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This review aims to examine the existence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and their antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic settings and the alternative treatment ways. P. aeruginosa in a various aquatic environment have been identified as contaminants with impacts on human health and the environment. P. aeruginosa resistance to multiple antibiotics, such as sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, quinolone, trimethoprim, tetracycline, vancomycin, as well as specific antibiotic resistance genes including sul1, qnrs, blaVIM, blaTEM, blaCTX, blaAIM-1, tetA, ampC, blaVIM. The development of resistance can occur naturally, through mutations, or via horizontal gene transfer facilitated by sterilizing agents. In addition, an overview of the current knowledge on inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and ARG and the mechanisms of action of various disinfection processes in water and wastewater (UV chlorine processes, catalytic oxidation, Fenton reaction, and ozonation) is given. An overview of the effects of nanotechnology and the resulting wetlands is also given.
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Background: Occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is a challenging entity. Due to the increase in invasive procedures, blood transfusions, and difficulties in diagnosing OBI, patients are more likely to acquire OBI. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of OBI by hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA detection, the prevalence of HBV infection by total hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) detection, and the potential risk factors for HBV infection in patients receiving haemodialysis regularly. Methods: This study included 80 patients receiving haemodialysis regularly, without acute or chronic HBV infection. They were selected from the dialysis units in Sana'a city, Yemen from June 2016 to June 2017. Patients who were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B surface antibody were excluded from this study. Blood samples were taken prior to each haemodialysis session, and serological markers of HBV were included. HBcAb was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and HBV-DNA was measured by polymerase chain reaction. Results: HBV-DNA was detected in four patients (5%) and HBcAb was detected in 38 patients (47.5%). There was a significant association between HBV-DNA and HBcAb in patients receiving haemodialysis regularly. Conclusions: Patients who test positive for HBcAb should undergo additional HBV-DNA testing to allow accurate HBV screening and prevent infection of other patients.
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An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the benefits of young individual-derived blood for aging-related diseases. However, the effects of young blood on the cognitive and cholinergic transmission defects in aging-associated Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain elusive. In the current study, we showed that young blood serum delivered intravenously attenuated deficits in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, alleviated hippocampal Aß plaque pathology, restored synapse formation and synaptic plasticity, repaired the hippocampal cholinergic circuit, and triggered several canonical neuroprotective mechanisms [including repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST)/Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) signaling] in aged AD model mice. However, pharmacological blockage of hippocampal cholinergic activity nearly abrogated the neuroprotective actions of young blood serum in AD mice. Thus, our findings suggest that exogenous young blood serum exerts therapeutic effects on AD-associated cognitive disorders and pathology by promoting hippocampal cholinergic input and simultaneously activating other neuroprotective mechanisms.