Anisotropic longitudinal electronic relaxation affects DNP at cryogenic temperatures.

We report the observation of anisotropic longitudinal electronic relaxation in nitroxide radicals under typical dynamic nuclear polarization conditions. This anisotropy affects the efficiency of dynamic nuclear polarization at cryogenic temperatures of 4 K and high magnetic fields of 6.7 T. Under our experimental conditions, the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of nitroxides such as TEMPOL (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl) is only partly averaged by electronic spectral diffusion, so that the relaxation times T1e(ω) vary across the spectrum. We demonstrate how the anisotropy of T1e(ω) can be taken into account in simple DNP models.

Comparing touch senses of naïve and expert panels through treated hair swatches: which associated wordings correlate with hair physical properties?

OBJECTIVES: This study (i) compared the sense of touch between a naïve and expert panels, under visual or blind conditions, using differently treated hair swatches and (ii) explored possible common wordings used by both panels and their possible links with some physical properties of hairs. METHODS: Two sets of 15 hair swatches of Caucasian and Chinese origins were differently treated (bleached, permed, brushed, etc.) or organized (root-tip vs. tip-root). These were evaluated by tactile assessments by two panels (105 naïve consumers and 10 hair experts) under visual or blind conditions, in two geographical locations. A series of 17 defined antonym adjectives, as descriptors, allowed responses of each panel to being scored and their preference mappings to being defined on a like-dislike scale. Hair swatches were measured and assessed by various instrumental techniques (bending, diameter, cuticle cohesion, alignments of hair). RESULTS: Apart from a few overlaps, all 15 hair swatches were well differentiated by both panels which showed a global agreement, making experts reliable assessors. Only three descriptors among 17 correlated with some objective measurements. Tactile-visual assessments differ from those performed tactile blind in both panels. Agreements between both panels appear, however, closer under tactile-blind conditions. CONCLUSION: Trained hair experts were confirmed as reliable representatives of a larger and naïve cohort, viewed as consumers. Hair swatches were well differentiated by both panels, with comparable descriptor rankings.

[Feedback on the evaluation of clinical pharmacy activities developed in surgery]. / Retour d'expérience sur l'évaluation des activités de pharmacie clinique développées en chirurgie.

INTRODUCTION: Our current development strategy integrates clinical pharmacy activities prioritized in surgical services. Patients in these services are typically risk patients: transfers, multiple prescribers, frequent medication change, pharmacotherapeutic risk classes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three clinical pharmacy activities (admission reconciliation, pharmaceutical analysis, participation doctors round) have been developed in orthopaedic surgery and neurosurgery. Pharmacists prospectively recorded data describing their activities: number of reconciliations and analyzed requirements and time required to achieve them. Data on pharmaceutical interventions were recorded on the basis ActIP®. The clinical significance of interventions was retrospectively rated by a team of two pharmacists and two physicians on the scale adapted Hatoum et al. RESULTS: Four thousand five hundred pharmaceutical analysis and 248 reconciliations were conducted. One hundred and fifty-six pharmaceutical interventions were issued. The average acceptance rate was 80%. A total of 5.8% of pharmaceutical interventions have been listed with a very significant clinical importance and 48.1% with at least significant clinical importance. The activities and documentation required pharmaceutical average daily time (senior pharmacist, resident and external pharmacist) about 6 hours. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Other studies, including comparative and medico-economic, must be conducted to support these results. Nevertheless, the indicators obtained attend a better readability of the clinical importance of the activities performed by clinical pharmacists and this particularly in surgical services, both by prescribers and authorities.

[Clinical pharmacy and surgery: Review]. / Pharmacie clinique et chirurgie : revue de la littérature.

Clinical pharmacy has been developed and evaluated in various medical hospital activities. Reviews conducted in this area reported a higher value of this discipline. In surgical services, evenly adverse drug events may occur, so clinical pharmacy activities must also help to optimize the management of drug's patient. The objectives of this literature review is to determine the profile of clinical pharmacy activities developed in surgical services and identify indicators. The research was conducted on Pubmed(®) database with the following keywords (2000-2013), "surgery", "pharmacy", "pharmacist", "pharmaceutical care", "impact" and limited to French or English papers. Studies dealing on simultaneously medical and surgical areas were excluded. Twenty-one papers were selected. The most frequently developed clinical pharmacy activities were history and therapeutic drug monitoring (antibiotics or anticoagulants). Two types of indicators were identified: activity indicators with the number of pharmaceutical interventions, their description and clinical signification, the acceptance rate and workload. Impact indicators were mostly clinical and economic impacts. The development of clinical pharmacy related to surgical patients is documented and appears to have, as for medical patients, a clinical and economical value.

Multi-scale datasets for monitoring Mediterranean oak forests from optical remote sensing during the SENTHYMED/MEDOAK experiment in the north of Montpellier (France).

Mediterranean forests represent critical areas that are increasingly affected by the frequency of droughts and fires, anthropic activities and land use changes. Optical remote sensing data give access to several essential biodiversity variables, such as species traits (related to vegetation biophysical and biochemical composition), which can help to better understand the structure and functioning of these forests. However, their reliability highly depends on the scale of observation and the spectral configuration of the sensor. Thus, the objective of the SENTHYMED/MEDOAK experiment is to provide datasets from leaf to canopy scale in synchronization with remote sensing acquisitions obtained from multi-platform sensors having different spectral characteristics and spatial resolutions. Seven monthly data collections were performed between April and October 2021 (with a complementary one in June 2023) over two forests in the north of Montpellier, France, comprised of two oak endemic species with different phenological dynamics (evergreen: Quercus ilex and deciduous: Quercus pubescens) and a variability of canopy cover fractions (from dense to open canopy). These collections were coincident with satellite multispectral Sentinel-2 data and one with airborne hyperspectral AVIRIS-Next Generation data. In addition, satellite hyperspectral PRISMA and DESIS were also available for some dates. All these airborne and satellite data are provided from free online download websites. Eight datasets are presented in this paper from thirteen studied forest plots: (1) overstory and understory inventory, (2) 687 canopy plant area index from Li-COR plant canopy analyzers, (3) 1475 in situ spectral reflectances (oak canopy, trunk, grass, limestone, etc.) from ASD spectroradiometers, (4) 92 soil moistures and temperatures from IMKO and Campbell probes, (5) 747 leaf-clip optical data from SPAD and DUALEX sensors, (6) 2594 in-lab leaf directional-hemispherical reflectances and transmittances from ASD spectroradiometer coupled with an integrating sphere, (7) 747 in-lab measured leaf water and dry matter content, and additional leaf traits by inversion of the PROSPECT model and (8) UAV-borne LiDAR 3-D point clouds. These datasets can be useful for multi-scale and multi-temporal calibration/validation of high level satellite vegetation products such as species traits, for current and future imaging spectroscopic missions, and by fusing or comparing both multispectral and hyperspectral data. Other targeted applications can be forest 3-D modelling, biodiversity assessment, fire risk prevention and globally vegetation monitoring.

Relationships between hair growth rate and morphological parameters of human straight hair: a same law above ethnical origins?

After measurement of individual growth rates, natural hair fibres from Asian and Caucasian subjects were analysed using scanning electron microscopy. In total, more than 1000 hairs were analysed. Measurements of diameter, medulla and interscale distance (average distance between two successive cuticle scales) show these parameters strongly correlated with hair growth rate. A thicker hair fibre corresponds to a faster growth rate, a shorter interscale distance and greater probability to have a medulla, and vice versa, a thin hair fibre shows slower growth rate, a larger interscale distance and a lower probability to have a medulla. Very interestingly, this finding appears to be unrelated to the ethnic origin of the subjects, suggesting a common characteristic of human hair, at least for the straight or semi-straight hair studied. From a practical viewpoint, this finding clearly suggests an alternative method for measuring hair growth rates, by measuring the interscale distance, which appears easier than using common laboratory equipments.

Heterogeneity of neurons reprogrammed from spinal cord astrocytes by the proneural factors Ascl1 and Neurogenin2.

Astrocytes are a viable source for generating new neurons via direct conversion. However, little is known about the neurogenic cascades triggered in astrocytes from different regions of the CNS. Here, we examine the transcriptome induced by the proneural factors Ascl1 and Neurog2 in spinal cord-derived astrocytes in vitro. Each factor initially elicits different neurogenic programs that later converge to a V2 interneuron-like state. Intriguingly, patch sequencing (patch-seq) shows no overall correlation between functional properties and the transcriptome of the heterogenous induced neurons, except for K-channels. For example, some neurons with fully mature electrophysiological properties still express astrocyte genes, thus calling for careful molecular and functional analysis. Comparing the transcriptomes of spinal cord- and cerebral-cortex-derived astrocytes reveals profound differences, including developmental patterning cues maintained in vitro. These relate to the distinct neuronal identity elicited by Ascl1 and Neurog2 reflecting their developmental functions in subtype specification of the respective CNS region.

Resistance of human hair cuticle after a shaking process in wet conditions: comparison between Chinese and Caucasian hair.

Hair cuticle is the first protection shield of hair against external aggressions such as daily combing or brushing that induce friction, mechanical stress leading to ageing process. The identification of alterations of the hair surface induced by shaking process of various hair fibres, such as virgin and chemically treated Chinese and Caucasian hair, sheds some light on some specific features, e.g. Chinese cuticle is torn out in smaller particles than Caucasian, which seems to be related to geometrical rather than ethnic reasons. The present work also shows that two geometrical parameters of human hair, the inter-scale distance and the scale angle are directly linked to fibre dimensions, regardless of ethnic origin. Representative of hair with an average larger cross-sectional area, Chinese hair shows a slightly smaller inter-scale distance as well as a higher scale angle. On the other hand, Chinese hair cuticle seems to be more sensitive to chemical treatment than Caucasian hair, at least for straightening treatment taken here as an example. Such an approach can be of interest in designing cosmetic products more suited to specific needs of human hair.

Chronological ageing of human hair keratin fibres.

Examination of very long hair (length > 2.4 m) using a large range of evaluation methods including physical, chemical, biochemical and microscopic techniques has enabled to attain a detailed understanding of natural ageing of human hair keratin fibres. Scrutinizing hair that has undergone little or no oxidative aggression--because of the absence of action of chemical agents such as bleaching or dyeing--from the root to the tip shows the deterioration process, which gradually takes place from the outside to the inside of the hair shaft: first, a progressive abrasion of the cuticle, whilst the cortex structure remains unaltered, is evidenced along a length of roughly 1 m onwards together with constant shine, hydrophobicity and friction characteristics. Further along the fibre, a significant damage to cuticle scales occurs, which correlates well with ceramides and 18-Methyl Eicosanoic Acid (18-MEA) decline, and progressive decrease in keratin-associated protein content. Most physical descriptors of mechanical and optical properties decay significantly. This detailed description of natural ageing of human hair fibres by a fine analysis of hair components and physical parameters in relationship with cosmetic characteristics provides a time-dependent 'damage scale' of human hair, which may help in designing new targeted hair care formulations.

An optical NMR spectrometer for Larmor-beat detection and high-resolution POWER NMR.

Optical nuclear magnetic resonance (ONMR) is a powerful probe of electronic properties in III-V semiconductors. Larmor-beat detection (LBD) is a sensitivity optimized, time-domain NMR version of optical detection based on the Hanle effect. Combining LBD ONMR with the line-narrowing method of POWER (perturbations observed with enhanced resolution) NMR further enables atomically detailed views of local electronic features in III-Vs. POWER NMR spectra display the distribution of resonance shifts or line splittings introduced by a perturbation, such as optical excitation or application of an electric field, that is synchronized with a NMR multiple-pulse time-suspension sequence. Meanwhile, ONMR provides the requisite sensitivity and spatial selectivity to isolate local signals within macroscopic samples. Optical NMR, LBD, and the POWER method each introduce unique demands on instrumentation. Here, we detail the design and implementation of our system, including cryogenic, optical, and radio-frequency components. The result is a flexible, low-cost system with important applications in semiconductor electronics and spin physics. We also demonstrate the performance of our systems with high-resolution ONMR spectra of an epitaxial AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction. NMR linewidths down to 4.1 Hz full width at half maximum were obtained, a 10(3)-fold resolution enhancement relative any previous optically detected NMR experiment.

Popeye sign: Tenodesis vs. self-locking "T" tenotomy of the long head of the biceps.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of long head of the biceps lesions is controversial. A new technique of self-locking "T" tenotomy was developed in our department in 2013. HYPOTHESIS: The main objective of the present study was to assess onset of Popeye sign after "T" tenotomy, with comparison to long head of the biceps tenodesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A continuous retrospective study included 180 patients with long head of the biceps lesion, either isolated or associated with rotator cuff tear. RESULTS: 130 underwent "T" tenotomy (group A), and 50 tenodesis (group B). Mean age was 57.9 years (range, 23-88 years) in group A and 50.8 years (range, 20-66 years) in group B. At last follow-up, 27.7% of patients in group A and 24% in group B showed Popeye sign (P=0.616), after equivalence test and adjustment on age and occupational activity. Bicipital groove pain was more frequent in the tenodesis group (44% versus 25.4%; P=0.025). DISCUSSION: Self-locking "T" tenotomy did not significantly differ from tenodesis in onset of Popeye sign or clinical results, and showed better postoperative course. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective study.

[Proposal for new anterior portals for wrist arthroscopic as a complementary approach to open anterior wrist surgery]. / Arthroscopie complémentaire de l'ostéosynthèse du radius distal par abord antérieur: bases anatomiques de nouvelles voies arthroscopiques antérieures.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Morphological and morphometric studies of the wrist ligaments are scarce. The radiocapitatum and scapholunate ligaments play a pivotal role in wrist stability. Classically, a posterior approach is used for arthroscopic procedures, but an anterior approach should be possible. We conducted a cadaver study to search for new anterior portals for wrist arthroscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-five formol-treated upper limbs were dissected. The classical anterior approach for open wrist surgery was executed. The different elements of the capsule-ligament system of the anterior aspect of the wrist were identified and labeled. The dissection was then extended to the ulna in search of soft points which were identified and evaluated. The different structures generally identified during wrist arthroscopy were noted. RESULTS: Two potential portals were identified in all wrists: one between the radiolunate ligament and the radio-scapho-capitatum ligament on the radial aspect and one between the radio-lunate ligament and the ulno-lunate ligament. Arthroscopic exploration enabled observation of the scapho-lunate ligament, the luno-triquetral ligament, the triangular complex of the carpus, and the entire inferior aspect of the radial joint surface, with no risk of vessel or nerve injury because of the exposure allowed by the osteosynthesis approach. DISCUSSION: Wrist arthroscopy is now accepted as a reliable technique not only for diagnostic purposes but also for therapeutic interventions for the treatment of fractures of the lower radius. Most of the arthroscopic portals described in the literature are posterior. The anterior portals described here do not involve any vascular or neurological risk since the radial approach is made under visual control by extension of the open anterior approach and on the ulnar side the noble structures are positioned medially to the ulnar flexor tendon of the carpus. This enables good triangulation necessary for the usual arthroscopic procedures. Finally, these portals have no supplementary morbidity which would be the case with percutaneous portals (injury to the medial nerve, the radial vasculonervous bundle, the radial flexor tendon). CONCLUSION: These new arthroscopic portals are complementary to the anterior approach for open wrist surgery and enable a natural extension of joint exploration via both the radial and ulnar approaches described in this study.

Intra- and inter-observer agreement in MRI assessment of rotator cuff healing using the Sugaya classification 10years after surgery.

BACKGROUND: The long-term outcomes of rotator cuff repair are unclear. Recurrent tears are common, although their reported frequency varies depending on the type and interpretation challenges of the imaging method used. The primary objective of this study was to assess the intra- and inter-observer reproducibility of the MRI assessment of rotator cuff repair using the Sugaya classification 10years after surgery. The secondary objective was to determine whether poor reproducibility, if found, could be improved by using a simplified yet clinically relevant classification. HYPOTHESIS: Our hypothesis was that reproducibility was limited but could be improved by simplifying the classification. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In a retrospective study, we assessed intra- and inter-observer agreement in interpreting 49 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans performed 10years after rotator cuff repair. These 49 scans were taken at random among 609 cases that underwent re-evaluation, with imaging, for the 2015 SoFCOT symposium on 10-year and 20-year clinical and anatomical outcomes of rotator cuff repair for full-thickness tears. Each of three observers read each of the 49 scans on two separate occasions. At each reading, they assessed the supra-spinatus tendon according to the Sugaya classification in five types. RESULTS: Intra-observer agreement for the Sugaya type was substantial (κ=0.64) but inter-observer agreement was only fair (κ=0.39). Agreement improved when the five Sugaya types were collapsed into two categories (1-2-3 and 4-5) (intra-observer κ=0.74 and inter-observer κ=0.68). CONCLUSION: Using the Sugaya classification to assess post-operative rotator cuff healing was associated with substantial intra-observer and fair inter-observer agreement. A simpler classification into two categories improved agreement while remaining clinically relevant. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II, prospective randomised low-power study.

Effects of 6 Weeks of Parenteral Cobalamin Supplementation on Clinical and Biochemical Variables in Cats with Gastrointestinal Disease.

BACKGROUND: Effects and duration of commonly used protocols for cobalamin (Cbl) supplementation on cellular Cbl deficiency have not been determined in hypocobalaminemic cats. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate effect of Cbl supplementation on clinical signs, serum and urine methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations over 16 weeks. ANIMALS: Twenty client-owned hypocobalaminemic cats with enteropathy. METHODS: Prospective study. Serum Cbl and serum and urine MMA concentrations were determined prospectively in cats at enrollment (t0), immediately before (t6), and 4 (t10) and 10 weeks (t16) after 6th Cbl injection (250 µg, IM q 7 days). Clinical signs severity (activity, appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, body weight) graded at each time point and expressed as clinical disease activity score. RESULTS: Clinical disease activity score decreased during supplementation and increased after treatment discontinuation. Median serum Cbl concentration increased significantly from t0 (111 pmol/L, range 111-212) to t6 (2,332.5 pmol/L, range 123-22,730) (P < 0.01). Values at t10 were 610.5 pmol/L (range, 111-2,527) and 180.5 pmol/L (range, 111-2,262) at t16 (P < 0.01). Median baseline serum MMA concentration (372 µmol/L, range 0.39-147,000) decreased significantly to 1.62 µmol/L (range, 0.18-806) at t6 (P < 0.01) and gradually increased to 5.34 µmol/L (range, 0.13-1,730) at t10 and 189 µmol/L (range, 0.4-983) at t16. Similar, nonsignificant, pattern observed for urine MMA concentration. Serum and urine MMA concentrations had not normalized in 12 and 6 cats, respectively, at t6. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The Cbl supplementation protocol used here did not lead to complete normalization of cellular Cbl deficiency in all examined cats, and biochemical improvements were transient.

Osteoarthritis after rotator cuff repair: A 10-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Joint surgery is often complicated by gradual bone and cartilage deterioration that eventually leads to secondary osteoarthritis. The primary objective of this study was to identify preoperative risk factors for gleno-humeral osteoarthritis after rotator cuff repair. The secondary objectives were to assess whether the risk of gleno-humeral osteoarthritis was influenced by the operative technique, occurrence of postoperative complications, cuff healing, and muscle degeneration and to determine whether gleno-humeral osteoarthritis affected the clinical outcome. HYPOTHESIS: The development of gleno-humeral osteoarthritis affects the postoperative clinical outcome. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective multicentre study of patients who underwent rotator cuff repair in 2003 and were re-evaluated at least 10 years later was conducted under the aegis of the Société française de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatique (SOFCOT). Osteoarthritis severity was graded according to the Samilson-Prieto classification. RESULTS: Four hundred and one patients were included. At last follow-up, at least 10 years after surgery, the radiological Samilson-Prieto grades were distributed as follows: 0, n=181 (45%); 1, n=142 (n=35%); 2, n=57 (14%); 3, n=14 (4%); and 4, n=7 (2%). The mean Constant score was significantly higher in the patients without than with osteoarthritis at last follow-up (79/100 vs. 73/100, P<0.001). MRI assessment of cuff healing showed that the proportion of patients with osteoarthritis was significantly higher in the group with unhealed or re-torn cuffs (Sugaya type 4 or 5) than in the group with healed cuffs (Sugaya type 1, 2, or 3) (46% vs. 25%, P=0.012). DISCUSSION: Our study showed no associations linking the risk of gleno-humeral osteoarthritis to the patient activity profile, history of shoulder injury, or preoperative symptom duration. In contrast, statistically significant associations were identified between gleno-humeral osteoarthritis and age, male gender, initial tear severity, and the pain and mobility components of the preoperative Constant score. Decreased invasiveness of the operative technique probably diminishes the long-term risk of osteoarthritis. An unhealed or re-torn cuff increases the risk of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is associated with poorer final clinical outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective non-randomised study.

[Arthroscopic surgery of the acromioclavicular joint]. / Arthroscopie de l'articulation acromioclaviculaire.

Lesion of the acromioclavicular joint is a usual clinical condition because of it superficial situation. It is often involved in trauma of the shoulder girdle. Moreover, degenerative changes are quite always observed for patients over 40. Distal clavicle resection as a treatment of acromioclavicular joint disease had been first described in 1941. Clinical results in term of mobility and shoulder pain are good and durable in time. Referring to the expansion arthroscopic techniques, distal clavicle resection lead to same middle and long term results as open surgery. Arthroscopic procedures have the theoretical advantages of no deltoid disruption and may help the surgeon to diagnose and treat associated lesions such as rotator cuff ruptures. More recently, arthroscopic surgeries for fresh and/or chronic acromioclavicular disjunctions were proposed. These procedures remain in development and need further evaluations.

Revisions of total shoulder arthroplasty: Clinical results and complications of various modalities.

INTRODUCTION: The number of primary total shoulder arthroplasties has increased exponentially in recent years, with a corresponding increase in the number of revision procedures. OBJECTIVE: To assess clinical results and complications in a series of shoulder implant replacement, of whatever etiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients, with a mean age of 68.3±11.8 years at time of implant replacement, were included in a retrospective study. Mean interval between primary arthroplasty and revision was 78.4±59.7 months (range, 1-200 months). The main assessment criterion was changed in Constant score between preoperative value and follow-up. Secondary criteria were: onset of intra- and postoperative complications, and reoperation related to a complication. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 41.5±32.0 months (range, 12-105 months). Absolute Constant score increased by a mean 17.5±15.1 points (P<0.001) and weighted Constant score by 26.3±23.6 points (P<0.001). Intraoperative complications occurred in 24.3% of patients (9/37) and postoperative complications in 29.7% (11/37). Among the patients, 21.6% (8/37) required reoperation for postoperative complications. Overall, 54% of patients (20/37) suffered from intra- or postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: Shoulder implant replacement improved function in the present series, but with a high rate of complications and reoperations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective case-control study without control group.

Critical shoulder angle: Measurement reproducibility and correlation with rotator cuff tendon tears.

BACKGROUND: Associations have been reported linking rotator cuff tears (RCTs) to both greater lateral extension of the acromion and greater inclination of the glenoid cavity. These two factors combined can be assessed using a recently introduced parameter, the critical shoulder angle (CSA). The primary objective of this study was to confirm the association linking a high CSA value to RCTs, and the secondary objective was to assess the reproducibility of CSA measurement using a goniometer. HYPOTHESIS: The null hypothesis was that the CSA value in a group of patients with RCTs was not significantly different from that in patients with anterior shoulder instability and a Bankart lesion, taken as the general population for this study. METHODS: After a power estimation, we retrospectively included 28 patients with a mean age of 55.5 years who had surgery for RCTs and 27 patients with a mean age of 27.2 years who underwent anterior labral repair. Two surgeons used a goniometer to measure the CSA in each patient. Reproducibility was assessed based on Bland-Altman plots and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The mean CSA was significantly higher (P=0.02) in the RCT group (36.4°±4.4°; range: 30°-46°) than in the labral-repair group (33.3°±3.8°; range: 25°-41°). Intra-observer reproducibility was 96.7% and inter-observer reproducibility was 95.5%. CONCLUSION: Our results support previously published evidence that the CSA is significantly greater in patients with RCTs. Thus, an anatomical difference seems to exist between patients with RCTs and the general population. The CSA measured on a standard radiograph using a goniometer provides a reproducible assessment of this anatomical difference. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, case-control epidemiological study with a power estimation.

Characterization of a protein kinase-phosphoprotein system in free cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein particles of plasma cell tumours.

A protein kinase, associated with free cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein particles (free dRNP) has been purified from mouse plasma cell tumours. This protein kinase is able to phosphorylate in vitro endogenous protein from free dRNP. Some characteristics of this protein kinase have been studied. This protein kinase behaves as being cyclic AMP independent. The properties of this protein kinase were compared with other protein kinases: soluble, ribosome-bound, and nuclear protein kinases. Although there are minor differences it is very similar to a ribosome-associated protein kinase from the plasma cell tumours.