Diversity and spatiotemporal distribution of larval odonate assemblages in temperate neotropical farm ponds.

Farm ponds help maintain diversity in altered landscapes. However, studies on the features that drive this type of property in the Neotropics are still lacking, especially for the insect fauna. We analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of odonate larval assemblages in farm ponds. Odonates were sampled monthly at four farm ponds from March 2008 to February 2009 in a temperate montane region of southern Brazil. A small number of genera were frequent and accounted for most of the dominant fauna. The dominant genera composition differed among ponds. Local spatial drivers such as area, hydroperiod, and margin vegetation structure likely explain these results more than spatial predictors due to the small size of the study area. Circular analysis detected seasonal effect on assemblage abundance but not on richness. Seasonality in abundance was related to the life cycles of a few dominant genera. This result was explained by temperature and not rainfall due to the temperate climate of the region studied. The persistence of dominant genera and the sparse occurrence of many taxa over time probably led to a lack in a seasonal pattern in assemblage richness.

The influence of natural and anthropic environmental variables on the structure and spatial distribution along longitudinal gradient of macroinvertebrate communities in southern Brazilian streams.

Southern Brazilian rivers and streams have been intensively affected by human activities, especially agriculture and the release of untreated domestic sewage. However, data about the aquatic macroinvertebrates in these streams are scarce and limited to only certain groups. In addition, studies focusing on the structure and spatial distribution of these communities are lacking. This study analyzed the effects of natural and anthropic variables on the community structure of macroinvertebrates along a longitudinal gradient in three microbasins located in a region of landscape transition in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Sampling was conducted in the Vacacaí-Mirim River (August 2008) and in the Ibicuí-Mirim and Tororaipí rivers (August 2009) following an environmental gradient including 1(st), 2(nd), 3(rd), and 4(th) order segments. Local natural factors that were analyzed include water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, substrate granulometry, and the presence of aquatic vegetation. Anthropic variables that were analyzed include including bank erosion, land use, urbanization, riparian deforestation, and fine sediments input. A total of 42 families and 129 taxa were found, with predominance of environmentally tolerant taxa. Geological context (landscape transition and large hydrographic basins) tended to influence natural environmental factors along the rivers' longitudinal gradients. However, changes in anthropic variables were not affected by these geological differences and therefore did not correlate with patterns of spatial distribution in macroinvertebrate communities. Only 1(st) order stream segments showed a community composition with high richness of taxa intolerant to anthropic disturbance. Richness as a whole tended to be higher in 3(rd) to 4(th) order set of segments, but this trend was a result of local anthropic environmental disturbances. Future inventories conducted in similar landscape transition regions of Brazil, for conservation purposes, must consider stream segments of different orders, microbasins, and major basins in order to obtain data that faithfully reflect the regional diversity. Additionally, it is necessary to consider environmental gradients of land use and anthropic impacts in order to suggest appropriate strategies for conserving the environmental integrity of streams.

Spatial and temporal distribution of non-biting midge larvae assemblages in streams in a mountainous region in southern Brazil.

The spatial and temporal structure of non-biting midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae assemblages and some environmental factors that affect their distribution were analyzed in a montane river and its tributaries in a temperate climate region of southernmost Brazil. In total, 69 taxa were recorded after four seasonal samplings (winter, spring, summer, and autumn). The dominant taxa were Rheotanytarsus sp. 1, Rheotanytarsus sp. 2, Cricotopus sp. 2, and Polypedilum (Polypedilum) sp., although dominance varied among the four sampling sites. The variations in dominance, abundance, and richness among the different sites were affected by environmental characteristics, such as the presence of marginal vegetation and a heterogeneous substratum, and also by human activities. Strictly environmental factors, such as altitude, and factors related to annual weather patterns, such as mean temperature and precipitation, influenced the spatial and temporal distribution of certain taxa and the structure of faunal assemblages. The influence of the riparian vegetation and riverbed heterogeneity on the composition, richness, and abundance of the chironomid larvae assemblages indicates that human activities, such as deforestation and the construction of dams, constitute a serious threat to the conservation of these insects and to the fauna that depends on them for food.

Diversity of non-biting midge larvae assemblages in the Jacuí River basin, Brazil.

The richness and composition of a mountain-river chironomid larvae assemblage in the Jacuí River basin, Brazil were studied, and compared with other riverine non-biting midge larvae assemblages previously studied in the country. Additionally, the influence of some regional-scale environmental characteristics on the spatial distribution of these assemblages was tested. The specimens were collected at 12 sites in the middle course of the Jacuí River basin (in the state of Rio Grande do Sul) between April 2000 and May 2002. Around 100 taxa were recorded. The dominant taxa belonged to the genera Rheotanytarsus, Cricotopus, Polypedilum, and Pseudochironomus. Twenty-two rare taxa were found, representing 22% of the total of taxa inventoried. Fourteen genera (Aedokritus, Axarus, Endotribelos, Kiefferulus, Manoa, Oukuriella, Phaenopsectra, Stenochironomus, Xenochironomus, Xestochironomus, Cardiocladius, Metriocnemus, Paracladius, and Rheocricotopus) represent new occurrences in Rio Grande do Sul. The similarity analysis of the chironomid larvae assemblages inventoried in 32 regions of Brazil indicated five groups with similarity higher than 50%. The groups, when the effects of spatial autocorrelation were removed, displayed a weak positive correlation between the assemblage composition and the aquatic system or hydraulic conditions and the hydrographic basin, and a weak negative correlation in relation to the biome. The altitude showed no correlation with the composition of the assemblage. The relatively high richness of the region surveyed in relation to other Brazilian regions corroborates some tendencies already noted in other parts of the world, such as: i) lotic systems may constitute an exception to the rule that diversity is greater in tropical regions, ii) regions of transitional relief may contain the greatest richness of Chironomidae, and iii) in rivers, the group might have its spatial distribution influenced to a greater extent by local environmental characteristics than by regional ones.

Three new species of Hyalella (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from the Southern Brazilian Coastal Plain.

In this study, three new species of Hyalella (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) are described based on specimens collected in wetlands located in three freshwater ecoregions (Southeastern Mata Atlântica, Tramandaí-Mampituba and Laguna dos Patos) of the southern Brazilian Coastal Plain (states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina). Hyalella minuana n. sp. was recorded in the southernmost region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This species is characterized by presenting smooth body surface, epimeral plates not acuminated, nine serrate setae on the inner face of gnathopod 1, and peduncle of uropod 3 with four cuspidate setae with accessory seta and without plumose seta on the margin of the telson. Hyalella lagoana n. sp. was recorded in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul and southern region of Santa Catarina. This species shows body surface smooth, epimeral plates not acuminated, nine serrate setae on the inner face of gnathopod 1, peduncle of uropod 3 with five cuspidate setae with accessory seta, and telson with six cuspidate setae with accessory seta without plumose seta on the margins. Hyalella sambaqui n. sp. was recorded in the state of Santa Catarina. This species is characterized by presenting smooth body surface, epimeral plates not acuminated, six serrate setae on the inner face of gnathopod 1, peduncle of uropod 3 with three cuspidate setae with accessory seta, and telson with three cuspidate setae with accessory seta and four plumose setae on the margin of the telson. The new records elevates the known diversity of species of Hyalella in the Brazilian territory to 33 species (19 in the southern Brazilian region) and to 83 species in the Americas.

Diversity of Odonata (Insecta) in Seasonal Deciduous Forest fragments in southern Brazil (state of Rio Grande do Sul), with a new record for the state and comments on the seasonal distribution of the species / Diversidade de Odonata (Insecta) em fragmentos de Floresta Estacional Decidual no Sul do Brasil (estado do Rio Grande do Sul), com um novo registro para o estado e comentários sobre a distribuição sazonal das espécies

Abstract: We present an Odonata (Insecta) check list of species occurring in a fragment of the Seasonal Deciduous Forest (Atlantic Forest biome) from the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil, along with a list of the odonate species recorded in this phytoecological region for the state. In addition, we provide comments on the seasonal distribution of the species occurring in the study area. Two streams and seven farm ponds located in the middle course of the Jacuí River basin were surveyed between December 2007 and February 2009. Overall, we recorded 49 species from 21 genera and six families. Argia serva Hagen in Selys, 1865 (Coenagrionidade) had its first occurrence record mentioned for the state, elevating to 183 the total number of Odonata species occurring in Rio Grande do Sul. The number of species recorded in the study area corresponds to ~26% of the known Odonata diversity in RS. Libellulidae was the most species-rich family (22 species, ~45% of the total), followed by Coenagrionidae (18 species, 37% of the total). The checklist for the Seasonal Deciduous Forest in RS indicated the occurrence of 83 species of Odonata in this phytoecological region (~45% of the known odonate species in the state). This elevated diversity could be related to the density of the vegetation structure. In the study area, 20 species were found in streams, and 45 in farm ponds. Species occurrence showed marked seasonal patterns in the study area, with 88% of the species recorded from summer to autumn, and no species detected in streams in the winter. Moreover, 70% of the species were recorded in either one or two seasons in farm ponds, while 65% occurred solely in one season in streams. This result indicates that the life cycle of Odonata in southern Brazil is strongly influenced by seasonal patterns in temperature.

Resumo: Uma checklist das espécies de Odonata (Insecta) de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Decidual (Bioma Mata Atlântica) localizado na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) é apresentada neste estudo, bem como uma checklist das espécies para esta região fitoecológica para o estado. Além disso, também é discutida a distribuição temporal da ocorrência das espécies na área de estudo. Dois riachos e sete reservatórios localizados no trecho médio da bacia do rio Jacuí foram estudados entre dezembro de 2007 e fevereiro de 2009. Ao todo, 49 espécies de 21 gêneros e seis famílias foram registradas. Argia serva Hagen in Selys, 1865 (Coenagrionidade) teve seu primeiro registro mencionado para o estado, elevando para 183 o número total de espécies de Odonata ocorrentes no Rio Grande do Sul. O número de espécies registrado na área de estudo corresponde a cerca de 26% da diversidade de Odonata conhecida no RS. Libellulidae foi a família mais rica (22 espécies, ~45% do total), seguida por Coenagrionidae (18 espécies, 37% do total). A lista compilada de espécies para a Floresta Estacional Decidual no RS indicou a ocorrência de 83 espécies de Odonata nesta região fitoecológica (~45% da diversidade de Odonata conhecida do estado). Essa alta diversidade pode estar relacionada à densidade da estrutura da vegetação. Na área de estudo, 20 espécies foram encontradas em riachos e 45 em reservatórios. A distribuição temporal das espécies foi marcadamente sazonal na área de estudo, com 88% das espécies registradas do verão ao outono, e nenhuma espécie detectada em riachos no inverno. Além disso, 70% das espécies ocorreram em uma ou duas estações em reservatórios, enquanto 65% das espécies registradas em riachos foram detectadas somente em uma estação. Este resultado indica que o ciclo de vida das espécies de Odonata no extremo sul do Brasil é fortemente influenciado pelos padrões sazonais de temperatura.

Diversity and distribution of riffle beetle assemblages (Coleoptera, Elmidae) in montane rivers of Southern Brazil / Diversidade e distribuição de comunidades de Elmidae (Coleoptera) em rios montanhosos do sul do Brasil

The diversity and spatio-temporal distribution of Elmidae (Coleoptera) assemblages in montane rivers and streams of southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul state) were studied. Six genera were found, represented mostly by larval specimens. Austrolimnius and Macrelmis are new occurrences in the region. Assemblages' genera composition and dominance were related to the presence of the macrophyte Podostemum. Also, water temperature and stream depth and velocity were the most important drivers related to the assemblages' distribution. Richness and abundance were positively related to high water velocity and negatively to stream depth. Temporal patterns were detected especially in assemblage abundance, yet a slight pattern in richness was also observed. The seasonal structure was related to warm temperatures, but temporal distribution of Elmidae assemblages appears to be related to the dominant genera life cycles. The studied area shows an overall Elmidae richness similar to that found in some tropical areas and the role of mountainous environments in sustaining high rates of regional diversity in the Neotropics is stated.

A diversidade e a distribuição espaço-temporal de comunidades de Elmidae (Coleoptera) em rios e riachos de uma área montanhosa no sul do Brasil (estado do Rio Grande do Sul) foram estudadas. Sete gêneros foram encontrados, representados principalmente pelo estágio larval. Austrolimniuse Macrelmis são novas ocorrências no estado. A composição e a dominância dos gêneros estiveram relacionadas com a presença da macrófitaPodostemum. Além disso, a temperatura da água, a velocidade da corrente e a profundidade dos riachos foram os fatores mais importantes relacionados à distribuição das comunidades. A riqueza e a abundância foram positivamente relacionadas com a velocidade da corrente e negativamente com a profundidade. Não foram detectados fortes padrÕes temporais na riqueza, mas certa sazonalidade na abundância das comunidades foi observada. A distribuição temporal não esteve relacionada a um fator abiótico especí;fico. Assim, a distribuição temporal das comunidades de Elmidae parece estar relacionada aos ciclos de vida dos gêneros dominantes. Por fim, ressalta-se que a área de estudo apresenta uma riqueza total Elmidae semelhante à de algumas áreas tropicais e o importante papel dos riachos montanhosos na manutenção de altas taxas de diversidade regional na região Neotropical.

Diversity and distribution of mollusks along the Contas River in a tropical semiarid region (Caatinga), Northeastern Brazil

An inventory of macroinvertebrates conducted in the Contas River basin in Northeastern Brazil found 13 species of freshwater mollusks. Most of the community was represented by pulmonate gastropods, including Physa acuta, Drepanotrema anatinum, D. cimex, D. lucidum, Biomphalaria straminea?, Gundlachia radiata?, G. ticaga and Hebetancylus moricandi; the prosobranchs Pomacea archimedis?, Melanoides tuberculata and Littoridina sp. were also found. Bivalves were less diversified, represented only by Pisidium pulchellum? and Eupera simoni?. The taxonomic composition and the small size of many species reflect the intermittent condition of the basin. Additionally, the occurrence of shells of five terrestrial species (Helicina angulata, Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella?, Beckianum beckianum, Succinea sp. and Systrophiidae gen. et sp. indet.) in the rivers reflects the occasional heavy rainfalls and floods in the region. The invasive gastropod M. tuberculata was the most abundant and widely distributed species. All 13 species were found in the lower course, in the Atlantic Forest region, and most, but not all, were recorded in the upper course, in the Caatinga region. The distribution and the occurrence of the bivalve species exclusively in the Atlantic Forest region indicate that the locally higher annual precipitation provides favorable conditions for the survival of these mollusks, such as a more stable hydroperiod.

Treze espécies de moluscos de água doce foram encontradas em um inventário de macroinvertebrados realizado ao longo da bacia do Rio de Contas, no Nordeste do Brasil. A maioria da comunidade foi representada por gastrópodes pulmonados, como Physa acuta, Drepanotrema anatinum, D. cimex, D. lucidum, Biomphalaria straminea?, Gundlachia radiata?, G. ticaga e Hebetancylus moricandi, embora prosobrânquios, como Pomacea archimedis?, Melanoides tuberculata e Littoridina sp. também tenham sido encontrados. Bivalves foram menos diversificados, e foram representados por Pisidium pulchellum? e Eupera simoni?. A composição taxonômica e o pequeno tamanho alcançado por muitas espécies refletem a condição intermitente da bacia. Além disso, a ocorrência de conchas de cinco espécies terrestres (Helicina angulata, Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella?, Beckianum beckianum, Succinea sp. e Systrophiidae gen. et sp. indet.) dentro dos rios reflete as fortes chuvas e inundações que ocorrem ocasionalmente na região. O gastrópode invasor M. tuberculata foi a espécie mais abundante e bem distribuída. Todas as espécies foram encontradas no curso inferior, na região da Mata Atlântica, e a maioria, mas não todas, foram registradas no curso superior, na região da Caatinga. Esta distribuição e a ocorrência das espécies de bivalves exclusivamente na região da Mata Atlântica indicam que a maior precipitação anual desta região fornece condições favoráveis para a sobrevivência destes moluscos, como um hidroperíodo mais estável.

Diversidade de moluscos em riachos de uma regiao de encosta no extremo sul do Brasil / Diversity of mollusks in streams of a montane region in southern Brazil

Moluscos de riachos de uma região de encosta, no extremo sul do Brasil (Bacia do Rio Toropi) foram inventariados através de coletas conduzidas em 40 locais, com altitudes variando entre 70 e 500 metros. Ao todo, 18 espécies foram encontradas, representadas predominantemente por gastrópodes (11 espécies, 89,5% dos indivíduos). Potamolithus catharinae e Uncancylus concentricus foram as espécies dominantes. A última espécie também foi a melhor distribuída, estando presente em 81% dos locais amostrados. Entre os bivalves, apenas a espécie asiática invasora Corbicula fluminea foi abundante, mas ocorreu em um único local de coleta. Cerca de quatro espécies foram raras, estando representadas por não mais que três indivíduos. Apenas duas espécies de Unionoida foram encontradas. A dominância e a maior diversidade de gastrópodes em relação ao registrado para bivalves reflete o substrato predominantemente cascalhoso dos riachos da Bacia do Rio Toropi. A baixa riqueza registrada na área de estudo pode ser atribuída à escassez de sedimentos finos e de macrófitas, fatores que costumam favorecer a diversidade de moluscos. Essa condição também caracteriza outros riachos do sul do Brasil.

Stream mollusks in a region of slope in southern Brazil (Toropi River Basin) were inventoried by means of collections conducted in 40 sites, in altitudes ranging from 70 to 500 meters. At a whole, 18 species were found, represented predominantly by gastropods (11 species, 89.5% of the individuals). Potamolithus catharinae and Uncancylus concentricus were the dominant species. The latter was also well distributed, occurring in 81% of the sampling sites. Among the bivalves, only the invasive Asian clam Corbicula fluminea was abundant, but it occurred in only one sampling site. Four species were rare, being represented by less than three individuals, and the Unionoida were represented by two species only. Dominance and diversity of gastropods were higher than the bivalves, reflecting the gravel substrate of stream beds in the Toropi River Basin. The low richness recorded in the area studied is related to paucity of fine sediments and macrophytes in the streams, factors that commonly favors mollusks diversity. This condition also characterizes other southern Brazilian streams.

Diversity of Odonata (Insecta) larvae in streams and farm ponds of a montane region in southern Brazil / Diversidade de larvas de Odonata (Insecta) em riachos e acudes de uma regiao montanhosa no sul do Brasil

This study presents an inventory of the genera of Odonata found in streams and artificial farm ponds in a montane region, with temperate climate, in southern Brazil. Differences in richness of lotic and lentic environments were also investigated. The diversity of odonate families and genera in southernmost Brazil is lower than in warmer, either tropical or subtropical, regions of the country. Nine genera are new records for the region and six genera had their geographical ranges extended to regions with temperate climate of the Neotropics. The overall richness and especially the overall abundance recorded in the studied area are possibly determined by the occurrence of numerous farm ponds because natural standing waters are scarce in the region. The presence of macrophytes in these artificial ponds allowed the establishment of a diversified odonatofauna, typical of lentic environments.

Este estudo apresenta um inventário de gêneros de Odonata de riachos e reservatórios artificiais de uma região montanhosa de clima temperado no extremo sul do Brasil. Diferenças na riqueza de ambientes lóticos e lênticos também foram investigadas. A diversidade de famílias e gêneros de Odonata no extremo sul do Brasil é menor que em regiões mais quentes, tanto tropicais quanto subtropicais, do país. Nove gêneros são novos registros para a região e seis gêneros tiveram suas distribuições geográficas de ocorrência estendidas para áreas temperadas da região Neotropical. A riqueza e a abundância verificadas na área de estudo possivelmente foram determinadas pela ocorrência de numerosos reservatórios artificiais, pois áreas lênticas naturais são raras na região. A presença de macrófitas nestes reservatórios permitiu o estabelecimento de uma fauna de Odonata diversificada e típica de ambientes lênticos.

Os gêneros Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799 e Leucozonia Gray, 1847 no nordeste brasileiro (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae) / The genera Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799 and Leucozonia Gray, 1847 in the northeastern Brazil (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae)

The genera Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799 and Leucozonia Gray, 1847 are represented in Northeastern Brazil by three species. Fasciolaria aurantiaca Lamarck, 1816; Leucozonia ocellata (Gmelin, 1791) and Leucozonia nassa (Gmelin, 1791). The three species are described and illustrated. An identification key for all the above mentioned taxa is included, together with some ecological data. The anatomy and radula of Fasciolaria aurantiaca and Leucozonia nassa are described and illustrated. Polimorfism in Fasciolaria aurantiaca and Leucozonia nassa is discussed.