Ductal lavage for detection of cellular atypia in women at high risk for breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer originates in breast epithelium and is associated with progressive molecular and morphologic changes. Women with atypical breast ductal epithelial cells have an increased relative risk of breast cancer. In this study, ductal lavage, a new procedure for collecting ductal cells with a microcatheter, was compared with nipple aspiration with regard to safety, tolerability, and the ability to detect abnormal breast epithelial cells. METHODS: Women at high risk for breast cancer who had nonsuspicious mammograms and clinical breast examinations underwent nipple aspiration followed by lavage of fluid-yielding ducts. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: The 507 women enrolled included 291 (57%) with a history of breast cancer and 199 (39%) with a 5-year Gail risk for breast cancer of 1.7% or more. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) samples were evaluated cytologically for 417 women, and ductal lavage samples were evaluated for 383 women. Adequate samples for diagnosis were collected from 111 (27%) and 299 (78%) women, respectively. A median of 13,500 epithelial cells per duct (range, 43-492,000 cells) was collected by ductal lavage compared with a median of 120 epithelial cells per breast (range, 10-74,300) collected by nipple aspiration. For ductal lavage, 92 (24%) subjects had abnormal cells that were mildly (17%) or markedly (6%) atypical or malignant (<1%). For NAF, corresponding percentages were 6%, 3%, and fewer than 1%. Ductal lavage detected abnormal intraductal breast cells 3.2 times more often than nipple aspiration (79 versus 25 breasts; McNemar's test, P<.001). No serious procedure-related adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Large numbers of ductal cells can be collected by ductal lavage to detect atypical cellular changes within the breast. Ductal lavage is a safe and well-tolerated procedure and is a more sensitive method of detecting cellular atypia than nipple aspiration.

Identification of persons with Munchausen's syndrome: ethical problems.

Many of the most difficult management dilemmas created by patients with Munchausen's syndrome lie at the interface of law and medicine. Does a legal physician-patient relationship survive the imposturing of these patients? Are physicians relieved of their ethical and legal obligations in general, and their promise of confidentiality in particular, when they discover the elaborate counterfeit that these patients have constructed? Should physicians disclose confidential information to others--indeed do they have an obligation to do so--in an effort to break the endless cycle of hospital admissions that these patients invariably seek? This paper presents three possible approaches to these problems, and suggests useful criteria for managing Munchausen's patients, gleaned from the law of privacy, providing physicians with a firm basis upon which to strike an appropriate balance of all competing considerations. Specific guidelines and criteria can be formulated for disclosing the identities of Munchausen's patients without unduly encroaching upon their legal rights as patients.

Oral glucose solution for analgesia in infant circumcision.

OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to determine if a 50% dextrose solution would reduce the percentage of circumcision procedure time a neonate spent crying by 50% compared with water and whether it would be similar to a dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB). STUDY DESIGN: This was a randomized placebo-controlled blinded clinical trial. POPULATION: We included 71 patients who were recruited from the inpatient nursery of a military community hospital over a 5-month period. OUTCOMES MEASURED: The primary outcome was the percentage of the procedure time neonates spent crying. Secondary outcomes were the percentage change in heart rate from baseline, the percentage of oxygen saturation, and the score from the modified behavioral pain scale. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the oral glucose and water groups among any of the pain-related measurements. The DPNB group had significantly lower pain-related measurements (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: Concentrated glucose administered orally does not provide significant analgesia in neonatal circumcision. The use of DPNB significantly reduced objective measurements of pain and physiologic stress in infants undergoing circumcision.

Patterns of disease failure after trimodality therapy of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma pathologic stage IIIA (N2). Analysis of Cancer and Leukemia Group B Protocol 8935.

BACKGROUND: The impact of sequential trimodality therapy on the pattern of first site disease failure in pathologic Stage IIIA (N2) nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) was analyzed. METHODS: Seventy-four eligible patients with histologically documented Stage IIIA (N2) NSCLC underwent sequential trimodality therapy on Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) Protocol 8935. Treatment consisted of 2 cycles of induction cisplatin at 100 mg/m2 intravenously (i.v.) (Days 1 and 29) and vinblastine at 5 mg/m2 i.v. weekly for 5 weeks followed by surgery. Surgery included a thoracotomy with resection of the primary tumor and hilar lymph nodes and a mediastinal lymph node dissection. Patients with resected disease then received an additional a cycles of cisplatin at 100 mg/m2 i.v. and vinblastine at 5 mg/m2 i.v. biweekly for 2 total of 4 doses followed by consolidative thoracic irradiation. Patients with completely resected disease received 54 Gray (Gy) whereas those with incompletely resected disease received 59.4 Gy at 1.8 Gy/fraction (fx) once a day. Patients with unresectable disease underwent thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) treatments only to 59.4 Gy at 1.8 Gy/fx without any additional chemotherapy. Disease recurrence was determined by clinical, radiographic, or histologic criteria. Pattern of disease failure was identified by site of involvement at first recurrence as indicated by the CALGB Respiratory Follow-Up Form. RESULTS: Sixty-three of the 74 patients completed the induction chemotherapy as planned. Forty-six of the 63 patients underwent resection of disease whereas the remaining 17 were unresectable. Thirty-three of the 46 resected patients completed the entire adjuvant postoperative chemoradiation treatment as planned. Ten of 17 patients with unresectable disease completed postsurgical TRT. At a median follow-up interval of 27 months (range, 4-43), the 3-year overall survival and failure-free survival were 23% and 18%, respectively, for all 74 eligible patients. Overall, disease failure has occurred in 52 (70%) of the 74 eligible patients: local only: 13 (25%); distant only: 16 (31%); and both local and distant: 23 (44%), (P = not significant [NS]). Ten patients progressed during induction chemotherapy: local only: six patients; and both local and distant failure: four patients. Twenty-eight of 46 resected patients recurred: local only: 1 (4%); both local and distant failure: 11 (39%); and distant only: 16 (57%); (P < 0.001). Disease progression occurred in 14 of 17 patients with unresectable disease: local only: 6; both local and distant sites: 8. Among the 52 total patients experiencing disease relapse, isolated or combined local failure occurred commonly among patients during induction chemotherapy (n = 10, [28%]), in those with unresectable disease (n = 14, [39%]), or in those with resected disease (n = 12, [33%]), (P = NS). However, isolated or combined distant failure was more likely to occur among patients with resected disease (n = 27, [69%]) than either during induction chemotherapy (n = 4, [10%]) or in those with unresected disease (n = 8, [21%]), (P < 0.05). Among patients who relapsed, brain metastases occurred in 13 of 52 (25%) patients overall and in 12 of 28 (43%) patients with resected disease. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, disease failure was just as likely to occur in local, distant, or combined sites on CALGB Protocol 8935 using sequential trimodality therapy in the treatment of pathologic Stage IIIA (N2) NSCLC: Isolated or combined local failure occurred commonly during sequential tri-modality therapy whereas isolated or combined distant relapse was prevalent among patients with resected disease. In addition, isolated local failure was rare among patients with resected disease. The pattern of disease failure on CALGB Protocol 8935 reflects the biology of locoregional NSCLC as much as the therapeutic impact of trimodality therapy.