 4 patients (erythema nodosum in 2, arthralgiae in 2). All patients were refractory to standard therapy. Crohn's disease was carefully excluded in all patients after re-evaluation of the history and examination of the small bowel with enteroclysis or small bowel capsule endoscopy. Patients received Infliximab 5 mg/kg at 0, 2 and 6 weeks and thereafter every 2 months for 1 year. Clinical response was classified as complete, partial, and no response. Fistulae closure was classified as complete, partial, and no closure. The pouchitis disease activity index (PDAI) was also used as an outcome measure. RESULTS: Clinically, all patients improved. After 1 year of follow-up, 5 of the 7 patients had a complete clinical response, and 2 of the 3 patients with a fistula had complete fistulae closure. At the end of the follow-up period the median PDAI dropped from 11 (baseline) (range, 10-14) to 5 (range, 3-8). Extraintestinal manifestations were in complete remission at the end of the followup period as well. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that infliximab may be recommended for the treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis complicated or not by fistulae following IPAA for UC.

A Greek survey of community prevalence and characteristics of constipation.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the prevalence and the main characteristics of constipation in the Greek general population. METHODS: The study sample included 1000 individuals, 15-64-years-old, who were citizens of Athens, Thessaloniki, or one of 11 Greek cities with a population of greater than 10 000, and the sample was selected by a stratified, multistage, random sampling procedure. Questionnaires were completed for each individual by personal interviews. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported constipation within the last year was 14%, whereas another 2% of participants had constipation according to the Rome III criteria. Constipation was significantly less frequent in males than females (11 vs. 21%, P<0.001), younger individuals (15-29-years-old: 12%, 30-59-years-old: 17%, 60-64-years-old: 25%, P = 0.006) and citizens of Athens than in citizens of other Greek cities (19 vs. 13%, P = 0.008). The mean duration of constipation was 6.3 years (females: 6.9, males: 5.1) and its mean frequency was once per 4 days. Constipation was considered to be mostly because of inappropriate diet (51%), stress (30%), and absence of physical activity (19%). Constipated patients mainly used dietary modifications (48%) and/or traditional products (40%), and/or laxatives (48%), whereas 19% of them did not try to treat constipation. CONCLUSION: Constipation is present in approximately 15% of the Greek general population being significantly more frequent in females and older age individuals. Current dietary habits, stress, and the way of living seem to be considered as its most common causes. Although the duration is usually long, a substantial proportion of constipated patients do nothing to treat the problem, whereas the majority of them use dietary modifications and/or traditional products without satisfactory results.

Potential role of apoptosis and apoptotic regulatory proteins in colorectal neoplasia: correlations with clinico-pathological parameters and survival.

An imbalance between apoptotic and proliferative processes is believed to underlie colorectal neoplasia. We evaluated the expression of bcl-2, p53, mdm2 proteins, and apoptosis in colorectal neoplasms, as well as their correlation with clinico-pathological parameters, using image analysis. Biopsies from 46 colorectal cancers, 121 adenomas, and 25 controls were studied using monoclonal antibodies against p53, bcl-2, mdm2 and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method for apoptosis. P53 and bcl2 protein expression was higher in adenomas >or=1 cm (P < 0.03) and tubulovillous-villous adenomas (P < 0.03), and correlated with dysplasia (P < 0.03). In Cox regression analysis, Dukes' stage was the most significant independent prognostic indicator of a worse survival (P < 0.019), whereas when stage was eliminated, bcl-2 expression was also a powerful predictor for bad prognosis (P = 0.02). In conclusion, both bcl-2 and p53 immunohistochemical profiles may be useful adjuncts in detecting adenomas with a malignant potential, whereas bcl-2 could be used in combination with Dukes' stage as a predictor of prognosis in colorectal cancer.