RESUMO
Fibrosis is a major problem in chronic liver disease with limited treatment options due to its complex nature. Herbal medicines are often used as an alternative. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of Osbeckia octandra and to identify its active compounds and regulatory pathways. The effects of crude leaf suspension and boiled leaf extract were investigated in an animal model, and the extract was found to be the more effective treatment. Three major bioactive compounds, pedunculagin, casuarinin, and gallic acid, were isolated from the extract using the hepatic stellate cell line, LX-2-based antifibrotic effect evaluation system. The results showed that all these compounds ameliorated LX-2 in fibrotic state. This inhibitory mechanism was confirmed through the TGF-ß/SMAD signaling pathway. Collectively, the presence of these compounds in O. octandra suggests its potential as a treatment for liver fibrosis.
Assuntos
Taninos Hidrolisáveis , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/farmacologia , Proteínas Smad/metabolismo , Proteínas Smad/farmacologia , Cirrose Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Cirrose Hepática/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Células Estreladas do Fígado/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismoRESUMO
Total-external-reflection (TER) x-ray diffraction is the depth-sensitive technique for evaluating layered structures, including epitaxial heterostructures, ion-doped bulk crystals and several quantum-well structures. This technique can control the depth of observation by changing both incident and exit angles of x-rays from the surface. In this review, the principle of the TER technique and measurement apparatus are briefly described, and applications of layered-semiconductor samples evaluated using the TER technique are introduced.