RESUMO
The gp130 receptor cytokines IL-6 and CNTF improve metabolic homeostasis but have limited therapeutic use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Accordingly, we engineered the gp130 ligand IC7Fc, in which one gp130-binding site is removed from IL-6 and replaced with the LIF-receptor-binding site from CNTF, fused with the Fc domain of immunoglobulin G, creating a cytokine with CNTF-like, but IL-6-receptor-dependent, signalling. Here we show that IC7Fc improves glucose tolerance and hyperglycaemia and prevents weight gain and liver steatosis in mice. In addition, IC7Fc either increases, or prevents the loss of, skeletal muscle mass by activation of the transcriptional regulator YAP1. In human-cell-based assays, and in non-human primates, IC7Fc treatment results in no signs of inflammation or immunogenicity. Thus, IC7Fc is a realistic next-generation biological agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and muscle atrophy, disorders that are currently pandemic.
Assuntos
Receptor gp130 de Citocina/metabolismo , Citocinas/síntese química , Citocinas/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Imunoglobulina G/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Animais , Ligação Competitiva , Citocinas/química , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Desenho de Fármacos , Fígado Gorduroso/prevenção & controle , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperglicemia/metabolismo , Incretinas/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Obesidade/metabolismo , Pâncreas/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Engenharia de Proteínas , Receptores de Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Sinalização YAPRESUMO
Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCÉ) activation in the liver is proposed to inhibit insulin action through phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. Here, however, we demonstrated that global, but not liver-specific, deletion of PKCÉ in mice protected against diet-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Furthermore, PKCÉ-dependent alterations in insulin receptor phosphorylation were not detected. Adipose-tissue-specific knockout mice did exhibit improved glucose tolerance, but phosphoproteomics revealed no PKCÉ-dependent effect on the activation of insulin signaling pathways. Altered phosphorylation of adipocyte proteins associated with cell junctions and endosomes was associated with changes in hepatic expression of several genes linked to glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. The primary effect of PKCÉ on glucose homeostasis is, therefore, not exerted directly in the liver as currently posited, and PKCÉ activation in this tissue should be interpreted with caution. However, PKCÉ activity in adipose tissue modulates glucose tolerance and is involved in crosstalk with the liver.