Metabolic gene regulation by Drosophila GATA transcription factor Grain.

Nutrient-dependent gene regulation critically contributes to homeostatic control of animal physiology in changing nutrient landscape. In Drosophila, dietary sugars activate transcription factors (TFs), such as Mondo-Mlx, Sugarbabe and Cabut, which control metabolic gene expression to mediate physiological adaptation to high sugar diet. TFs that correspondingly control sugar responsive metabolic genes under conditions of low dietary sugar remain, however, poorly understood. Here we identify a role for Drosophila GATA TF Grain in metabolic gene regulation under both low and high sugar conditions. De novo motif prediction uncovered a significant over-representation of GATA-like motifs on the promoters of sugar-activated genes in Drosophila larvae, which are regulated by Grain, the fly ortholog of GATA1/2/3 subfamily. grain expression is activated by sugar in Mondo-Mlx-dependent manner and it contributes to sugar-responsive gene expression in the fat body. On the other hand, grain displays strong constitutive expression in the anterior midgut, where it drives lipogenic gene expression also under low sugar conditions. Consistently with these differential tissue-specific roles, Grain deficient larvae display delayed development on high sugar diet, while showing deregulated central carbon and lipid metabolism primarily on low sugar diet. Collectively, our study provides evidence for the role of a metazoan GATA transcription factor in nutrient-responsive metabolic gene regulation in vivo.

Coordinated control of adiposity and growth by anti-anabolic kinase ERK7.

Energy storage and growth are coordinated in response to nutrient status of animals. How nutrient-regulated signaling pathways control these processes in vivo remains insufficiently understood. Here, we establish an atypical MAP kinase, ERK7, as an inhibitor of adiposity and growth in Drosophila. ERK7 mutant larvae display elevated triacylglycerol (TAG) stores and accelerated growth rate, while overexpressed ERK7 is sufficient to inhibit lipid storage and growth. ERK7 expression is elevated upon fasting and ERK7 mutant larvae display impaired survival during nutrient deprivation. ERK7 acts in the fat body, the insect counterpart of liver and adipose tissue, where it controls the subcellular localization of chromatin-binding protein PWP1, a growth-promoting downstream effector of mTOR. PWP1 maintains the expression of sugarbabe, encoding a lipogenic Gli-similar family transcription factor. Both PWP1 and Sugarbabe are necessary for the increased growth and adiposity phenotypes of ERK7 loss-of-function animals. In conclusion, ERK7 is an anti-anabolic kinase that inhibits lipid storage and growth while promoting survival on fasting conditions.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 α1 induces a cardiac excitation-contraction coupling phenotype without metabolic remodelling.

KEY POINTS: Transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α1 has been shown to regulate energy metabolism and to mediate metabolic adaptations in pathological and physiological cardiac hypertrophy but other functional implications of PGC-1α1 expression are not known. Transgenic PGC-1α1 overexpression within the physiological range in mouse heart induces purposive changes in contractile properties, electrophysiology and calcium signalling but does not induce substantial metabolic remodelling. The phenotype of the PGC-1α1 transgenic mouse heart recapitulates most of the functional modifications usually associated with the exercise-induced heart phenotype, but does not protect the heart against load-induced pathological hypertrophy. Transcriptional effects of PGC-1α1 show clear dose-dependence with diverse changes in genes in circadian clock, heat shock, excitability, calcium signalling and contraction pathways at low overexpression levels, while metabolic genes are recruited at much higher PGC-1α1 expression levels. These results imply that the physiological role of PGC-1α1 is to promote a beneficial excitation-contraction coupling phenotype in the heart. ABSTRACT: The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α1 has been identified as a central factor mediating metabolic adaptations of the heart. However, to what extent physiological changes in PGC-1α1 expression levels actually contribute to the functional adaptation of the heart is still mostly unresolved. The aim of this study was to characterize the transcriptional and functional effects of physiologically relevant, moderate PGC-1α1 expression in the heart. In vivo and ex vivo physiological analysis shows that expression of PGC-1α1 within a physiological range in mouse heart does not induce the expected metabolic alterations, but instead induces a unique excitation-contraction (EC) coupling phenotype recapitulating features typically seen in physiological hypertrophy. Transcriptional screening of PGC-1α1 overexpressing mouse heart and myocyte cultures with higher, acute adenovirus-induced PGC-1α1 expression, highlights PGC-1α1 as a transcriptional coactivator with a number of binding partners in various pathways (such as heat shock factors and the circadian clock) through which it acts as a pleiotropic transcriptional regulator in the heart, to both augment and repress the expression of its target genes in a dose-dependent fashion. At low levels of overexpression PGC-1α1 elicits a diverse transcriptional response altering the expression state of circadian clock, heat shock, excitability, calcium signalling and contraction pathways, while metabolic targets of PGC-1α1 are recruited at higher PGC-1α1 expression levels. Together these findings demonstrate that PGC-1α1 elicits a dual effect on cardiac transcription and phenotype. Further, our results imply that the physiological role of PGC-1α1 is to promote a beneficial EC coupling phenotype in the heart.

Sugar-responsive inhibition of Myc-dependent ribosome biogenesis by Clockwork orange.

The ability to feed on a sugar-containing diet depends on a gene regulatory network controlled by the intracellular sugar sensor Mondo/ChREBP-Mlx, which remains insufficiently characterized. Here, we present a genome-wide temporal clustering of sugar-responsive gene expression in Drosophila larvae. We identify gene expression programs responding to sugar feeding, including downregulation of ribosome biogenesis genes, known targets of Myc. Clockwork orange (CWO), a component of the circadian clock, is found to be a mediator of this repressive response and to be necessary for survival on a high-sugar diet. CWO expression is directly activated by Mondo-Mlx, and it counteracts Myc through repression of its gene expression and through binding to overlapping genomic regions. CWO mouse ortholog BHLHE41 has a conserved role in repressing ribosome biogenesis genes in primary hepatocytes. Collectively, our data uncover a cross-talk between conserved gene regulatory circuits balancing the activities of anabolic pathways to maintain homeostasis during sugar feeding.

Stem Cell Intrinsic Hexosamine Metabolism Regulates Intestinal Adaptation to Nutrient Content.

The intestine is an organ with an exceptionally high rate of cell turnover, and perturbations in this process can lead to severe diseases such as cancer or intestinal atrophy. Nutrition has a profound impact on intestinal volume and cellular architecture. However, how intestinal homeostasis is maintained in fluctuating dietary conditions remains insufficiently understood. By utilizing the Drosophila midgut model, we reveal a novel stem cell intrinsic mechanism coupling cellular metabolism with stem cell extrinsic growth signal. Our results show that intestinal stem cells (ISCs) employ the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) to monitor nutritional status. Elevated activity of HBP promotes Warburg effect-like metabolic reprogramming required for adjusting the ISC division rate according to nutrient content. Furthermore, HBP activity is an essential facilitator for insulin signaling-induced ISC proliferation. In conclusion, ISC intrinsic hexosamine synthesis regulates metabolic pathway activities and defines the stem cell responsiveness to niche-derived growth signals.

Natural variation in sugar tolerance associates with changes in signaling and mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis.

How dietary selection affects genome evolution to define the optimal range of nutrient intake is a poorly understood question with medical relevance. We have addressed this question by analyzing Drosophila simulans and sechellia, recently diverged species with differential diet choice. D. sechellia larvae, specialized to a nutrient scarce diet, did not survive on sugar-rich conditions, while the generalist species D. simulans was sugar tolerant. Sugar tolerance in D. simulans was a tradeoff for performance on low-energy diet and was associated with global reprogramming of metabolic gene expression. Hybridization and phenotype-based introgression revealed the genomic regions of D. simulans that were sufficient for sugar tolerance. These regions included genes that are involved in mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis and intracellular signaling, such as PPP1R15/Gadd34 and SERCA, which contributed to sugar tolerance. In conclusion, genomic variation affecting genes involved in global metabolic control defines the optimal range for dietary macronutrient composition.