Racial and socioeconomic disparities in survival among women with advanced-stage ovarian cancer who received systemic therapy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the association between race/ethnicity and all-cause mortality among women with advanced-stage ovarian cancer who received systemic therapy. METHODS: We analyzed data from the National Cancer Database on women diagnosed with advanced-stage ovarian cancer from 2004 to 2015 who received systemic therapy. Race/ethnicity was categorized as Non-Hispanic (NH) White, NH-Black, Hispanic, NH-Asian/Pacific Islander, and Other. Income and education were combined to form a composite measure of socioeconomic status (SES) and categorized into low-, mid-, and high-SES. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess whether race/ethnicity was associated with the risk of death after adjusting for sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment factors. Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted by SES, age, and surgery receipt. RESULTS: The study population comprised 53,367 women (52.4% ages ≥ 65 years, 82% NH-White, 8.7% NH-Black, 5.7% Hispanic, and 2.7% NH-Asian/Pacific Islander) in the analysis. After adjusting for covariates, the NH-Black race was associated with a higher risk of death versus NH-White race (aHR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.07,1.18), while Hispanic ethnicity was associated with a lower risk of death compared to NH-White women (aHR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.95). Furthermore, NH-Black women versus NH-White women had an increased risk of mortality among those with low-SES characteristics (aHR:1.12; 95% CI:1.03-1.22) and mid-SES groups (aHR: 1.13; 95% CI:1.05-1.21). CONCLUSIONS: Among women with advanced-stage ovarian cancer who received systemic therapy, NH-Black women experienced poorer survival compared to NH-White women. Future studies should be directed to identify drivers of ovarian cancer disparities, particularly racial differences in treatment response and surveillance.

Persistent poverty disparities in incidence and outcomes among oral and pharynx cancer patients.

PURPOSE: Disparities in oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer based on race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status have been reported, but the impact of living within areas that are persistently poor at the time of diagnosis and outcome is unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether the incidence, 5-year relative survival, stage at diagnosis, and mortality among patients with oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers varied by persistent poverty. METHODS: Data were drawn from the SEER database (2006-2017) and included individuals diagnosed with oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers. Persistent poverty (at census tract) is defined as areas where ≥ 20% of the population has lived below the poverty level for ~ 30 years. Age-adjusted incidence and 5-year survival rates were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between persistent poverty and advanced stage cancer. Cumulative incidence and multivariable subdistribution hazard models were used to evaluate mortality risk. In addition, results were stratified by cancer primary site, sex, race/ethnicity, and rurality. RESULTS: Of the 90,631 patients included in the analysis (61.7% < 65 years old, 71.6% males), 8.8% lived in persistent poverty. Compared to non-persistent poverty, patients in persistent poverty had higher incidence and lower 5-year survival rates. Throughout 10 years, the cumulative incidence of cancer death was greater in patients from persistent poverty and were more likely to present with advanced-stage cancer and higher mortality risk. In the stratified analysis by primary site, patients in persistent poverty with oropharyngeal, oral cavity, and nasopharyngeal cancers had an increased risk of mortality compared to the patients in non-persistent poverty. CONCLUSION: This study found an association between oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer outcomes among patients in persistent poverty indicating a multidimensional strategy to improve survival.

Association of Physical Frailty and Cognitive Function in a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study of American Older Adults.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive impairment and frailty are prevalent in older persons. Physical frailty is associated with cognitive decline; however, the role of effect modifiers such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and cognitive reserve is not well understood. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2014) were obtained for participants aged ≥60 years. Complete availability of cognitive scores was an inclusion criterion. Physical frailty was defined by the presence of exhaustion, weakness, low body mass, and/or low physical activity, and categorized into three groups: robust (0 present), pre-frail (1-2 present), or frail (3-4 present). Four cognitive test scores were converted to z-scores, and global cognition (composite z-score) was calculated by averaging the four-individual z-scores. Multivariable linear regression models were fit to estimate the associations between frailty and cognitive function. Frailty was also evaluated as a risk factor for self-reported subjective memory complaint (SMC) using logistic regression. All models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, alcohol use, income, marital status, diabetes, hypertension, and history of stroke. Effect measure modification analyses were conducted by age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and occupational cognitive demand. RESULTS: The study population comprised 2,863 participants aged ≥60 years. 50.6% of the participants were categorized into robust, 43.2% pre-frail, and 6.2% frail. After adjusting for covariates, compared to robust participants, frail and prefrail participants had lower adjusted mean global cognitive z-scores, ß^ = -0.61, 95% CI: -0.83, -0.38 and ß^ = -0.21, 95% CI: -0.30, -0.12, respectively. Both prefrail and frail participants had higher odds of SMC compared to the robust participants. We did not see strong evidence that the association between frailty and cognition was modified by the factors we studied. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Both pre-frailty and frailty were associated with lower cognitive performance and were more likely to report subjective memory complaints relative to persons without frailty. These findings provide additional evidence that physical frailty may serve as a prognostic factor for cognitive deterioration or dementia, and prevention of frailty may be an important public health strategy.

Association of type 2 diabetes mellitus with dementia-related and non-dementia-related mortality among postmenopausal women: A secondary competing risks analysis of the women's health initiative.

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-related dementias (ADRD) are leading causes of death among older adults in the United States. Efforts to understand risk factors for prevention are needed. METHODS: Participants (n = 146,166) enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative without AD at baseline were included. Diabetes status was ascertained from self-reported questionnaires and deaths attributed to AD/ADRD from hospital, autopsy, and death records. Competing risk regression models were used to estimate the cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the prospective association of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with AD/ADRD and non-AD/ADRD mortality. RESULTS: There were 29,393 treated T2DM cases and 8628 AD/ADRD deaths during 21.6 (14.0-23.5) median (IQR) years of follow-up. Fully adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of the association with T2DM were 2.94 (2.76-3.12) for AD/ADRD and 2.65 (2.60-2.71) for the competing risk of non-AD/ADRD mortality. DISCUSSION: T2DM is associated with AD/ADRD and non-AD/ADRD mortality. HIGHLIGHTS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is more strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD)/AD and related dementias (ADRD) mortality compared to the competing risk of non-AD/ADRD mortality among postmenopausal women. This relationship was consistent for AD and ADRD, respectively. This association is strongest among participants without obesity or hypertension and with younger age at baseline, higher diet quality, higher physical activity, higher alcohol consumption, and older age at the time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Genetic associations with dementia-related proteinopathy: Application of item response theory.

INTRODUCTION: Although dementia-related proteinopathy has a strong negative impact on public health, and is highly heritable, understanding of the related genetic architecture is incomplete. METHODS: We applied multidimensional generalized partial credit modeling (GPCM) to test genetic associations with dementia-related proteinopathies. Data were analyzed to identify candidate single nucleotide variants for the following proteinopathies: Aß, tau, α-synuclein, and TDP-43. RESULTS: Final included data comprised 966 participants with neuropathologic and WGS data. Three continuous latent outcomes were constructed, corresponding to TDP-43-, Aß/Tau-, and α-synuclein-related neuropathology endophenotype scores. This approach helped validate known genotype/phenotype associations: for example, TMEM106B and GRN were risk alleles for TDP-43 pathology; and GBA for α-synuclein/Lewy bodies. Novel suggestive proteinopathy-linked alleles were also discovered, including several (SDHAF1, TMEM68, and ARHGEF28) with colocalization analyses and/or high degrees of biologic credibility. DISCUSSION: A novel methodology using GPCM enabled insights into gene candidates for driving misfolded proteinopathies. HIGHLIGHTS: Latent factor scores for proteinopathies were estimated using a generalized partial credit model. The three latent continuous scores corresponded well with proteinopathy severity. Novel genes associated with proteinopathies were identified. Several genes had high degrees of biologic credibility for dementia risk factors.

Trends and factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure among US cancer survivors, 2013-2020.

BACKGROUND: Secondhand smoke (SHS) poses a significant public health threat. Cancer survivors are at a greater risk of adverse health outcomes from SHS because of its association with poor prognosis and other downstream clinical events. METHODS: A nationally representative sample of US adults aged 20 years and older was analyzed from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2013 and 2020. Data on indoor SHS exposure were reported by 16,778 adults who were not currently smoking (1775 cancer survivors; 15,003 individuals without a cancer history). The weighted prevalence of SHS exposure was estimated and compared across sociodemographic and health-related characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to identify correlates of SHS exposure. RESULTS: Of the 1775 nonsmoking cancer survivors (mean age, 64.9 years; 57.0% female; 84.4% non-Hispanic Whites), 15.8% reported SHS exposure. No significant change in trends of SHS exposure was observed during the study period. The prevalence of SHS exposure was higher in cancer survivors who were younger, racial minorities, and had a household income below 130% of the federal poverty level. After adjustment for multiple correlates, age below 40 years, low income, smoking history, and diagnosis within 2 years were associated with SHS exposure. Cancer survivors were most likely to report that SHS exposure occurred at home or in a car. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of SHS exposure among cancer survivors remained steady in the past decade. However, disparities exist in SHS exposure among cancer survivors across sociodemographic characteristics and smoking status. Smoking cessation programs should be promoted among caregivers and families of cancer survivors.

Association of reproductive risk factors and breast cancer molecular subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Associations between reproductive factors and breast cancer (BC) risk vary by molecular subtype (i.e., luminal A, luminal B, HER2, and triple negative/basal-like [TNBC]). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we summarized the associations between reproductive factors and BC subtypes. METHODS: Studies from 2000 to 2021 were included if BC subtype was examined in relation to one of 11 reproductive risk factors: age at menarche, age at menopause, age at first birth, menopausal status, parity, breastfeeding, oral contraceptive (OC) use, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), pregnancy, years since last birth and abortion. For each reproductive risk factor, BC subtype, and study design (case-control/cohort or case-case), random-effects models were used to estimate pooled relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A total of 75 studies met the inclusion criteria for systematic review. Among the case-control/cohort studies, later age at menarche and breastfeeding were consistently associated with decreased risk of BC across all subtypes, while later age at menopause, later age of first childbirth, and nulliparity/low parity were associated with increased risk of luminal A, luminal B, and HER2 subtypes. In the case-only analysis, compared to luminal A, postmenopausal status increased the risk of HER2 and TNBC. Associations were less consistent across subtypes for OC and HRT use. CONCLUSION: Identifying common risk factors across BC subtypes can enhance the tailoring of prevention strategies, and risk stratification models can benefit from subtype specificity. Adding breastfeeding status to current BC risk prediction models can enhance predictive ability, given the consistency of the associations across subtypes.

Cancer diagnosis is associated with a lower burden of dementia and less Alzheimer's-type neuropathology.

Cancer and Alzheimer's disease are common diseases in ageing populations. Previous research has reported a lower incidence of Alzheimer's disease-type (amnestic) dementia among individuals with a diagnosis of cancer. Both cancer and amnestic dementia are prevalent and potentially lethal clinical syndromes. The current study was conducted to investigate the association of cancer diagnosis with neuropathological and cognitive features of dementia. Data were analysed from longitudinally evaluated participants in a community-based cohort study of brain ageing who came to autopsy at the University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. These data were linked to the Kentucky Cancer Registry, a population-based state cancer surveillance system, to obtain cancer-related data. We examined the relationship between cancer diagnosis, clinical dementia diagnosis, Mini-Mental State Examination scores and neuropathological features using inverse probability weighting to address bias due to confounding and missing data. To address bias due to inclusion of participants with dementia at cohort baseline, we repeated all analyses restricted to the participants who were cognitively normal at baseline. Included participants (n = 785) had a mean ± standard deviation age of death of 83.8 ± 8.6 years; 60.1% were female. Cancer diagnosis was determined in 190 (24.2%) participants, and a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia was determined in 539 (68.7%). APOE ɛ4 allele dosage was lower among participants with cancer diagnosis compared to cancer-free participants overall (P = 0.0072); however, this association was not observed among those who were cognitively normal at baseline. Participants with cancer diagnosis had lower odds of mild cognitive impairment or dementia, and higher cognitive test scores (e.g. Mini-Mental State Examination scores evaluated 6 and ≤2 years ante-mortem, P < 0.001 for both comparisons). Cancer diagnosis also associated with lower odds of higher Braak neurofibrillary tangle stages (III/IV) or (V/VI), moderate/frequent neuritic plaques, moderate/frequent diffuse plaques and moderate/severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy (all P < 0.05). By contrast, TDP-43, α-synuclein and cerebrovascular pathologies were not associated with cancer diagnosis. Cancer diagnosis was associated with a lower burden of Alzheimer's disease pathology and less cognitive impairment. These findings from a community-based cohort with neuropathological confirmation of substrates support the hypothesis that there is an inverse relationship between cancer and Alzheimer's disease.

Food insecurity is associated with chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain in the USA.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated whether food insecurity (US Adult Food Security Survey) was associated with chronic pain (≥ 3 months) and high-impact chronic pain (i.e. pain that limits work and life) among US adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: Nationally representative sample of non-institutionalised adults in the USA. PARTICIPANTS: 79 686 adults from the National Health Interview Survey (2019-2021). RESULTS: Marginal, low and very low food security were associated with increased prevalence odds of chronic pain (OR: 1·58 (95 % CI 1·44, 1·72), 2·28 (95 % CI 2·06, 2·52) and 3·37 (95 % CI 3·01, 3·78), respectively) and high-impact chronic pain (OR: 1·28 (95 % CI 1·14, 1·42), 1·55 (95 % CI 1·37, 1·75) and 1·90 (95 % CI 1·65, 2·18), respectively) in a dose-response fashion (P-trend < 0·0001 for both), adjusted for sociodemographic, socio-economic and clinically relevant factors. Participation in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and age modified the association between food insecurity and chronic pain. CONCLUSIONS: These findings illustrate the impact of socio-economic factors on chronic pain and suggest that food insecurity may be a social determinant of chronic pain. Further research is needed to better understand the complex relationship between food insecurity and chronic pain and to identify targets for interventions. Moreover, the consideration of food insecurity in the clinical assessment of pain and pain-related conditions among socio-economically disadvantaged adults may be warranted.

An evaluation of injurious falls and Fall-Risk-Increasing-Drug (FRID) prescribing in ambulatory care in older adults.

BACKGROUND: Falls are a major public health problem affecting millions of older adults each year. Little is known about FRID prescribing behaviors after injurious falls occur. The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether an injurious fall is associated with being prescribed a new FRID. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (2016). We included visits from patients age ≥ 65 years and classified visits based on presence of an injurious fall. The outcome of interest was prescription of new FRID between those with and without an injurious fall. Multivariable logistic regression weighted for sampling and adjusted for demographics, health history and other medications was used. Age and Alzheimer's disease were examined as potential effect measure modifiers. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were reported. Bayes factor upper bounds were also reported to quantify whether the data were better predicted by the null hypothesis or the alternative hypothesis. RESULTS: The sample included 239,016,482 ambulatory care visits. 5,095,734 (2.1%) of the visits were related to an injurious fall. An injurious fall was associated with a non-statistically significant increase in odds of at least one new FRID prescription: adjusted OR = 1.6 (95% CI 0.6, 4.0). However, there was non-statistically significant evidence that the association depended on patient age, with OR = 2.6 (95% CI 0.9, 7.4) for ages 65-74 versus OR = 0.4 (95% CI 0.1, 1.6) for ages ≥ 75. In addition to age, Alzheimer's disease was also identified as a statistically significant effect measure modifier, but stratum specific estimates were not determined due to small sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory care visits involving an injurious fall showed a non-statistically significant increase in odds of generating a new FRID prescription, but this association may depend on age.

Global Noncoding microRNA Profiling in Mice Infected with Partial Human Mouth Microbes (PAHMM) Using an Ecological Time-Sequential Polybacterial Periodontal Infection (ETSPPI) Model Reveals Sex-Specific Differential microRNA Expression.

Periodontitis (PD) is a polymicrobial dysbiotic immuno-inflammatory disease. It is more prevalent in males and has poorly understood pathogenic molecular mechanisms. Our primary objective was to characterize alterations in sex-specific microRNA (miRNA, miR) after periodontal bacterial infection. Using partial human mouth microbes (PAHMM) (Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia) in an ecological time-sequential polybacterial periodontal infection (ETSPPI) mouse model, we evaluated differential mandibular miRNA profiles by using high-throughput Nanostring nCounter® miRNA expression panels. All PAHMM mice showed bacterial colonization (100%) in the gingival surface, an increase in alveolar bone resorption (p < 0.0001), and the induction of a specific immunoglobin G antibody immune response (p < 0.001). Sex-specific differences in distal organ bacterial dissemination were observed in the heart (82% male vs. 28% female) and lungs (2% male vs. 68% female). Moreover, sex-specific differential expression (DE) of miRNA was identified in PAHMM mice. Out of 378 differentially expressed miRNAs, we identified seven miRNAs (miR-9, miR-148a, miR-669a, miR-199a-3p, miR-1274a, miR-377, and miR-690) in both sexes that may be implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. A strong relationship was found between male-specific miR-377 upregulation and bacterial dissemination to the heart. This study demonstrates sex-specific differences in bacterial dissemination and in miRNA differential expression. A novel PAHMM mouse and ETSPPI model that replicates human pathobiology can be used to identify miRNA biomarkers in periodontitis.

Distinct clinicopathologic clusters of persons with TDP-43 proteinopathy.

To better understand clinical and neuropathological features of TDP-43 proteinopathies, data were analyzed from autopsied research volunteers who were followed in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) data set. All subjects (n = 495) had autopsy-proven TDP-43 proteinopathy as an inclusion criterion. Subjects underwent comprehensive longitudinal clinical evaluations yearly for 6.9 years before death on average. We tested whether an unsupervised clustering algorithm could detect coherent groups of TDP-43 immunopositive cases based on age at death and extensive neuropathologic data. Although many of the brains had mixed pathologies, four discernible clusters were identified. Key differentiating features were age at death and the severity of comorbid Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic changes (ADNC), particularly neuritic amyloid plaque densities. Cluster 1 contained mostly cases with a pathologic diagnosis of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-TDP), consistent with enrichment of frontotemporal dementia clinical phenotypes including appetite/eating problems, disinhibition and primary progressive aphasia (PPA). Cluster 2 consisted of elderly limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE-NC) subjects without severe neuritic amyloid plaques. Subjects in Cluster 2 had a relatively slow cognitive decline. Subjects in both Clusters 3 and 4 had severe ADNC + LATE-NC; however, Cluster 4 was distinguished by earlier disease onset, swifter disease course, more Lewy body pathology, less neocortical TDP-43 proteinopathy, and a suggestive trend in a subgroup analysis (n = 114) for increased C9orf72 risk SNP rs3849942 T allele (Fisher's exact test p value = 0.095). Overall, clusters enriched with neocortical TDP-43 proteinopathy (Clusters 1 and 2) tended to have lower levels of neuritic amyloid plaques, and those dying older (Clusters 2 and 3) had far less PPA or disinhibition, but more apathy. Indeed, 98% of subjects dying past age 85 years lacked clinical features of the frontotemporal dementia syndrome. Our study revealed discernible subtypes of LATE-NC and underscored the importance of age of death for differentiating FTLD-TDP and LATE-NC.

The Use of Chatbots in Head and Neck Mucosal Malignancy Treatment Recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: As cancer patients increasingly use chatbots, it is crucial to recognize ChatGPT's potential in enhancing health literacy while ensuring validation to prevent misinformation. This study aims to assess ChatGPT-3.5's capability to provide appropriate staging and treatment recommendations for head and neck mucosal malignancies for vulnerable populations. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Forty distinct clinical vignettes were introduced into ChatGPT to inquire about staging and treatment recommendations for head and neck mucosal malignancies. METHODS: Prompts were created based on head and neck cancer (HNC) disease descriptions (cancer location, tumor size, lymph node involvement, and symptoms). Staging and treatment recommendations according to the 2021 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines were scored by three fellowship-trained HNC surgeons from two separate tertiary care institutions. HNC surgeons assessed the accuracy of staging and treatment recommendations, such as the completeness of surgery and the appropriateness of treatment modality. RESULTS: Whereas ChatGPT's responses were 95% accurate at recommending the correct first-line treatment based on the 2021 NCCN guidelines, 55% of the responses contained inaccurate staging. Neck dissection was incorrectly omitted from treatment recommendations in 50% of the cases. Moreover, 40% of ChatGPT's treatment recommendations were deemed unnecessary. CONCLUSION: This study emphasizes ChatGPT's potential in HNC patient education, aligning with NCCN guidelines for mucosal malignancies, but highlights the importance of ongoing refinement and scrutiny due to observed inaccuracies in tumor, nodal, metastasis staging, incomplete surgery options, and inappropriate treatment recommendations. Otolaryngologists can use this information to caution patients, families, and trainees regarding the use of ChatGPT for HNC education without expert guidance.

Household Income Is Associated with Chronic Pain and High-Impact Chronic Pain among Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study Using NHIS Data.

Pain is a prevalent issue among cancer patients, yet its link with socioeconomic status has not been thoroughly examined. This study investigated chronic pain (lasting ≥3 months) and high-impact pain (chronic pain limiting activities) among cancer survivors based on household income relative to the federal poverty level (FPL), using data from the National Health Interview Survey (2019-2020). Of the 4585 participants with a history of solid cancers, 1649 (36.3%) reported chronic pain and 554 (12.6%) reported high-impact chronic pain. After adjustment, participants with incomes < 200% FPL had significantly higher odds of chronic pain (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.25-2.05) and high-impact chronic pain (aOR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.09-2.74) compared to those with incomes ≥ 400% FPL. Opioid use for chronic pain was most prevalent among those with incomes < 200% FPL (28.3%) compared to those with 200-399% (21.3%) and ≥400% (19.0%). Higher-income participants reported greater use of alternative pain management methods such as yoga (50.5%), chiropractic care (44.8%), and physical therapy (44.3%). This study highlights the association between household income and chronic pain outcomes among cancer survivors, emphasizing the necessity for targeted interventions to mitigate healthcare access disparities and improve pain management for all individuals affected by cancer.

Patient-Provider Discussion About Lung Cancer Screening by Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Equitable Uptake of Lung Cancer Screening.

BACKGROUND: Physician-patient discussions regarding lung cancer screening (LCS) are uncommon and its racial and ethnic disparities are under-investigated. We examined the racial and ethnic disparities in the trends and frequency of LCS discussion among the LCS-eligible United States (US) population. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Health Information National Trends Survey from 2014 to 2020. LCS-eligible individuals were defined as adults aged 55 to 80 years old who have a current or former smoking history. We estimated the trends and frequency of LCS discussions and adjusted the probability of having an LCS discussion by racial and ethnic groups. RESULTS: Among 2136 LCS-eligible participants (representing 22.7 million US adults), 12.9% (95% CI, 10.9%-15%) reported discussing LCS with their providers in the past year. The frequency of LCS discussion was lowest among non-Hispanic White participants (12.3%, 95% CI, 9.9%-14.7%) compared to other racial and ethnic groups (14.1% in Hispanic to 15.3% in non-Hispanic Black). A significant increase over time was only observed among non-Hispanic Black participants (10.1% in 2014 to 22.1% in 2020; P = .05) and non-Hispanic Whites (8.5% in 2014 to 14% in 2020; P = .02). In adjusted analyses, non-Hispanic Black participants (14.6%, 95% CI, 12.3%-16.7%) had a significantly higher probability of LCS discussion than non-Hispanic Whites (12.1%, 95% CI, 11.4%-12.7%). CONCLUSION: Patient-provider LCS discussion was uncommon in the LCS-eligible US population. Non-Hispanic Black individuals were more likely to have LCS discussions than other racial and ethnic groups. There is a need for more research to clarify the discordance between LCS discussions and the actual screening uptake in this population.

Evaluating ChatGPT's Accuracy in Providing Screening Mammography Recommendations among Older Women: Artificial Intelligence and Cancer Communication.

Abstract Objective: The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends biennial screening mammography through age 74. Guidelines vary as to whether or not they recommended mammography screening to women aged 75 and older. This study aims to determine the ability of ChatGPT to provide appropriate recommendations for breast cancer screening in patients aged 75 years and older. Methods: 12 questions and 4 clinical vignettes addressing fundamental concepts about breast cancer screening and prevention in patients aged 75 years and older were created and asked to ChatGPT three consecutive times to generate 3 sets of responses. The responses were graded by a multi-disciplinary panel of experts in the intersection of breast cancer screening and aging . The responses were graded as 'appropriate', 'inappropriate', or 'unreliable' based on the reviewer's clinical judgment, content of the response, and whether the content was consistent across the three responses . Appropriateness was determined through a majority consensus. Results: The responses generated by ChatGPT were appropriate for 11/17 questions (64%). Three questions were graded as inappropriate (18%) and 2 questions were graded as unreliable (12%). A consensus was not reached on one question (6%) and was graded as no consensus. Conclusions: While recognizing the limitations of ChatGPT, it has potential to provide accurate health care information and could be utilized by healthcare professionals to assist in providing recommendations for breast cancer screening in patients age 75 years and older. Physician oversight will be necessary, due to the possibility of ChatGPT to provide inappropriate and unreliable responses, and the importance of accuracy in medicine.

Participation in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Clinical Trials in the United States by Race/Ethnicity.

INTRODUCTION: Despite efforts by Cancer Centers and community organizations to increase diversity in clinical trials, significant racial/ethnic disparities remain. Given the high mortality rates in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), it is important to increase diversity in NSCLC trials, ensuring all patients benefit from advances in new treatment modalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the distribution of racial/ethnic minority enrollment in NSCLC clinical trials using data from ClinicalTrials.gov. We extracted trial characteristics, including start year, study phase, tumor stage, sample size, sponsor, geographic region, and masking. The number of participants by race/ethnicity was obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov or linked publications. Using annual NSCLC incidence data from SEER*Stat for each racial/ethnic group from 2010 to 2019, we applied a 2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction to assess differences between incidence and trial participation. RESULTS: A total of 147 unique studies were included in the final analysis. Of the 28,540 participants, 79.6% were White, with 3% Black, 10.4% Asian or Pacific Islander and 3.4% Hispanic/Latino. Most participants were enrolled in phase III trials (63.8%), industry-sponsored (93.9%), and open-label (67.7%). Black patients were more commonly enrolled in academic sponsored trials and less commonly enrolled in masked (i.e., blinded) studies. When comparing trial participation to annual incidence data, we observed underrepresentation among Black participants (Difference: -7.9%) and Hispanic/Latino participants (Difference: -3.2%). CONCLUSION: Persistent underrepresentation exists in NSCLC clinical trials among Black and Hispanic/Latino patients. We urge further investigation of these findings through well-designed clinical trials among diverse patient populations.

Health Care Access Dimensions and Racial Disparities in End-of-Life Care Quality among Patients with Ovarian Cancer.

This study investigated the association between health care access (HCA) dimensions and racial disparities in end-of-life (EOL) care quality among non-Hispanic Black (NHB), non-Hispanic White (NHW), and Hispanic patients with ovarian cancer. This retrospective cohort study used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-linked Medicare data for women diagnosed with ovarian cancer from 2008 to 2015, ages 65 years and older. Health care affordability, accessibility, and availability measures were assessed at the census tract or regional levels, and associations between these measures and quality of EOL care were examined using multivariable-adjusted regression models, as appropriate. The final sample included 4,646 women [mean age (SD), 77.5 (7.0) years]; 87.4% NHW, 6.9% NHB, and 5.7% Hispanic. In the multivariable-adjusted models, affordability was associated with a decreased risk of intensive care unit stay [adjusted relative risk (aRR) 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.83-0.98] and in-hospital death (aRR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84-0.98). After adjustment for HCA dimensions, NHB patients had lower-quality EOL care compared with NHW patients, defined as: increased risk of hospitalization in the last 30 days of life (aRR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03-1.30), no hospice care (aRR 1.23, 95% CI: 1.04-1.44), in-hospital death (aRR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.03-1.57), and higher counts of poor-quality EOL care outcomes (count ratio:1.19, 95% CI: 1.04-1.36). HCA dimensions were strong predictors of EOL care quality; however, racial disparities persisted, suggesting that additional drivers of these disparities remain to be identified. SIGNIFICANCE: Among patients with ovarian cancer, Black patients had lower-quality EOL care, even after adjusting for three structural barriers to HCA, namely affordability, availability, and accessibility. This suggests an important need to investigate the roles of yet unexplored barriers to HCA such as accommodation and acceptability, as drivers of poor-quality EOL care among Black patients with ovarian cancer.

Risk factors for long COVID syndrome in postmenopausal women with previously reported diagnosis of COVID-19.

PURPOSE: Long COVID-19 syndrome occurs in 10-20 % of people after a confirmed/probable SARS-COV-2 infection; new symptoms begin within three months of COVID-19 diagnosis and last > 8 weeks. Little is known about risk factors for long COVID, particularly in older people who are at greater risk of COVID complications. METHODS: Data are from Women's Health Initiative (WHI) postmenopausal women who completed COVID surveys that included questions on whether they had ever been diagnosed with COVID and length and nature of symptoms. Long COVID was classified using standard consensus criteria. Using WHI demographic and health data collected at study enrollment (1993-98) through the present day, machine learning identified the top 20 risk factors for long COVID. These variables were tested in logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of n = 37,280 survey respondents, 1237 (mean age = 83 years) reported a positive COVID-19 test and 425 (30 %) reported long COVID. Symptoms included an array of neurological, cardio-pulmonary, musculoskeletal, and general fatigue, and malaise symptoms. Long COVID risk factors included weight loss, physical and mobility limitations, and specific heath conditions (e.g., history of heart valve procedure, rheumatoid arthritis). CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of risk factors for long COVID may be the first step in understanding the etiology of this complex disease.

Socioeconomic disparities in immunotherapy use among advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients: analysis of the National Cancer Database.

Socioeconomic and racial disparities exist in access to care among patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the United States. Immunotherapy is a widely established treatment modality for patients with advanced-stage NSCLC (aNSCLC). We examined associations of area-level socioeconomic status with receipt of immunotherapy for aNSCLC patients by race/ethnicity and cancer facility type (academic and non-academic). We used the National Cancer Database (2015-2016), and included patients aged 40-89 years who were diagnosed with stage III-IV NSCLC. Area-level income was defined as the median household income in the patient's zip code, and area-level education was defined as the proportion of adults aged ≥ 25 years in the patient's zip code without a high school degree. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using multi-level multivariable logistic regression. Among 100,298 aNSCLC patients, lower area-level education and income were associated with lower odds of immunotherapy treatment (education: aOR 0.71; 95% CI 0.65, 0.76 and income: aOR 0.71; 95% CI 0.66, 0.77). These associations persisted for NH-White patients. However, among NH-Black patients, we only observed an association with lower education (aOR 0.74; 95% CI 0.57, 0.97). Across all cancer facility types, lower education and income were associated with lower immunotherapy receipt among NH-White patients. However, among NH-Black patients, this association only persisted with education for patients treated at non-academic facilities (aOR 0.70; 95% CI 0.49, 0.99). In conclusion, aNSCLC patients residing in areas of lower educational and economic wealth were less likely to receive immunotherapy.