The effects of enhanced attention and working memory on smooth pursuit eye movement.

It has long been suggested that increasing attentional demands can alter smooth pursuit eye movements, but the precise nature of the changes generated is not clear. Our goal was to examine smooth pursuit with a task that enhanced attention to the target and that increased demands on working memory, without distracting from the target. 15 subjects tracked a target moving around a predictable circular trajectory at a constant tangential velocity. An n-back task with two levels of additional working memory load was integrated into the pursuit target to increase cognitive demands. In the single-task conditions, subjects either performed pursuit alone or the n-back task with a stationary target. In the dual-task conditions, pursuit and the n-back task were performed together. Performance of the n-back tasks was not impaired by simultaneous smooth pursuit. The n-back tasks had negligible effects on horizontal or vertical pursuit gain, but generated increased phase lag and reduced the variability of position error during pursuit. Increasing the difficulty of the n-back task further reduced the variability of position errors. We conclude that enhanced attention does not alter the velocity gain of smooth pursuit but rather improves its consistency. As long as attention remains focused on the target, increased attentional demands further reduce pursuit variability. Increases in phase lag may serve to improve attentional processing of the target.

Working memory load improves diagnostic performance of smooth pursuit eye movement in mild traumatic brain injury patients with protracted recovery.

Smooth pursuit eye movements have been investigated as a diagnostic tool for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). However, the degree to which smooth pursuit differentiates mTBI patients from healthy controls (i.e. its diagnostic performance) is only moderate. Our goal was to establish if simultaneous performance of smooth pursuit and a working memory task increased the diagnostic performance of pursuit metrics following mTBI. We integrated an n-back task with two levels of working memory load into a pursuit target, and tested single- and dual-task pursuit in mTBI patients and healthy controls. We assessed pursuit using measures of velocity accuracy, positional accuracy and positional variability. The mTBI group had higher pursuit variability than the control group in all conditions. Performing a concurrent 1-back task decreased pursuit variability for both the mTBI and control groups. Performing a concurrent 2-back task produced differential effects between the groups: Pursuit variability was significantly decreased in the control group, but not in the mTBI group. Diagnostic indices were improved when pursuit was combined with the 2-back task, and increased by 20% for the most sensitive variable. Smooth pursuit with simultaneous working memory load may be a superior diagnostic tool for mTBI than measuring smooth pursuit alone.