Achromobacter xylosoxidans, an emerging pathogen in catheter-related infection in dialysis population causing prosthetic valve endocarditis: a case report and review of literature.

INTRODUCTION: Dialysis catheter-related infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients on dialysis. In recent years, there have been reported cases of infections with opportunistic environmental organism, Achromobacter xylosoxidans (AX) causing bacteremia in patients on dialysis. However, no previous such reports on prosthetic valve endocarditis in a dialysis patient with Achromobacter xylosoxidans were found after a Medline search. We report such a case and review the literature. CASE: A 69-year-old diabetic man with bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement developed end-stage renal disease following infective endocarditis with Staphylococcus epidermidis. Even though he was treated successfully for his endocarditis, he developed further bacteremia with AX from his peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) and the line was removed. He had further episodes of bacteremia with AX while having dialysis with tunneled line and the line was also removed. He was re-admitted with pyrexia and vegetations both in mitral and prosthetic aortic valve confirmed with transesophageal echo. His antimicrobial therapy with etrapenum, tigecycline and cotrimoxazole failed. He had both mitral and prosthetic aortic valve replacements but postoperatively developed multiorgan failure and died despite the intensive support. DISCUSSION: Achromobacter xylosoxidans is an aerobic, Gram-negative bacillus and considered to be an opportunistic pathogen with low virulence. Infective endocarditis is a potentially lethal complication of bacteremia. The choice of appropriate antibiotic is crucial in these cases. AX strains are highly resistant to antibiotics. The organism is usually susceptible to antipseudomonal penicillins, carbapenems and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. CONCLUSION: AX is an emerging pathogen in catheter-related infection in the dialysis population and, therefore, needs vigilance and prompt treatment. Antimicrobial treatment should include susceptibility and synergy testing. Removal of central intravenous catheter should also be considered at the time of early presentation in patients at high risks of developing infective endocarditis.

Norwood-type operation with adjustable systemic-pulmonary shunt using hemostatic clip.

The postoperative course of a patient with hypoplastic left heart syndrome after a first-stage Norwood operation is governed to a large extent by the balance between the systemic and pulmonary circulations. Here we describe a simple and convenient technique for establishing an optimally sized systemic-pulmonary shunt by the application of a hemostatic clip. The method has been used in 6 patients.

An apical left ventricular aneurysm rupture presenting as left breast mass 11 years after surgical repair.

Left ventricular (LV) pseudoaneurysm is a rare entity and, consequently, there is limited knowledge of the condition's natural history. The most frequent mode of presentation for LV pseudoaneurysm is heart failure with chest pain. However, the variable presentation of this condition requires a high index of suspicion for diagnosis. We report the case of a 75-year-old woman who had suffered an acute myocardial infarction 23 years previously, which resulted in a calcified LV apical aneurysm. Three weeks prior to being referred to our hospital, she was noted by her general practitioner to have a left-sided breast mass although mammography was negative. One week later, she attended the accident and emergency department; she was haemodynamically unstable but was resuscitated successfully. Contrast enhanced computed tomography showed a large haematoma located in the left chest wall communicating with the left ventricle. She underwent emergency cardiac surgical repair. On arrival at the intensive care unit following surgery, her haemodynamic status was unstable, and she deteriorated rapidly and died. With this report, we aim to raise the level of awareness for an apical LV pulsatile mass that could anatomically expand and present as a breast mass or tumour. An early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention is essential in order to achieve better outcomes and avoid detrimental complications.

Does prophylactic sotalol and magnesium decrease the incidence of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass surgery: a propensity-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation can occur in up to 40% of patients undergoing coronary surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 103 consecutive coronary surgery patients under the care of one surgeon between April 2003 and September 2003. These patients received 40 mg of sotalol orally twice daily from the first post-operative day for 6 weeks and 2 g of magnesium intravenously immediately post surgery and on the first post-operative day. We developed a propensity score for the probability of receiving sotalol and magnesium after coronary surgery. 89 patients from the sotalol and magnesium group were successfully matched with 89 unique coronary surgery patients who did not receive either sotalol or magnesium with an identical propensity score. RESULTS: Preoperative characteristics were well matched between groups. There was no significant difference with respect to in-hospital mortality between groups (sotalol and magnesium 1.1% versus control 4.5%; p = 0.17). The incidence of atrial fibrillation in the sotalol and magnesium group was 13.5% compared to 27.0% in the controls (p = 0.025). CONCLUSION: The combination of sotalol and magnesium can significantly reduce the incidence of post-operative atrial fibrillation following coronary surgery.