Detection of HIV-1 provirus in bronchoalveolar lavage cells by polymerase chain reaction.

This study was undertaken to evaluate whether HIV-seropositive individuals harbor HIV provirus in cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). BAL cells were obtained from 14 HIV-positive patients undergoing bronchoscopy for evaluation of acute pulmonary symptoms. Cells were fractionated into macrophage-enriched and lymphocyte-enriched populations. The quantity of HIV-1 proviral DNA in the unfractionated BAL cells and in each population of fractionated cells was determined following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Detectable quantities (3-90 copies/100,000 cells) of HIV-1 proviral DNA were found in unfractionated BAL cells in 12 of 14 patients. In the other two patients, provirus was detected after a sevenfold enrichment of lymphocytes. Provirus was also detected in BAL macrophages from 8/14 patients although proviral content was significantly higher in the lymphocyte fraction (133 +/- 72 vs. 35 +/- 22 proviral copies, p = 0.03). No correlation was seen with the ability to detect provirus in lymphocyte- or macrophage-enriched fractions and clinical diagnosis (e.g., Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia). The data suggest that lymphocytes are the predominant cells that contain provirus found in the lungs, although macrophages may be infected in some patients.

A critical evaluation of hepatitis C testing of cadaveric corneal donors.

PURPOSE: Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies used to screen corneal donors are optimized for testing premortem sera. This study evaluated their efficiency when screening cadaveric sera. METHODS: Abbott HCV EIA 2.0 was used to rescreen 101 cadaveric sera, 70 of which had tested positive and 31 negative by EIA 1.0. Matrix-HCV recombinant immunoblot assay was used as a reference standard. Antibody titers and reactivities were compared in premortem and cadaveric sera. Selected sera from confirmed seropositive donors were screened for virus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: HCV EIA 2.0 was 100% sensitive and 92.7% specific. EIA and Matrix-HCV gave similar end-point titers with pre- and postmortem sera. Viral RNA was detected in only three of 15 sera from seropositive donors. CONCLUSIONS: EIA 2.0 and Matrix-HCV efficiently screen cadaveric sera. However, HCV seropositivity does not necessarily indicate the presence of viral genomes in sera and tissues.

Monitoring hepatitis B virus replication.

Serum hepatitis B virus DNA is the best marker for monitoring hepatitis B virus replication in the liver. Data are presented on the sensitivity, specificity and application of a standardized solution hybridization assay for the quantitation of hepatitis B viral DNA in serum. The assay is linear over several orders of magnitude in sample concentration and is equivalent in sensitivity and specificity to classic filter hybridization methods employing [32P]DNA probes and autoradiography. The assay provides clinically relevant information for monitoring viral replication before, during and after antiviral therapy.

Nuclear inheritance of oligomycin resistance in mouse L cells.

The inheritance of oligomycin resistance was studied in three mouse L-cell mutants, OLI 2, OLI 4, and OLI 14. All three mutants had previously been shown to have oligomycin-resistant mitochondrial ATPase activity. In addition, OLI 14 has DCCD-resistant mitochondrial ATPase activity and an altered DCCD-binding protein. Oligomycin-resistant cells were enucleated and fused with oligomycin-sensitive cells under a variety of selective regimes designed to allow growth of oligomycin-resistant cybrids. No transfer of oligomycin resistance via the cytoplasm of OLI 2, OLI 4, or OLI 14 was detected. In contrast, oligomycin resistance was transferred with the karyoplasts of OLI 14 in karyoplast-cell fusions. Fusions between OLI 14 cells and oligomycin-sensitive cells also produced oligomycin-resistant hybrids. Transfer of oligomycin resistance in the karyoplast-cell and cell-cell fusions were demonstrated at the level of the mitochondrial ATPase. These results indicate that oligomycin resistance in OLI 14 is most likely under nuclear control. Furthermore, nuclear inheritance of oligomycin resistance in a mutant with a modified DCCD-binding protein suggests that the gene for the DCCD-binding protein is encoded in the nucleus of mammalian cells.

Oligomycin-resistant mitochondrial ATPase from mouse fibroblasts.

Fourteen oligomycin-resistant LM(TK-) clones were isolated following the mutagenesis of minicells. In the absence of oligomycin, the mutants grew with population doubling times similar to that of the wild type (1 day). In 3 or 5 microgram oligomycin/ml the doubling times of the mutants were 1.2-2.5 days. Both stable and unstable classes were represented among the oligomycin-resistant mutants. Mitochondrial ATPase activities of the mutants were 1.3-1130 times more resistant to oligomycin than the wild type. The mitochondrial ATPase of OLI 14 was found to be bound firmly to the mitochondrial membrane, showed no alteration in the pH optimum compared to wild-type, and exhibited increased resistance to DCCD and venturicidin. These results are consistent with the conclusion that oligomycin resistance in these mutants results from altered mitochondrial ATPase.

Hepatitis B core antigen antibody as an indicator of a low grade carrier state for hepatitis B virus in a Saudi Arabian blood donor population.

Blood donor screening for anti-hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) was introduced as a surrogate marker of non-A, non-B hepatitis prior to the availability of a specific test for hepatitis C. In areas endemic for hepatitis B virus (HBV), such as Saudi Arabia, earlier studies indicated that up to 30% of blood donors might disqualify if screened for anti-HBc. The issue was readdressed in a study of 6035 consecutive first-time Saudi national blood donors in an attempt to identify a subgroup of anti-HBc positive donors who might be at high risk of being low grade carriers of HBV. An isolated anti-HBc of high titer in a donor with a low or absent anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAg) was taken as an indicator of increased risk of a low grade carrier state. Using this algorithm, an additional 125 (2%) donors would disqualify. HBsAg immune complex assays and polymerase chain reaction of donor samples with an isolated anti-HBc identified two donors with immune complexes and two donors with HBV DNA. All four donor samples expressed over 90% neutralization in the anti-HBc supplementary testing, indicating high titer anti-HBc. These findings seem to support the suggested policy of donor exclusion based on the anti-HBc and anti-HBsAg serology as a means to eliminate low grade carriers of HBV in endemic areas without jeopardizing the blood supply.

Quantitative detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in sera from patients with acute hepatitis B.

Two hundred forty-four serial serum samples from 30 adults hospitalized with benign (nonfulminant) acute hepatitis B were tested for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA by a quantitative solution hybridization assay using a 125I-labeled DNA probe complementary to HBV-DNA sequences. Acute hepatitis B was self-limiting in 28 and progressed to chronicity in the remaining two patients. Of the 28 patients with self-limiting hepatitis, 21 (75%) were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive, 26 (93%) were HBV-DNA positive, and one patient (3.6%) was negative for both markers on admission to the hospital. HBV-DNA cleared after HBeAg clearance in 20 (71.4%), before HBeAg clearance in five (17.9%) and simultaneously with the loss of HBeAg in the remaining two (7.1%) of the 27 initially HBV-DNA- and/or HBeAg-positive patients. Moreover, HBV-DNA remained detectable in serum for 13.3 +/- 6.6 (range: 4-22) days after the appearance of anti-HBe in 71.4% of these patients. In contrast, HBV-DNA and HBeAg remained persistently positive in the two patients who developed chronic HBV infection. These data show that (1) viremia frequently persists after disappearance of HBeAg and (2) appearance of anti-HBe does not indicate the cessation of HBV replication in adults with acute self-limiting hepatitis B.

Lamivudine for chronic delta hepatitis.

Chronic delta hepatitis is a severe form of chronic liver disease caused by hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection superimposed on chronic hepatitis B or the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier state. Therapy of delta hepatitis is currently unsatisfactory. We have evaluated lamivudine (3-thiacytidine), an oral nucleoside analogue with marked effects against hepatitis B, as therapy in 5 patients with chronic hepatitis D. Five men, ages 38 to 65 years, were treated. All had HBsAg, antibody to HDV, and HDV RNA in serum, as well as persistent elevations in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and liver histology showing severe chronic hepatitis with fibrosis or cirrhosis. Lamivudine was given in a dose of 100 mg orally daily for 12 months. Patients were monitored carefully and tested for HBsAg, HBV-DNA and HDV-RNA levels serially during the year of treatment and for 6 months thereafter. Liver biopsies were performed before therapy and repeated after 1 year. Serum levels of HBV DNA fell rapidly in all 5 patients, becoming undetectable even by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 4. However, all 5 patients remained HBsAg- and HDV-RNA-positive, and serum ALT levels and liver histology did not improve. All patients tolerated therapy well. When lamivudine was stopped, HBV-DNA levels returned to pretreatment values without a change in disease activity. Lamivudine is a potent inhibitor of HBV-DNA replication, but does not improve disease activity or lower HDV-RNA levels in patients with chronic delta hepatitis.

Prevention of hepatitis B virus carrier state in infants according to maternal serum levels of HBV DNA.

235 infants of HBeAg-carrier mothers in Hong Kong were assigned to four study groups. Groups I, II, and III received hepatitis-B (HB) vaccine at birth and at 1, 2, and 6 months. Group I also received seven monthly injections of HB immunoglobulin (HBIg), and group II received one HBIg injection at birth. Group III received vaccine only and group IV received placebo for both vaccine and HBIg. At the age of 3 years, all infants of the three treatment groups were significantly protected against the HB virus (HBV) carrier state compared with the placebo group (p less than 0.0001); the protective efficacy rates in groups I, II, and III were 87%, 80%, and 65%, respectively. At all times, group I was significantly better protected than group III. In groups III and IV, infants of mothers with serum HBV DNA levels of 5 pg/ml or above were at a significantly higher risk of acquiring the HBV carrier state than those whose mothers had HBV DNA levels below 5 pg/ml. This difference was not significant in groups given HBIg. Of the 183 infants who initially escaped HBV infection, 73 (40%) had transient and 8 (4%) chronic HBV infection between 6 and 36 months. Vaccinated infants who had actively formed anti-HBs remained well protected against the HBV carrier state. However, infants in groups I and II with no active anti-HBs response to vaccine became at risk for the HBV carrier state when the passively acquired anti-HBs antibodies had disappeared. HBIg should be included in HB vaccination schedules for all infants of HBeAg-positive mothers.

Quantitation of hepatitis B viral DNA by solution hybridization: comparison with DNA polymerase and hepatitis B e antigen during antiviral therapy.

Serological markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication were assessed in a randomized, controlled trial of prednisone withdrawal followed by alpha-interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. HBV DNA levels in more than 700 serial serum samples from 41 patients were determined by a sensitive and quantitative solution hybridization assay. Results were compared with HBV DNA polymerase (DNAp) activity and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in 21 untreated controls and 20 treated patients. Among treated patients, the mean pretherapy HBV DNA values were higher in nonresponders than in responders. During prednisone treatment, DNA levels increased an average of 2.1-fold in responders and 1.4-fold in nonresponders. During the 2-week rest interval between prednisone and interferon, DNA values fell an average of 57% in responders. In contrast, the mean DNA values in nonresponders did not change during the same interval. This early distinction between responders and nonresponders was not apparent from DNAp or HBeAg results. During interferon treatment, HBV DNA became undetectable in responders and remained negative during a 1-year follow-up. DNA in nonresponders declined to 14% of baseline during interferon treatment but increased to pretherapy levels after treatment. DNAp values generally paralleled HBV DNA values, but DNAp activity showed more variability and lower sensitivity than did the hybridization assay results. HBeAg values varied independently of HBV DNA and DNAp with a much delayed decline in responders. These results indicate that HBV DNA, when measured quantitatively by a sensitive solution hybridization assay, is an early predictor of the effects of antiviral agents on replication.

Short-term stability of HIV provirus levels in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals.

Changes in viral load have been reported to reflect disease progression or response to therapy; however, the stability of HIV DNA levels in HIV-infected individuals has not been extensively studied. Cellular HIV DNA levels in infected individuals were evaluated over a short time period to determine degree of variability as well as any correlation with other measurements of virus load or immune status. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained several times over 1 month from 32 asymptomatic or symptomatic non-AIDS, HIV-infected individuals currently on AZT therapy. PCR amplification of the HIV gag region was performed with DNA from PBMC lysates and the PCR amplified products quantitated by liquid phase hybridization. HIV DNA levels in the majority of the patients were relatively stable, with 26 of 32 persons having less than threefold change. Changes over the study period were both positive and negative, and the median change in HIV DNA levels was 68.6%. These changes were found to positively correlate with fluctuations in plasma p24 levels. In contrast, no correlations were found with other measurements of immune system activity, including changes in CD4 number, CD4 percent, and beta 2-microglobulin when compared with provirus changes. This study shows that levels of HIV DNA can be relatively stable over short periods in most non-AIDS, HIV-infected persons.

Use of quantitative assays for hepatitis B e antigen and IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen to monitor therapy in chronic hepatitis B.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the clinical utility of IgM antibody to the hepatitis B (HB) core antigen (anti-HBc) and HB e antigen (HBeAg) serum levels in patients with chronic HB receiving interferon alfa. METHODS: Stored serum from 47 patients with chronic HB participating in a controlled trial of interferon alfa therapy (10 million U three times a week for 16 wk) were analyzed. All were seropositive for HB surface Ag, HBeAg, and HB virus (HBV) DNA before entry. IgM anti-HBc index values and HBeAg standard values were determined by automated microparticle enzyme immunoassay on samples drawn just before therapy and 6 months later. Ten normal subjects were tested as controls. IgM anti-HBc and HBeAg levels were compared to initial serum HBV DNA, DNA polymerase, serum aminotransferase levels, and demographic features. Serial IgM anti-HBc levels were also obtained during and after therapy in 10 responders and five nonresponders, and serial HBeAg levels were also obtained during and after therapy in four responders and four nonresponders. RESULTS: Neither IgM anti-HBc nor HBeAg levels correlated significantly with values for serum HBV DNA, DNA polymerase, aminotransferases, or demographic features. The initial mean IgM anti-HBc level among the 15 responders to therapy (loss of HBeAg and HBV DNA from serum) was no different from that in nonresponders (mean 1.15 vs 1.27, p = not significant). However, the initial mean HBeAg level was significantly lower in responders than in nonresponders (749.4 vs 1356.4, p = 0.019). Among 10 responders, IgM anti-HBc levels decreased progressively over time, so that at latest follow-up (1.5-4 yr later, mean 2.6 yr), the mean had decreased from 1.325 to 0.312 (p = < 0.001). Among five nonresponders, the mean did not change significantly over 1.5-3 yr (mean 2.2 yr) (1.26 vs 1.08, p = not significant). HBeAg values fell in parallel with HBV DNA and DNA polymerase values in four responders tested but remained elevated in four nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS: HBeAg levels, but not IgM anti-HBc levels, are useful in predicting response to interferon alfa, with responders tending to have lower pretreatment HBeAg levels than nonresponders. HBeAg levels may be used to monitor response to interferon alfa in patients with chronic HB.

Serum HBeAg quantitation during antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B.

Hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion is considered the principal short-term goal of antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B. To test whether the pre- and per-treatment HBeAg quantitation has a higher predictive value than that of hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV-DNA) quantitation for the outcome of antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B. A quantitative measurement of HBV-DNA and HBeAg (AxSYM HBe 2.0 Quantitative, Abbott Laboratories) was undertaken in serial serum samples from 30 patients with 16-week interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) treatment (follow-up 36 weeks; 14 responders) and from 15 patients with 24-week lamivudine treatment (follow-up 24 weeks; 2 responders). In the group of interferon-treated patients, the median pretreatment HBV-DNA level was significantly lower in responders compared to nonresponders (P = 0.02); the difference in median HBeAg level was not significant. However, the percentage of response was significantly related (P = 0.003) to the magnitude of decline in HBeAg level between the start of therapy and week 4. This phenomenon was not observed for HBV-DNA. Using multivariate analysis, it was found that the fall of HBeAg levels between weeks 0 and 4 was the most important independent predictor of response. In the group of lamivudine treated patients, the rapid decline in HBV-DNA (> 90%) in 12 patients at week 4 had no relation to HBeAg seroconversion. In contrast, the fall in HBeAg-level (one patient with > 50% reduction at week 4 seroconverted) appears to be predictive. Quantitation of HBeAg at start and early during therapy may have clinically important predictive value for long-term response to antiviral therapy.

Prediction of hepatitis C virus infectivity in seropositive Australian blood donors by supplemental immunoassays and detection of viral RNA.

The prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-positive in 167,511 Australian volunteer blood donors from Adelaide, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney was 0.78%. One thousand two-hundred and eighteen EIA-positive serum samples were assessed by supplemental tests including a blocking EIA and two peptide EIAs corresponding to major epitopes of the HCV C-100-3 antigen. Seven hundred and eighteen samples (59%) were negative by supplemental testing; no evidence of reactivity with other HCV gene products or HCV RNA detected by cDNA polymerase chain reaction was found in selected samples from this group. In contrast, of 43 samples randomly selected from 400 samples (32.8%) positive by supplemental testing, 88% were reactive with HCV 33-C or core antigens and 52% contained HCV RNA, suggesting contact with HCV and infectivity of most donors in this group. Most samples equivocal by supplemental testing reacted only with C-100 and not with other HCV antigens when tested by dot immunoblot assay. Only 21% had detectable HCV RNA. The battery of assays used in this study indicated that approximately 32% of HCV EIA repeatably reactive serum samples were serologically related to HCV, corresponding to a 0.25% prevalence of potentially infectious donors.

Prednisone withdrawal followed by recombinant alpha interferon in the treatment of chronic type B hepatitis. A randomized, controlled trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of a short course of prednisone followed by recombinant interferon treatment in patients with chronic type B hepatitis. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial with a 5-month treatment phase and a 9-month observation period after treatment. SETTING: Two referral-based university-affiliated medical centers. PATIENTS: Thirty-nine clinically stable patients with chronic type B hepatitis, all of whom were positive for hepatitis B antigen, hepatitis B virus-associated-DNA (HBV-DNA), and DNA polymerase for at least 6 months before entry. Patients included 20 heterosexuals and 19 male homosexuals. INTERVENTIONS: Eighteen patients were treated with a 6-week tapered regimen of prednisone, followed by 90 days treatment with recombinant interferon alpha-2b; 21 patients were untreated controls. Paired liver biopsy specimens of 27 patients (pretreatment and 9 months after treatment) were blindly evaluated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Nine treated patients had a sustained loss of HBV-DNA. In addition, eight treated patients lost hepatitis B e antigen and four became negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). When compared with controls the differences were statistically significant for clearance of HBV-DNA and HBsAg (P = 0.035 and 0.037, respectively). Treated patients who had a sustained loss of HBV-DNA had higher initial alanine aminotransferase lower initial DNA and DNA polymerase levels, and were more frequently heterosexual. Patients who responded to treatment with the disappearance of hepatitis B e antigen and HBV-DNA had normal liver function tests and markedly improved liver histology during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The immunologic priming provided by a short course of prednisone used with alpha interferon may be an effective treatment for selected patients with chronic type B hepatitis.

Long-term therapy of chronic hepatitis B with lamivudine.

Lamivudine therapy induces improvements in chronic hepatitis B in a high proportion of patients, but prolonged therapy is limited by the development of viral resistance. We analyzed clinical responses and virologic resistance in 27 patients treated continuously with lamivudine for 2 to 4 years. Serum transaminases, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA by both branched DNA (bDNA) signal amplification and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were monitored at 4- to 8-week intervals. Virologic resistance to lamivudine was confirmed by the presence of mutations in the YMDD motif of the polymerase gene by restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis. Serum HBV-DNA levels decreased rapidly in all treated patients, falling by 4 to 5 logs within 1 year. Transaminase levels also decreased and were normal in 70% of patients at 1 year, at which point liver histology had improved in 81% of patients. Viral resistance began to emerge after 8 months of therapy, eventually developing in 14 patients, including 76% of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive patients but only 10% of HBeAg-negative patients. Lamivudine withdrawal led to reappearance of wild-type HBV species, but retreatment led to more rapid reappearance of the mutant virus. Clinical, serum biochemical, and histologic improvements were maintained in the 13 patients who did not develop resistance. Thus, long-term therapy with lamivudine resulted in maintained improvements in virologic, biochemical, and histologic features of disease in most patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B and in the subgroup of HBeAg-positive patients with high serum transaminase levels. A high rate of resistance limited efficacy, particularly in patients who remained HBeAg positive on therapy.