Is Preoperative Identification of the Infecting Organism Essential Before Single-Stage Revision Hip Arthroplasty for Periprosthetic Infection?

BACKGROUND: It is commonly stated that identification of the infecting organism is a prerequisite to single-stage revision arthroplasty of the hip for deep infection. We have performed single-stage revision in a series of patients where the organism was not identified preoperatively. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the rate of infection eradication following single-stage revision was affected by preoperative knowledge of the infecting organism. METHODS: We identified all patients who had undergone a single-stage revision for a deep infection at our hospital between 2006 and 2015. One hundred five patients were assigned into 2 groups based upon whether the infecting organism had been identified preoperatively (group A = 28) or not (group B = 77). RESULTS: The reinfection rates were 3.6% in group A and 9.1% for group B (P = .679). Re-revision rates were 7.1% and 9.1%, respectively (P = 1.00). Overall, the implant survival rate at 6 years was 87.9% (95% confidence interval, 97.4-78.4). In group B, preoperative aspiration was performed in 36.4% (28/77) of cases. Staphylococci species were the predominant causative organisms, with gram-negative involvement in 19.0% (20/105) of cases. CONCLUSION: The rate of infection eradication and overall survivorship with single-stage revision was similar in our series to that reported in the literature. While desirable, we did not find identification of the infecting organism before surgery influenced the outcome. Given the functional and economic benefits of single-stage revision, we suggest that failure to identify an organism is not an absolute contraindication to this approach.

Fractured Femoral Stems in Primary and Revision Hip Arthroplasties Revisited: Wrightington Experience.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to present our experience in managing fractured femoral stems over the last 10 years for both primary and revision stems at our tertiary unit focusing on modes of failure and operative techniques. METHODS: This is a retrospective consecutive study of all patients with fractured femoral stems that were operatively managed in our unit between 2008 and 2018. Detailed radiographic evaluation (Paprosky classification) was undertaken and data collected on operative techniques used to extract distal fractured stem fragments. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients (35 hips) were included (25 men/10 women) with average age at time of presentation of 68 years (range, 29-93). Average body mass index was 30 (standard deviation, 3.8; range, 22.5-39). There were variety of stems both contemporary and historical, primary and revision cases (15 hips polished tapered cemented stems, 10 hips composite beam and miscellaneous stems, and 10 revision hip stems). The predominant mechanism of failure was fatigue due to cantilever bending in distally fixed stems. Surgical techniques used to extract distal fragment were drilling technique in 2 hips, cortical window in 13 hips, extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) in 5 hips, and proximal extraction in 15 hips. CONCLUSION: When faced with a contemporary fractured stem, drilling techniques into the distal fragment are unlikely to succeed. If a trochanteric osteotomy had been used at time of index surgery, this could be used again to aid proximal extraction with conventional revision instrumentations. The cortical window technique is useful but surgically demanding technique that is most successful in extracting polished tapered fractured stems particularly when an ETO is not planned for femoral reconstruction. Use of trephines can be useful for removal of longer, uncemented stems. Finally, an ETO might be necessary when other techniques have failed.

The C-stem in clinical practice: fifteen-year follow-up of a triple tapered polished cemented stem.

The triple tapered polished cemented stem, C-Stem, introduced in 1993 was based on the original Charnley concept of the "flat back" polished stem. We present our continuing experience with the C-Stem in 621 consecutive primary arthroplasties implanted into 575 patients between 1993 and 1997. Four hundred and eighteen arthroplasties had a clinical and radiological follow-up past 10 years with a mean follow-up of 13 years (10-15). There were no revisions for stem loosening but 2 stems were revised for fracture - both with a defective cement mantle proximally. The stem design and the surgical technique support the original Charnley concept of limited stem subsidence within the cement mantle and the encouraging results continue to stand as a credit to Sir John Charnley's original philosophy.

Processed versus fresh frozen bone for impaction bone grafting in revision hip arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Impaction grafting is a technique to restore bone loss both in the femur and the acetabulum during revision hip arthroplasty surgery. Initially impaction grafting was undertaken using fresh frozen femoral head allografts that were milled to create morselized bone pieces that could be impacted to create a neo-cancellous bone bed prior to cementation of the new implant. Results of medium and long term outcome studies have shown variable results using this technique. Currently both processed and non-processed allograft bone are used and the purpose of this review was to analyse the evidence for both. OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical effectiveness of processed (freeze dried or irradiated) bone in comparison to fresh frozen (unprocessed) bone. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (1985 to 2008), EMBASE (1985 to 2008), CINAHL(1985 to 2008) and the National Research Register. Additional sources were also searched. Handsearching of relevant journals and conference abstracts was also undertaken. Searches were complete to 31 August 2008. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials that compared different types of bone for impaction grafting. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three hundred and sixty references were identified from the searches. Following detailed eligibility screening, three hundred and fifty nine references did not meet the eligibility criteria. Further details are required about one trial in order to determine it's eligibility. MAIN RESULTS: No trials were identified that met the criteria for inclusion in the review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Good quality randomised controlled trials are required in this area so that a surgeon's choice of bone graft can be informed by evidence rather than personal preference.

Genetic variation in inflammatory and bone turnover pathways and risk of osteolytic responses to prosthetic materials.

Wear particle-induced inflammatory bone loss (osteolysis) is the leading cause of total hip arthroplasty (THA) failure. Individual susceptibility to osteolysis is modulated by genetic variation. In this 2-stage case-control association study we examined whether variation within candidate genes in inflammatory and bone turnover signaling pathways associates with susceptibility to osteolysis and time to prosthesis failure. We examined two cohorts, comprising 758 (347 male) Caucasian subjects who had undergone THA with a metal on polyethylene bearing couple; 315 of whom had developed osteolysis. Key genes within inflammatory, bone resorption, and bone formation pathways were screened for common variants by pairwise-SNP tagging using a 2-stage association analysis approach. In the discovery cohort four SNPs within RANK, and one each within KREMEN2, OPG, SFRP1, and TIRAP (p < 0.05) were associated with osteolysis susceptibility. Two SNPs within LRP6, and one each within LRP5, NOD2, SOST, SQSTM1, TIRAP, and TRAM associated with time to implant failure (p < 0.05). Meta-analysis of the two cohorts identified four SNPs within RANK, and one each within KREMEN2, OPG, SFRP1, and TIRAP associated with osteolysis susceptibility (p < 0.05). Genetic variation within inflammatory signaling and bone turnover pathways may play a role in susceptibility to osteolysis.

A case for one-stage revision in infected total knee arthroplasty?

Infection in total knee replacement is a rare but devastating complication. The current literature tends to support a two-stage revision as definitive treatment of established deep infection. Despite the fact that single stage revision is a well recognised treatment for the infected hip replacement, it has not gained the same level of support in the knee. This article reviews the literature of two-stage and single stage revision and reports the senior author's experience with the latter.

Cemented total hip arthroplasty in a patient with alpha-mannosidosis: a case report.

Mannosidosis is an extremely rare genetic disease occurring due to deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, alpha-mannosidase. Patients with this disorder often suffer from musculoskeletal abnormalities and muscular weakness leading to joint destruction and severe morbidity along with other major systems involvement. We present here such a case of a 27-year-old male that highlights the challenges in management of hip joint destruction secondary to Mannosidosis.

Post-operative anxiety and depression levels in orthopaedic surgery: a study of 56 patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presence and rates of anxiety and depression in postsurgical patients. METHODS: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to measure anxiety and depression levels. Patients completed the questionnaire on the day prior to surgery, then on each post-operative day up to and including their day of discharge. Statistical analysis using logistic regression was performed to determine whether any variables were risk factors for developing anxiety or depression. Fifty-six patients undergoing lower limb arthroplasty agreed to take part. RESULTS: Post-operatively 17 patients became anxious prior to discharge. No variables were significant predictors of anxiety. Post-operatively 28 subjects (50%) became depressed at some point prior to discharge. Females were more likely to become depressed than males odds ratio (OR) = 3.48 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-11.88]. Those who had had a previous lower limb arthroplasty were more likely to develop post-operative depression, OR = 3.92 (95% CI 1.05-14.6). Site of operation was not found to be significant, OR = 0.67 (95% CI 0.20-2.22). Age and anaesthetic method were not predictive of depression. The mean time point for development of depression was 2.43 days (SD = 1.40 days) and the time of deepest depression was 2.93 days (SD = 1.72 days). The mean length of depression was 1.93 days (SD = 1.21 days). The mean length of stay for depressed patients was 5 days (SD = 1.72), compared with 4 days for the non-depressed patients (SD = 1.62 days). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that post-operative depression does occur in orthopaedic surgery. The prevalence may be higher than that reported in other surgical specialities. These findings emphasize the need for evaluation of patients' psychiatric state post-operatively.

Pain, physical functioning and quality of life of individuals awaiting total joint replacement: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate if pain, physical function and the quality of life changed among adults with osteoarthritis while on the waiting list for hip or knee joint replacement. METHODS: A longitudinal study of patients listed for primary hip or knee joint replacement. Participants were interviewed at baseline (n = 105) and followed up at 3 (n = 84), 6 (n = 47) and 9 months (n = 24), or until their joint replacement. Measurement tools used were a visual analogue scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster's Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: Baseline data indicated high levels of pain as measured by VAS [mean 7.0 (SD 2.2)] and WOMAC pain [mean 11.2 (SD 3.5)]. At baseline, the mean physical function measured by WOMAC was 40.3 (SD 12.1). At the 3-month follow-up, there was significant deterioration in VAS pain scores (0.6; 95% CI mean difference 0.3, 1.0); WOMAC pain scores (1.2; 95% CI mean difference 0.7, 1.8) and WOMAC physical function scores (4.8; 95% CI mean difference 2.8, 6.7) compared with baseline. CONCLUSION: The often long wait for joint replacement surgery and deterioration in pain and physical function has highlighted the need for active management by health professionals while patients are on the waiting list.

Patients waiting for a hip or knee joint replacement: is there any prioritization for surgery?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether patients are prioritized for joint replacement surgery on the basis of severity of osteoarthritis, pain and physical functioning. METHOD: A total of 105 patients on the waiting list for primary total knee or hip replacement from a UK regional orthopaedic centre were interviewed at baseline and followed up at 3, 6 and 9 months or until joint replacement. Measurement tools were the visual analogue scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) osteoarthritis index and the Oxford hip or knee score. RESULTS: Most participants (81, 77%) were categorized on the waiting list as 'routine', despite having high levels of pain according to the measurement scales. There was no significant correlation between the waiting list categorization and the actual waiting time for a hip or knee joint replacement operation (Kendall's tau = 0.17; P = 0.062) and the waiting list categorization did not appear to ensure that patients were operated upon earlier. There were also no significant differences in measures (VAS pain, WOMAC and Oxford hip or knee scores) between those individuals who had their operations earlier (before 6 months) compared with those participants who had their operations later (6 months or greater) or even not at all. Of the 105 patients who were listed for joint replacement, 24 (25%) patients did not have their operation due to: a medical delay (14); self-delay/cancellation (7); arthroscopy instead (2); and death (1). CONCLUSION: With the expected increase in demand for joint replacement, there needs to be a re-examination of assessment procedures of patients listed for joint replacement. The use of measurement tools to assess symptoms such as pain and physical function would be one way forward.

Genetic susceptibility to total hip arthroplasty failure--positive association with mannose-binding lectin.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) may be involved in the biologic cascade of events initiated by wear debris and bacterial infection around loosened total hip arthroplasties (THAs). Individual responses to such stimuli may be dictated by genetic variation caused by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We performed a case-control study on 4 MBL SNPs using case patients (n = 91) with aseptic loosening or deep infection (n = 71). Control subjects (n = 150) had clinically and radiologically well-fixed THAs for more than 10 years. Frequency of the C allele (P = .001) and that of the genotype C/C (P = .004) for the -550 SNP were associated with aseptic failure. The codon 54 SNP G allele (P = .012) and G/G genotype (P = .027) frequencies were associated with aseptic failure as well. In the septic group, the frequency of the C allele (P = .01) and that of the genotype C/C (P = .05) for the -550 SNP were significant. Failure of THAs may be under genetic influence to candidate susceptibility genes such as MBL.