Trends Over Time in the Incidences of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction During the Past Decade in a Rural Japanese High-Aged Population.

BACKGROUND: In developed countries, the incidence of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) has outpaced that of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, whether this trend is observed in Japan, in which the aging of society is rapidly progressing, remains to be elucidated.Methods and Results:This study retrospectively investigated the trends over time in the incidence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) between August 2009 and July 2019 at 2 institutions in Izumo City (in rural Japan), which has an elderly population. Crude and age-sex-adjusted incidences of total ACS, STEMI, and non-ST-segment elevation-ACS (NSTE-ACS; including NSTEMI and unstable angina pectoris) were calculated for each year. In the total population, factors associated with the development of NSTEMI were evaluated by multivariate analysis. In total, 1,087 patients were enrolled. The age-adjusted incidence of NSTE-ACS in male patients aged ≥75 years showed a significantly increasing trend. The proportion of NSTEMI per total ACS cases showed a significantly increasing trend over the entire study period. In the multivariate analysis, pre-development use of ≥3 medications for comorbidities was associated with the development of NSTEMI, independent of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assay use. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated an increasing trend in the incidence of NSTEMI in a rural high-aged Japanese population. In addition to the widespread use of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays, early medication use for comorbidities might have contributed to this trend.

Association Between Atrial High-Rate Episodes and Ischemic/Major Bleeding Events in Patients With a Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device　- A 10-Year, Single-Center Historical Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: An association between atrial high-rate episode (AHRE) and stroke has been reported, although data for the Asian population are limited. This study aimed to investigate the role of AHRE in ischemic and major bleeding events in patients who underwent a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) procedure.Methods and Results:This single-center historical cohort study included 710 patients (age: 78±11 years, 374 women) who underwent a CIED-related procedure between October 2009 and September 2019 at Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital (median follow-up period: 4.5 [2.5, 7] years, 3439 person-years). Based on the maximum AHRE burden, patients were divided into: (1) <6 min; (2) ≥6 min to 24-h; and (3) ≥24-h groups. The cumulative incidence of ischemic (ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, and transient ischemic attack) and major bleeding (≥3 Bleeding Academic Research Consortium bleeding criteria) events after the procedure were compared. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with these events. The incidence of both events increased with the rising AHRE burden, being significantly higher in the ≥24-h group than in the <6 min group. Multivariate analysis found age ≥85 years to be the only independent factor associated with both events. CONCLUSIONS: Longer AHRE duration is associated with a high number of major bleeding and ischemic events. Monitoring these bleeding risks is mandatory when clinicians are considering anticoagulation therapy for such patients.

Successful ablation of biatrial tachycardia with preserved electrical activation of left atrial appendage by unidirectional connection via Bachmann's bundle: A case report.

A 57-year-old man underwent his seventh ablation session for atrial tachycardia (AT). His previous ablations involved several regions of the right atrium (RA) and left atrium (LA). The AT was characterized as biatrial tachycardia with a circuit involving the mitral annulus and septal RA. The AT was terminated by ablation through the insertion site of Bachmann's bundle (BB) in both atria. After 3 months, the patient underwent his eighth ablation session because of AT recurrence. Activation maps showed that the connection from the RA to LA and vice versa was maintained via BB and the coronary sinus, respectively. The ablation target to interrupt the AT circuit was the mitral isthmus (MI), not BB, because BB supplied the electrical activation of the left atrial appendage (LAA) via a unidirectional electrical connection from the RA to LA. Ablation attempts from within the coronary sinus were performed to target the epicardial connection in the MI and led to complete blockage of the connection from the LA to RA. Otherwise, the connection from the RA to LA was preserved via BB. The patient was free of symptoms and anti-arrhythmic drugs at the 4-month follow-up. However, he had a high risk of electrical isolation of the LAA because extensive ablations had been performed; the strategy of targeting the MI contributed to the balance between preserving the electrical activation of the LAA and treating the biatrial tachycardia. Verification of the connective pathway between the two atria might be helpful to determine the optimal target.

Auroral molecular-emission effects on the atomic oxygen line at 777.4 nm.

One of the representative auroral emission lines that radiates from F-region heights and is measurable on the ground is the 777.4 nm line from excited atomic oxygen. This line has been adopted, along with another E-region emission line, for example 427.8 nm, to estimate the mean energy and total energy flux of precipitating auroral electrons. The influence of emissions from part of the molecular nitrogen band, which mainly radiate from E-region heights, should be carefully evaluated because it might overlap the 777.4 nm atomic oxygen line in the spectrum. We performed statistical analysis of auroral spectrograph measurements that were obtained during the winter of 2016-2017 in Tromsø, Norway, to derive the ratio of the intensity of the 777.4 nm atomic oxygen line to that of the net measurement through a typically used optical filter with a full width at half maximum of a few nm. The ratio had a negative trend against geomagnetic activity, with a primary distribution of 0.5-0.7 and a minimum value of 0.3 for the most active auroral condition in this study. This result suggests that the 30-50% emission intensities measured through the optical filter may be from the molecular nitrogen band.

Usefulness of stroke volume variation to assess blood volume during blood removal for autologous blood transfusion in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Dynamic variables based on the heart-lung interaction induced by positive pressure ventilation have not been shown to be useful in assessing cardiac preload in pediatric patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether stroke volume variation (SVV) obtained from the FloTrac/Vigileo(TM) monitoring system can reflect a change in blood volume during the blood removal and fluid replacement protocol in acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH). METHODS: Sixteen pediatric patients scheduled for elective cranioplasty were recruited. In the ANH protocol, 10 ml · kg(-1) blood removal and fluid replacement were performed. SVV, heart rate, mean blood pressure, and femoral venous pressure were recorded. Differences at four time points (T0: baseline, T1: 5 ml · kg(-1) blood loss, T2: 10 ml · kg(-1) blood loss, and T3: after fluid replacement) during ANH were compared. The blood volume (EBV) was estimated as 70 ml · kg(-1) at T0 and decreased to 60 ml · kg(-1) at T2. RESULTS: Of the 16 patients, four were excluded and 12 were analyzed. Significant differences in all of the parameters were observed between each time point. The SVV significantly increased after the blood removal and decreased after the fluid replacement (P < 0.01, Bonferroni adjustment). In addition, the increases in SVV during the blood removal, T0-T1 and T0-T2, were 70% ± 40% and 159% ± 91%, respectively. SVV showed a significant correlation with EBV during the blood removal in ANH (rs = -0.68, 95% confidence interval -0.73 to -0.63, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Stroke volume variation obtained from the FloTrac/Vigileo(TM) monitoring system revealed a strong correlation with EBV during ANH without surgical stimulation. The usefulness of this device as an indicator of cardiac preload under hypovolemic or normovolemic conditions in children during surgery remains to be determined.

The three-step method for ultrasound-guided pediatric internal jugular venous catheterization: a clinical trial.

Ultrasound guidance may be a valuable adjunct for pediatric internal jugular vein catheterization. We previously reported a long-axis in plane technique, called the "three-step method", resulting in high success and a low complication rate by novice operators in adult patients. This is the first report of ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein catheterization (US-IJV) using the three-step method in pediatric patients. Fourteen junior residents underwent simulation training, and then participated in a clinical trial. They performed US-IJV in 14 pediatric patients with congenital heart disease before undergoing cardiac surgery under supervision of an experienced clinician. The overall success rate was 93 %, and all catheterizations were performed within two venipunctures. There were no complications associated with the procedure. The three-step method may facilitate pediatric US-IJV even by a novice operator during their first experience.

[Anesthetic management of patients with placenta previa accreta for cesarean section: a 7-year single-center experience].

BACKGROUND: Anesthetic management for cesarean section of patients with placenta previa accreta is challenging. The aim of this retrospective study was to review past placenta previa accreta cases in our hospital to propose a better strategy for anesthetic management for this difficult condition. METHODS: Cases of placenta previa accreta were identified in our anesthesia database. The diagnosis, surgical procedure, amount of blood loss and anesthetic management were reviewed. RESULTS: Eight cases of placenta previa accreta were identified. Four of the eight cases underwent stepwise treatment, and in one of the four cases, intra-aortic balloon occlusion (IABO) was performed. The amount of blood loss in the four cases ranged from 840 to 1,150 ml. The remaining four cases underwent cesarean hysterectomy. The amount of blood loss in the four cases ranged from 2,400 to 5,200 ml. Neuraxial anesthesia alone was planned in four cases, but in two of which anesthesia was converted to general anesthesia due to massive bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: The present retrospective study showed that stepwise treatment and using IABO could be an effective aid for management of plasenta previa accreta. It is necessary to compare the effectiveness of IABO with that of common iliac artery occlusion in reducing the amount of blood loss.

Incidence of Mid-Term Prognostic Events in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome During the Late 2010s in 2 Tertiary Hospitals in a Rural Area of Japan　- A Temporal Comparison.

Background: Data on the incidence of mid-term prognostic events in patients who developed acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the late 2010s are scarce. Methods and Results: We retrospectively included and collected data for 889 patients with ACS (ST-elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI]/non-ST-elevation ACS [NSTE-ACS]) discharged alive from 2 tertiary hospitals in Izumo City, in rural Japan, between August 2009 and July 2018. Patients were divided into 3 time groups (T1: August 2009-July 2012; T2: August 2012-July 2015; T3: August 2015-July 2018). The cumulative incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; comprising all-cause death, recurrent ACS, and stroke), major bleeding, and heart failure hospitalization within 2 years of discharge was compared among the 3 groups. The incidence of freedom from MACE was significantly higher in the T3 group than in the T1 and T2 groups (93 [95% confidence interval {CI} 90-96%] vs. 86% [95% CI 83-90] and 89% [95% CI 90-96], respectively; P=0.03). There was a tendency for a higher incidence of STEMI among patients in T3 (P=0.057). The incidence of NSTE-ACS was comparable among the 3 groups (P=0.31), as was the incidence of major bleeding and hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: The incidence of mid-term MACE in patients who developed ACS during the late 2010 s (2015-2018) was lower than that in prior periods (2009-2015).

An automated auroral detection system using deep learning: real-time operation in Tromsø, Norway.

The activity of citizen scientists who capture images of aurora borealis using digital cameras has recently been contributing to research regarding space physics by professional scientists. Auroral images captured using digital cameras not only fascinate us, but may also provide information about the energy of precipitating auroral electrons from space; this ability makes the use of digital cameras more meaningful. To support the application of digital cameras, we have developed artificial intelligence that monitors the auroral appearance in Tromsø, Norway, instead of relying on the human eye, and implemented a web application, "Tromsø AI", which notifies the scientists of the appearance of auroras in real-time. This "AI" has a double meaning: artificial intelligence and eyes (instead of human eyes). Utilizing the Tromsø AI, we also classified large-scale optical data to derive annual, monthly, and UT variations of the auroral occurrence rate for the first time. The derived occurrence characteristics are fairly consistent with the results obtained using the naked eye, and the evaluation using the validation data also showed a high F1 score of over 93%, indicating that the classifier has a performance comparable to that of the human eye classifying observed images.

Incidence and Demographic Trends for Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Non-Epidemic Area During the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic in Japan　- A 2-Institutional Observational Study.

Background: We investigated the incidence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a non-epidemic area of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in Japan. Methods and Results: This observational study included consecutive patients admitted for ACS at 2 tertiary hospitals in Izumo City during the pandemic in Japan (n=42, March-July 2020). Although the monthly ACS incidence was comparable, the proportions of delayed admissions and high Killip class (III/IV) were significantly higher in this population than in historical cohorts (n=197, 2015-2019). Conclusions: Our findings stress the importance of encouraging patients with ACS-related symptoms to visit medical services promptly, especially in non-epidemic areas.

Incidence and risk factors for cardiac implantable electronic device infection in current clinical settings in a Japanese population: A 20-year single-center observational study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection is increasing worldwide. However, data regarding this phenomenon in Japan and information on factors associated with developing CIED infection are limited. Our aim was to compare the incidence of CIED infection between pre-current (past 10-20 years) and current (past 10 years) clinical settings and to investigate risk factors for CIED infection in current clinical settings in a Japanese population. METHODS: This observational study included 1749 patients (age 77 ± 12 years, 824 males) who underwent a CIED-related procedure between August 1999 and July 2019 at our institution. We defined the pre-current and current clinical setting periods as August 1999-July 2009 (period I) and August 2009-July 2019 (period II), respectively. We compared the incidence rate of CIED infection between periods and evaluated the risk factors for CIED infection in period II by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A CIED infection was identified in 0.7% (5/709 patients) and 1.7% (17/1040) of patients in periods I and II, respectively. Notably, the rate of late (>6 months since last procedure) CIED infection was significantly increased in period II (1.3% vs. 0.1%, p < 0.01), despite the rate of early infection (≤6 months) being comparable (0.4% vs. 0.6%, p = 0.58). On multiple logistic regression, revision [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 5.2 (1.6-16.3), p = 0.005] and age [0.96, (0.93-0.99), p = 0.007] were identified as independent risk factors for CIED infection in period II. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the increasing incidence of CIED infection in current clinical settings was due to an increase in late CIED infection. Furthermore, revision and younger age were identified as independent risk factors for CIED infection in current clinical settings. Our data indicate that clinicians should consider whether the merit of a procedure can overcome the risk of infection when planning revision or implantation in younger patients.

Myogenic transcranial motor evoked potentials monitoring cannot always predict neurologic outcome after spinal cord ischemia in rats.

OBJECTIVES: A day after undergoing an operation of the thoracic aorta, a patient showed signs of spastic paraplegia, but on myogenic transcranial motor evoked potential monitoring, the myogenic transcranial motor evoked potentials recorded from the left anterior tibial muscle appeared normal. We sought to confirm these observations by using a rat spinal ischemia model to define the possibility of false-negative results in myogenic transcranial motor evoked potential monitoring by motor function behavior and spinal histopathology. METHODS: Spinal ischemia was induced for 6 minutes (group A, n = 6) or 10 minutes (group B, n = 6) with an intra-aortic balloon. After ischemia, motor function was assessed periodically by using the motor deficit index (0, complete recovery; 6, complete paraplegia). Myogenic transcranial motor evoked potentials were recorded from the right soleus muscle before ischemia, 2 and 6 minutes after the start of spinal ischemia, and at 30 minutes, 24 hours, and 72 hours of reperfusion. RESULTS: All group A rats showed normal motor function at 72 hours of reperfusion, whereas all group B rats displayed complete spastic paraplegia (motor deficit index = 6) at 72 hours of reperfusion. However, transcranial motor evoked potential was preserved in both group B and group A. Histopathologic analysis in group B revealed the presence of extensive necrotic changes of the gray matter distributed between laminae V through VII in the L3 to L5 segments but normal appearance of alpha motor neurons. CONCLUSION: According to our data, in using myogenic transcranial motor evoked potential monitoring during thoracic or thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair, we should be aware that transcranial motor evoked potentials cannot always be used to predict neurologic outcome after the operation.

Propofol reduces spinal motor neuron excitability in humans.

IMPLICATIONS: We investigated in humans whether changes in spinal motor neuron excitability correlate with the predicted propofol concentration (Cpt) achieved by a target-controlled infusion system. Propofol suppressed F-wave persistence in a Cpt-dependent manner, indicating that propofol depresses spinal motor neuron excitability at clinically relevant concentrations.

Intrathecal administration of morphine, but not small dose, induced spastic paraparesis after a noninjurious interval of aortic occlusion in rats.

UNLABELLED: We sought to investigate the dose-response relationship for the effect of intrathecal morphine on the transient spastic paraparesis after short-lasting spinal ischemia in rats. Spinal ischemia was induced by aortic occlusion for 6 min with a balloon catheter in rats previously implanted with an intrathecal catheter for drug delivery. After ischemia, the animals were allowed to recover, and 3, 10, or 30 microg of morphine or saline was injected intrathecally at 30 min after reperfusion. In a separate group, the quantal bioassay for the effect of intrathecal morphine on neurological function after ischemia was performed to calculate 50% effective dose values for inducing paraparesis at 2 h of reperfusion. Subsequently, histopathology of the spinal cord was assessed at 48 h of reperfusion. Intrathecal injection of 30 or 10 micro g of morphine, but 3 micro g of neither morphine nor saline, caused a progressive development of hindlimb spasticity. The 50% effective dose values for inducing paraparesis were 16.1 +/- 1.5 microg in assessing behavioral analysis at 2 h after intrathecal morphine. Histopathological analysis of spinal cords in the 30- microg group revealed the presence of dark-staining alpha-motoneurons in lumbosacral segments. We conclude that spinal administration of a large dose of morphine after transient aortic occlusion may be associated with a potential risk of paraparesis and the corresponding development of neurological dysfunction. Careful attention should be paid when intrathecal morphine is used for pain control after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. IMPLICATIONS: Spinal administration of large-dose morphine after transient aortic occlusion may be associated with a potential risk of irreversible spinal neuronal degeneration and the corresponding development of neurological dysfunction.