RESUMO
To investigate the antigenic changes in parechovirus 1 (PeVA1), seroepidemiological analyses were performed against the Harris strain (Harris), isolated in 1956, and PeVA1/Yamagata.JPN/2021-4785, isolated in 2021, using immune sera and 207 and 237 human serum specimens collected in 2021 and 1976, respectively. Although rabbit immune sera showed the highest neutralization antibody (NT-Ab) titers against the immunized viruses at 1:12 800-1:102 400, they were cross-reactive at 1:400-1:800. All 62 Yamagata isolates obtained between 2001 and 2021 (Yamagata strains), belonging to phylogenetic lineage 1B, reacted more strongly (mostly 4-64 times) to antiserum against PeVA1/Yamagata.JPN/2021-4785 than to antiserum against Harris, belonging to phylogenetic lineage 1 A. Human serum specimens obtained in 2021 showed higher NT-Ab titers against PeVA1/Yamagata.JPN/2021-4785, whereas those obtained in 1976 had similar NT-Ab titers against both strains. These findings suggested that Yamagata strains and Harris were antigenically cross-reactive, although there were differences. There are still high NT-Abs titers present against Harris in 2021 in particular, indicating that PeVA1 has been in circulation with high immunity in the population. In conclusion, this study suggested that PeVA1 has been endemically perpetuated with only minor antigenic changes as well as with high immunity over several decades in the community.
Assuntos
Influenza Humana , Parechovirus , Vírus , Animais , Humanos , Coelhos , Japão/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Soros Imunes , Influenza Humana/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study assessed the effects of the parent training (PT) technique, in which child specialists (CS) such as preschool and school teachers promote secure attachment in children with aberrant social behavior following maltreatment, using a team approach. METHODS: Child specialists confirmed the presence of child abuse, according to Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare criteria. CS such as homeroom, special education-related, student guidance-related, nursing teachers and co-workers received a PT course conducted by the authors. A homeroom teacher provided classroom management to model good examples of social life for the target child. A nursing teacher and assistant offered individualized instruction to foster the formation of secure attachments by the target child. RESULT: Behavioral abnormalities in both school and home resolved in seven out of 12 cases. These subjects received the intervention for 2-4 years. In the other cases, behavioral abnormalities disappeared or decreased at school, but continued at home. Almost all children met the alternative criteria of attachment disorder proposed by Boris and Zeanah. One child met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for reactive attachment disorder. This intervention is significantly more effective for children who have yet to begin elementary school than those in elementary school. CONCLUSIONS: The PT technique as applied by CS using a team approach may be a useful intervention for fostering secure attachment in children with maltreatment who exhibit behavioral abnormalities. Early detection and intervention are necessary to successfully address the behavioral abnormalities of children with maltreatment.
Assuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis/terapia , Relações Pais-Filho , Pais/educação , Transtornos do Comportamento Social/terapia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Japão , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Professores Escolares , Comportamento Social , EspecializaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The appropriate choice of antibiotics against Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection has become difficult, as the prevalence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae has increased. METHODS: Throat swab specimens were collected from children with clinically suspected M. pneumoniae infection while visiting an outpatient clinic. Cultures for M. pneumoniae were done, and all isolates were sequenced for the presence of a mutation in 23S rRNA. RESULTS: Of the 80 specimens collected between February 2012 and March 2013, 27 (34%) were positive for M. pneumoniae on culture. Macrolide-resistant mutation was detected in 24 isolates (89%): 23 isolates had an A2063G transition, and one had a C2617G mutation. Both the median age and the prevalence of pneumonia were significantly higher in M. pneumoniae-positive than in M. pneumoniae-negative children (median, 7 years vs 4 years; 88.9% vs 60.4%, respectively). The percentage of serum samples with particle agglutination titer ≥ 1:160 was 69.6% in M. pneumoniae-positive cases and 17.6% in M. pneumoniae-negative cases when the serum was collected ≥ 4 days after the onset of fever. Defervescence within 72 h after the initiation of macrolides never occurred in M. pneumoniae-positive children and also did not occur in 54% of M. pneumoniae-negative children. Switching to either minocycline or tosufloxacin resulted in fever resolution within 48 h in M. pneumoniae-positive children. CONCLUSIONS: The described clinical and laboratory characteristics of M. pneumoniae infection may be useful in guiding appropriate treatment in an outpatient clinic.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Macrolídeos/uso terapêutico , Mutação , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genética , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/tratamento farmacológico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , PrevalênciaRESUMO
We identified a child coinfected with influenza B viruses of B/Yamagata and B/Victoria lineages, in whom we analyzed the occurrence of genetic reassortment. Plaque purification was performed using a throat swab specimen from a 9-year-old child, resulting in 34 well-isolated plaques. The genomic composition of eight gene segments (HA, NA, PB1, PB2, PA, NP, M, and NS genes) for each plaque was determined at the lineage level. Of the 34 plaques, 21 (61.8%) had B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata)-like sequences in all gene segments, while the other 13 (38.2%) were reassortants with B/Texas/02/2013 (B/Victoria)-like sequences in 1-5 of the 8 segments. The PB1 segment had the most B/Victoria lineage genes (23.5%; 8 of 34 plaques), while PB2 and PA had the least (2.9%; 1 of 34 plaques). Reassortants with B/Victoria lineage genes in 2-5 segments showed the same level of growth as viruses with B/Yamagata lineage genes in all segments. However, reassortants with B/Victoria lineage genes only in the NA, PB1, NP, or NS segments exhibited reduced or undetectable growth. We demonstrated that various gene reassortments occurred in a child. These results suggest that simultaneous outbreaks of two influenza B virus lineages increase genetic diversity and could promote the emergence of new epidemic strains.
Assuntos
Coinfecção , Vírus da Influenza B , Influenza Humana , Filogenia , Vírus Reordenados , Vírus Reordenados/genética , Vírus Reordenados/isolamento & purificação , Vírus Reordenados/classificação , Vírus da Influenza B/genética , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/classificação , Humanos , Criança , Influenza Humana/virologia , Coinfecção/virologia , Genoma Viral , Masculino , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
To clarify the epidemiology of viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs), 305 human parainfluenza virus types 1 (HPIV1), 154 HPIV2 and 574 HPIV3 strains were isolated from 16,962 nasopharyngeal swabs obtained between 2002 and 2011 at pediatric clinics in Yamagata, Japan. The total isolation frequency for HPIV1-3 was 6.1%. Unlike HPIV1 infections, HPIV3 showed clear seasonality with yearly outbreaks in the spring-summer season. HPIV2 tended to appear biannually in autumn-winter. Although no reliable techniques for the laboratory diagnosis of these infections have been established, the present results suggest that HPIV1-3 are an important causative agent of ARIs in children.
Assuntos
Vírus da Parainfluenza 1 Humana/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Parainfluenza 2 Humana/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Parainfluenza 3 Humana/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções por Respirovirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rubulavirus/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Surtos de Doenças , Humanos , Lactente , Japão/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Infecções por Respirovirus/virologia , Infecções por Rubulavirus/virologia , Estações do AnoRESUMO
To clarify the epidemiology of enterovirus 68 (EV68), which is one of the most rarely identified enteroviruses, virus isolation and molecular screening using RT-PCR was performed on 6307 respiratory specimens collected at pediatric clinics in Yamagata, Japan between 2005 and 2010. In the years 2005-2009, 10, 1, 2, 0, and 2 (40) EV68-positive cases, respectively, were identified by RT-PCR. In 2010, 40 cases were identified altogether: 2 by isolation only, 26 by RT-PCR only, and 12 by both isolation and RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that plural genetically distinct clusters co-circulated. These results suggest that that difficulty in EV68 isolation leads to an underestimation of the prevalence of EV68 infections.
Assuntos
Enterovirus Humano D/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Enterovirus/virologia , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Enterovirus Humano D/classificação , Enterovirus Humano D/genética , Enterovirus Humano D/fisiologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , FilogeniaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The use of cell culture for the diagnosis of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection is uncommon at present and molecular method such as reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) has been widely and most commonly used as the preferred test. We aimed to compare the results of virus isolation using Vero E6 cells with real-time RT-PCR for the detection of hMPV, since such a comparison data is not available. METHODS: Between December 2007 and July 2008, we obtained 224 nasopharyngeal swab specimens from patients with acute respiratory infection and tested by the two methods. RESULTS: Forty-three (19.2%) were found positive by cell culture and 62 (27.7%) by real-time RT-PCR. Cell cultures were positive for 42 of 62 specimens found positive by real-time RT-PCR (67.7% sensitivity) and for 1 of 162 specimens found negative by real-time RT-PCR (99.4% specificity), respectively. The sensitivity of the cell culture was 76.2-87.5% (mean 81.8%) when specimens were collected within 3 days after the onset of symptoms, and the sensitivity decreased to 50% or less thereafter. Among specimens collected within 3 days after symptom onset, all of the real-time RT-PCR positive specimens having a viral load of more than 1.25x105 copies/ml were found positive by cell culture. CONCLUSIONS: Cell culture using Vero E6 cell line has 81.8% sensitivity compared with the real-time RT-PCR method, when specimens are collected within 3 days after the onset of symptoms. Thus, this method is a useful method for epidemiological and virological research even in facilities with minimal laboratory resources.
Assuntos
Metapneumovirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/métodos , Virologia/métodos , Adolescente , Animais , Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Chlorocebus aethiops , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Metapneumovirus/genética , Metapneumovirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Nasofaringe/virologia , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/virologia , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Células VeroRESUMO
A new rapid human metapneumovirus (hMPV) detection kit using immunochromatography (SAS hMPV test) was compared to real-time PCR for 224 nasal swab specimens, 96.4% of which were obtained from children of <15 years of age. The overall sensitivity and specificity were 82.3% and 93.8%, respectively, suggesting that this test is useful for pediatricians to diagnose hMPV infection in a clinical setting.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/análise , Imunoensaio/métodos , Metapneumovirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
No longitudinal molecular epidemiology of parechovirus A3 (PeV-A3) over a decade is available and PeV-A3-associated myalgia/myositis has been reported only in Japan. Thus, we aimed to clarify the longitudinal molecular epidemiology of PeV-A3 with a major focus on the strains detected from PeV-A3-associated myalgia/myositis cases. We performed sequence and phylogenetic analysis for the VP1 region of PeV-A3 strains in Yamagata, Japan, between 2003 and 2016. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that PeV-A3 strains caused PeV-A3-associated myalgia/myositis as well as a variety of infectious diseases, ranging from mild to severe, in subjects ranging from neonates to adults, irrespective of genetic cluster or variations. PeV-A3 strains are causative agents of a variety of human diseases, irrespective of their genetic cluster. Furthermore, we consider that PeV-A3-associated myalgia/myositis may occur, not only in Japan, but also in other countries, as closely related PeV-A3 strains have been circulating around the world.
Assuntos
Mialgia/virologia , Miosite/virologia , Parechovirus/genética , Infecções por Picornaviridae/epidemiologia , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Variação Genética , Humanos , Lactente , Japão/epidemiologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Família Multigênica , Mialgia/epidemiologia , Miosite/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Infecções por Picornaviridae/virologia , RNA Viral/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
PURPOSE: To clarify the spread of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in semi-closed settings such as schools and family homes using molecular typing methods. METHODOLOGY: We retrospectively searched for school- and family-based clusters of M. pneumoniae infections based on information regarding patients from whom M. pneumoniae strains had been isolated between 2011 and 2013 in Yamagata, Japan. The molecular typing profile, including the P1 type and the four-locus (Mpn13, 14, 15 and 16) multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) type, was obtained from our previous study. RESULTS: We identified 11 school-based clusters involving 71 patients and 16 family-based clusters involving 38 patients, including 14 duplications between these types of clusters. A total of 95M. pneumoniae strains isolated from those patients were divided into 4 genotypes: 33 strains of type 4-5-7-2, 1; 31 of type 4-5-7-3, 1; 24 of type 3-5-6-2, 2c; and 7 of type 3-5-6-2, 2a. Of the 11 school-based clusters, 6 clusters (54.5%) consisted of multiple genotypes, and the remaining 5 clusters consisted of a single genotype. Moreover, the presence of multiple genotypes was identified in three classrooms of a school. On the other hand, in 14 (87.5%) of the 16 family-based clusters, the genotypes of the M. pneumoniae strains isolated from each family member were identical. CONCLUSION: The spread of M. pneumoniae infection in schools is likely polyclonal, since M. pneumoniae strains are brought into schools from various sites, such as family homes, which are important sites of disease transmission.
Assuntos
Mycoplasma pneumoniae/classificação , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/transmissão , Instituições Acadêmicas , Criança , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Características da Família , Genótipo , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Repetições Minissatélites , Tipagem Molecular , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Although coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) is generally recognized as a causative agent of herpangina in children, CV-A6 infections globally emerged as a new and major cause of epidemic hand-foot-and-mouth-diseases (HFMDs) around 2008. To clarify the longitudinal epidemiology of CV-A6, we carried out sequence and phylogenetic analyses for the VP1 and partially for the VP4-3D regions as well as antigenic analysis using 115 CV-A6 isolates and 105 human sera in Yamagata, Japan between 2001 and 2017. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CV-A6 isolates were clearly divided into two clusters; strains in circulation between 2001 and 2008 and those between 2010 and 2017. Neutralizing antibody titers of two rabbit antisera, which were immunized with Yamagata isolates in 2001 and 2015, respectively, against 28 Yamagata representative strains as well as the prototype Gdula strain were 1:2560-1:5120 and 1:160-1:640, respectively. The neutralizing antibody titers among residents in Yamagata against the above two strains were similar. Our analyses revealed that there were cross-antigenicities among all analyzed CV-A6 strains, although the newly emerged strains were introduced into Yamagata around 2010 and replaced the previous ones. With regard to control measures, these findings suggest that we can prevent CV-A6 infections through the development of a vaccine that effectively induces neutralizing antibodies against CV-A6, irrespective of genetic cluster.
Assuntos
Enterovirus/genética , Enterovirus/imunologia , Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca/virologia , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Enterovirus/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Genótipo , Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca/imunologia , Humanos , Japão , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular/métodos , Filogenia , Coelhos , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) typing was performed for Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains isolated between 2004 and 2014 in Yamagata, Japan. The results were examined by considering the combination of the P1 type and prevalence of macrolide resistance-associated mutations. Four-locus (Mpn13-16) MLVA classified 347 strains into 9 MLVA types, including 3 major types: 3-5-6-2, 4-5-7-2, and 4-5-7-3. All type 3-5-6-2 strains (77 strains) were P1 type 2 variants (2a or 2c), while types 4-5-7-2 (181 strains) and 4-5-7-3 (75 strains) were P1 type 1. MLVA type 4-5-7-2 strains circulated and were dominant until 2010, accounting for 88.4% of the 121 strains isolated between 2004 and 2010. The prevalence of types 4-5-7-3 and 3-5-6-2 strains increased rapidly in 2011 and 2012, respectively, resulting in cocirculation of 3 MLVA types, including type 4-5-7-2, between 2011 and 2013. The prevalence of macrolide resistance-associated mutations in MLVA types 4-5-7-2, 4-5-7-3, and 3-5-6-2 strains was 59.7% (108/181), 25.3% (19/75), and 0% (0/77), respectively. Because the prevalence of macrolide resistance-associated mutations differed by current MLVA types in Yamagata, continued surveillance combined with molecular typing and identification of macrolide resistance-associated mutations is necessary.
Assuntos
DNA Bacteriano , Repetições Minissatélites , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/classificação , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genética , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Macrolídeos/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mutação , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/história , Prevalência , Vigilância em Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The molecular epidemiology of mumps virus (MuV) has been carried out worldwide based on genotyping proposed by the World Health Organisation. However, longitudinal molecular epidemiological studies of MuV are still limited. METHODS: This study carried out genotyping of MuVs isolated in Yamagata prefecture, which is located in northern Japan, between 1999-2013, using standard nomenclature based on the sequence analysis of the entire 316 nucleotides of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene. RESULTS: During this 15-year period, 249 MuVs were isolated, with the majority of them belonging to genotype G. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that genotype G strains were divided into two distinct clusters 1 and 2, consisting of 178 and 47 strains, respectively. The cluster 1 strains were isolated every year since 2001, except for 2012. The cluster 2 strains first appeared in 2011 and were dominant in 2011 and 2012. The epidemic pattern of genotype G strains observed in Yamagata was similar to those in Kanagawa and Hyogo prefectures located in eastern and western Japan, respectively. Only one L, three H and one F genotype strains were isolated in 2001, 2004 and 2010, respectively. Almost every year several genotype B strains related to Japanese vaccine strains were isolated. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrated that the genotype G strains have been endemically perpetuating as the major type over a wide area of Japan since 2001, although the genotype G strains that emerged after 2011 differed from the earlier strains.
Assuntos
Vírus da Caxumba/genética , Caxumba/epidemiologia , Caxumba/virologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Epidemiologia MolecularRESUMO
The available literature on human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in Japan is limited to epidemiological studies conducted over a maximum of 1 year. We conducted a 4-year study of HCoVs by analyzing 4,342 respiratory specimens obtained in Yamagata, Japan, between January 2010 and December 2013. A pan-coronavirus reverse transcription-PCR screening assay was performed, and all HCoV-positive specimens were subsequently confirmed by sequencing of the PCR products. We detected in 332 (7.6%) HCoV strains during the study period, comprising 133 (3.1%) HCoV-NL63, 83 (1.9%) HCoV-HKU1, 78 (1.8%) HCoV-OC43, and 38 (0.9%) HCoV-229E strains. HCoV detection per year ranged from 3.5% to 9.7%. HCoVs were detected mainly in winter, with January (28.5%) and February (25.3%) 2011 and December 2012 (14.6%) being the only months in which HCoV-NL63 detection per month exceeded 10.0%. HCoV-HKU1 displayed clear biennial peaks in January (18.3%) and February (10.7%) 2010 and in February (18.8%) and March (14.7%) 2012. The peak detection of HCoV-OC43 was 13.6% in November 2010, while that of HCoV-229E was 10.8% in March 2013. Our results indicated that there may be annual variations in the circulation of individual HCoV strains. Further long-term surveillance is necessary to clarify HCoV prevalence and circulation patterns in Japan.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Coronavirus/classificação , Coronavirus/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Coronavirus/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Estações do Ano , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Human proximal tubular (PT) epithelial cells were isolated from urine and monoclonally cultured as monolayers for 1 wk, after which they were subcultured between two layers of collagen gel, designated a "collagen gel sandwich." Under these culture conditions, PT cells formed three-dimensional tubular structures exhibiting distinct polarized cell morphology. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies showed that they bore numerous microvilli at the apical surface and that they closely contacted the collagen gel at the basal surface. These studies indicate that PT cells exfoliated in urine still exhibit the potential to proliferate and form organized structures mimicking in vivo tubules. Because of the current lack of useful culture systems for human tubular epithelial cells originating from kidney tissue, we suggest that this unique culture system using voided PT cells in urine could open up new avenues to study not only the mechanisms of morphogenesis but also the physiology of human PT cells.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Células Epiteliais/citologia , Géis , Túbulos Renais Proximais/citologia , Urina/citologia , Urotélio/citologia , Células Cultivadas , Colágeno , Técnica de Fratura por Congelamento , Humanos , Microscopia EletrônicaRESUMO
Enterovirus 71 infections have become a major public issue in the Asia-Pacific region due to the large number of fatal cases. To clarify the longitudinal molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 (EV71) in a community, we isolated 240 strains from children, mainly with hand-foot-and-mouth diseases, between 1990 and 2013 in Yamagata, Japan. We carried out a sequence analysis of the VP1 region (891 bp) using 223 isolates and identified six subgenogroups (B2, B4, B5, C1, C2 and C4) during the study period. Subgenogroups C1 and B2 were found only between 1990 and 1993 and have not reappeared since. In contrast, strains in subgenogroups C2, C4 and B5 appeared repeatedly with genomic variations. Recent reports from several local communities in Japan have suggested that identical predominant subgenogroup strains, which have also been found in the Asia-Pacific region, have been circulating in a wide area in Japan. However, it is likely that there is a discrepancy between the major subgenogroups circulating in the Asia-Pacific region and those in Europe. It is necessary to continue the analysis of the longitudinal epidemiology of EV71 in local communities, as well as on regional and global levels, to develop strategies against severe EV71 infections.
Assuntos
Enterovirus Humano A/classificação , Enterovirus Humano A/genética , Variação Genética , Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise por Conglomerados , Enterovirus Humano A/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Genótipo , Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca/virologia , Humanos , Lactente , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Proteínas Estruturais Virais/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although influenza C virus is widely distributed throughout the world, epidemiological information, based on long-term surveillance, has not yet been acquired. OBJECTIVES: To clarify the epidemiological features of influenza C virus infection, and to examine whether the prevalence of the antibodies against the influenza C virus is associated with the epidemics. STUDY DESIGN: Between 1996 and 2013, 36,973 respiratory specimens were collected from two pediatric outpatient clinics in Yamagata, Japan. The specimens were examined for the presence of influenza C virus using cell culture methods. Isolated viruses were antigenically analyzed. The differences in seropositivity, with respect to the different antigenic groups, were examined using serum samples collected in 2001 and 2011 by a hemagglutination inhibition assay. RESULTS: Influenza C viruses were isolated from 190 specimens during an 18-year period. Most influenza C viruses were isolated from winter to early summer in even-numbered years, and the frequency of virus isolation per year ranged from 0.43% to 1.73%. An antigenic analysis revealed that the dominant antigenic groups were the C/Yamagata/26/81 from 1996 to 2000, the C/Kanagawa/1/76 in 2002 and 2004, and the C/Sao Paulo/378/82 from 2006 to 2012. When compared to the other antigenic groups, the seroprevalence of the C/Sao Paulo/378/82 group was lower in 2001 for individuals older than 5 years and was higher in 2011 in individuals younger than 40 years. CONCLUSIONS: The results from our study suggest that epidemics of influenza C virus infection periodically occur and the replacement of the dominant antigenic group may be caused by immune selection within older children and/or adults in the community.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/genética , Epidemias , Gammainfluenzavirus/classificação , Gammainfluenzavirus/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Testes de Inibição da Hemaglutinação , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Gammainfluenzavirus/genética , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , RNA Viral/genética , RNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Seleção Genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Cultura de Vírus , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Most acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are thought to be associated with respiratory viruses that cause similar symptoms. Therefore, assessment of clinical and epidemiologic features of these viruses is important for diagnosing a viral infection. We collected 13,325 nasopharyngeal specimens from patients with ARIs and isolated the virus using a microplate method involving 7 cell lines between 2004 and 2011 in Yamagata, Japan. We isolated a total of 5,483 viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A virus (FluA), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV3) showed clear yearly seasonal patterns; generally, RSV infections peaked at the end of the year, FluA infections peaked between January and March, hMPV infections peaked between March and April, and hPIV3 showed seasonal outbreaks between May and July. Further, RSV, hMPV, and hPIV3 were commonly isolated in 12.0-13.1% of specimens from children aged less than 4 years, whereas FluA was isolated in 7.3-8.2% of specimens from school-aged children. A generalized view of seasonality and age distribution, particularly on the basis of longitudinal epidemiological data, will be helpful for medical decision-making, including decisions related to the use of rapid test kits, selection of antiviral treatments, restriction of antibiotic therapy, and implementation of infection control strategies.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Metapneumovirus/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Parainfluenza 3 Humana/isolamento & purificação , Vírus Sinciciais Respiratórios/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Viroses/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Nasofaringe/virologia , Prevalência , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Estações do Ano , Viroses/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Based on our findings in Yamagata, Japan, in 2008, we reported that human parechovirus type 3 (HPeV3) could be associated with epidemic myalgia among adults, although HPeV3 is generally associated with infectious diseases in children. OBJECTIVES: To clarify the relationship between community outbreaks among children and myalgia through the continued surveillance of HPeV3 infections. STUDY DESIGN: In the summer season (June-August) of 2011, we collected 586 specimens from children with infectious diseases, and throat swabs, and stool and serum specimens from 5 patients with myalgia. We detected HPeV3 using virus isolation and reverse-transcription PCR, and carried out phylogenetic analysis. We also performed screening for HPeV3 using 309 stocked frozen specimens collected in 2008 for a comparison between 2008 and 2011 strains. RESULTS: We detected HPeV3 in 59 children and isolated HPeV3 from all myalgia patients. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the HPeV3 strains circulating in 2008 and 2011 could be clearly distinguished, apart from two strains. Further, we detected HPeV3 strains with identical nucleotide sequences from children and adults in 2008 and 2011, respectively. Two children belonging to one myalgia patient had upper respiratory infections prior to the onset of their father's illness, and the HPeV3 isolates from these three patients had identical nucleotide sequences. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that HPeV3, circulating among children in the community, infects their household, including parents, a portion of whom may subsequently show symptoms of myalgia. Our observations in 2008 and 2011 strongly suggest that clinical consideration should be given to HPeV3 in children as well as in adults during summer seasons in which an HPeV3 outbreak occurs among the children in the community.