Immunotherapeutic potential of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in veterinary species.

Innate immunity plays a critical role in host defense against infectious diseases by discriminating between self and infectious non-self. The recognition of infectious non-self involves germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The PAMPs are the components of pathogenic microbes which include not only the cell wall constituents but also the unmethylated 2'-deoxy-ribo-cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motifs. These CpG motifs present within bacterial and viral DNA are recognized by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), and signaling by this receptor triggers a proinflammatory cytokine response which, in turn, influences both innate and adaptive immune responses. The activation of TLR9 with synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) induces powerful Th1-like immune responses. It has been shown to provide protection against infectious diseases, allergy and cancer in laboratory animal models and some domestic animal species. With better understanding of the basic biology and immune mechanisms, it would be possible to exploit the potential of CpG motifs for animal welfare. The research developments in the area of CpG and TLR9 and the potential applications in animal health have been reviewed in this article.

Delving into the Antiurolithiatic Potential of Tribulus terrestris Extract Through -In Vivo Efficacy and Preclinical Safety Investigations in Wistar Rats.

Modern treatment interventions for kidney stones are wrought with side-effects, hence the need for alternative therapies such as plant-based medicines. We have previously documented through in vitro studies that statistically optimized aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae family) possesses antiurolithic and antioxidant potential. This provides strong scientific foundation to conduct in vivo efficacy and preclinical safety studies to corroborate and lend further proof to its ability to prevent and cure kidney stones. The preventive and curative urolithiatic efficacy in experimentally induced nephrolithiatic Wistar rats, along with preclinical toxicity was evaluated following oral administration of statistically optimized aqueous extract of T. terrestris. Treatment showed augmented renal function, restoration of normal renal architecture and increase in body weight. Microscopic analysis of urine revealed excretion of small sized urinary crystals, demonstrating that treatment potentially modulated the morphology of renal stones. Tissue enzymatic estimation affirmed the antioxidant efficacy of treatment with reduced free radical generation. Significant upregulation of p38MAPK at both the gene and protein level was noted in hyperoxaluric group and interestingly treatment reversed it. Acute oral toxicity study established the Median Lethal Dose (LD50) to be greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) by repeated oral toxicity for 28 days at 750 mg/kg b.wt. was noted. This study lends scientific evidence to the safe, preventive and curative potential of statistically optimized aqueous extract of T. terrestris at a dose of 750 mg/kg b.wt. and suggests that the extract shows promise as a therapeutic antiurolithic agent.

Response surface methodology based extraction of Tribulus terrestris leads to an upsurge of antilithiatic potential by inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization processes.

Tribulus terrestris has significant antilithiatic efficacy established via both in vitro as well as in vivo studies and is used in numerous anti-urolithiatic herbal formulations viz. Cystone, Uriflow, Uritone and Neeri. However, to fully utilize its antilithiatic potential, the influence of different extraction parameters on antilithiatic ability of T. terrestris aqueous extract needs elucidation. Thus, the current study was undertaken using statistically optimized extraction conditions for aqueous extract preparation. Response surface methodology was employed to observe the influence of three variables i.e. temperature (°C), time (h) and solid: liquid ratio (S: L) on the extraction yield (%) and protein content (mg/g) of T. terrestris aqueous extract. RSM results revealed that the high S:L ratio, low temperature and reduced incubation time were optimal conditions for aqueous extraction. Under such extraction conditions the protein content reached the value of 26.6±1.22 mg/g and the obtained extraction yield was 27.32±1.62%. The assessment of antilithiatic activity of 4 selected extracts (AE1-4), revealed enhanced nucleation and aggregation inhibition of calcium oxalate crystals with AE1 and AE2, which in addition significantly altered the size and morphology of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals compared to AE3 and AE4. In vitro cell culture based studies on renal epithelial cells (MDCK, NRK-52E and PK 15) proved that the AE1 showed higher cytoprotective potency by increasing cell viability as compared to the oxalate treated group. The free radical scavenging activity of aqueous extract lowered the reactive oxygen specie's induced damage and potentially reduced the signals of programmed cell death due to oxalate injury. In addition, modulation of the COM crystal morphology was enhanced by AE1 as compared to AE2. The FTIR and GC-MS analysis of AE1, showed the presence of biomolecules which could aid in the attenuation of lithiatic process. In the light of these results the utility of the RSM approach to fully optimize the antilithiatic potential of T. terrestris cannot be undermined.

Intra and inter species genetic variability of transferrin receptor gene regions in Trypanosoma evansi isolates of different livestock and geographical regions of India.

Trypanosoma evansi, the aetiological agent of Surra affects a wide range of livestock and wild animals in India. In the present study, we studied intra- and inter species genetic variability in the transferrin receptor encoding gene regions (ESAG6/7 gene region) of T. evansi isolates by cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic study collected from camel, cattle, donkeys and ponies from North-Western and Central India. The nucleotide sequence variation of ESAG6/7 gene region between Indian T. evansi isolates was up to 17.7% and amino acid sequence variation was up to 31%. Twenty nine clones from six T. evansi isolates from geographical regions of India were included into Clade 1, 5, 6, 7 and 9 consisting of ESAG6 variants reported among T. evansi isolates from South-east Asia and South America. The cladogram indicated a relation between the host species and the genetic variability in the hyper-variable region of ESAG6 gene. Analysis of the Indian ESAG6 variants and their respective Clade positions presented a host specific distribution indicating homogenous parasite population in their respective animal hosts.

Molecular characterization of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) region of different Trypanosoma evansi isolates of India.

Six Trypanosoma evansi isolates collected from ponies (PH1 and PK6), camel (CB2), donkeys (DJ3 and DH4) and cattle (CK5) from Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat states of India were used for molecular characterization of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1). The DNA was isolated from purified trypanosomes of these six isolates after propagation in mice model. ITS1-PCR of purified parasite DNA yielded an amplification product approximately 540 bp in size. Nucleotide sequence of ITS1 gene of CB2 isolate had 530 bp while CK5, DH4, DJ3, and PH1 isolates had 532 bp, whereas, PK6 isolates had 533 bp size. Blast data of the Indian isolates revealed 99 % homology with other available sequences of T. evansi. Multiple alignment of nucleotide sequence of ITS1 gene variants from Indian T. evansi isolates with selected homologous sequences from GenBank revealed that nucleotide substitution mostly occurred at the position of 101-103, 218-223, 243-244, 301-396 and 470-480. The isolates PH1, CK5, DH4 and DJ3 were found more associated with T. evansi isolates from the Philippines, Thailand, Iran, Egypt and China, whereas, PK6 and CB2 isolates were related to each other and were phylogenetically distant from rest of the Indian isolates used in this study. Based on the ITS1 rDNA sequence, the Neighbour-Joining consensus tree indicated clear evidence of existence of genetic diversity among T. evansi isolates from India.