ABCG2/BCRP decreases the transfer of a food-born chemical carcinogen, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in perfused term human placenta.

We have studied the role of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters in fetal exposure to carcinogens using 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) a known substrate for ABC transporters as a model compound. In perfusion of human term placenta, transfer of (14)C-PhIP (2 microM) through the placenta resulted in fetal-to-maternal concentration ratio (FM ratio) of 0.72+/-0.09 at 6 h. The specific ABCG2 inhibitor KO143 increased the transfer of (14)C-PhIP from maternal to fetal circulation (FM ratio 0.90+/-0.08 at 6 h, p<0.05) while the ABCC1/ABCC2 inhibitor probenecid had no effect (FM ratio at 6 h 0.75+/-0.10, p=0.84). There was a negative correlation between the expression of ABCG2 protein in perfused tissue and the FM ratio of (14)C-PhIP (R=-0.81, p<0.01) at the end of the perfusion. The expression of ABCC2 protein did not correlate with FM ratio of PhIP (R: -0.11, p=0.76). In addition, PhIP induced the expression of ABC transporters in BeWo cells at mRNA level. In conclusion, our data indicates that ABCG2 decreases placental transfer of (14)C-PhIP in perfused human placenta. Also, PhIP may modify ABC transporter expression in choriocarcinoma cells.

ABCB1 and ABCG2 expression in the placenta and fetus: an interspecies comparison.

IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD: ABCB1 and ABCG2 are efflux transporters which have a major impact on the pharmacological behavior of numerous drugs. They are expressed, for example, in the intestine, liver, kidney, BBB and placenta. It has become evident that ABCB1 and ABCG2 modify the pharmaco/toxicokinetics in the placenta and fetus and may consequently affect the outcome of pregnancy. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW: Comprehensive literature searches were done using PubMed (until June 2010) to identify publications on ABCB1 and ABCG2 expression in placenta and fetal tissues in human, mouse, rat, guinea-pig and rabbit. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN: In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporter expression profiles in the placenta and fetal tissues in humans relative to other species. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: The available information on ABCB1 and ABCG2 temporal expression profiles in placenta and fetus indicates rather good correlation among human, mouse and rat although some specific differences have been reported. However, at this point no detailed comparisons or comparative functional data are available. Detailed knowledge on the expression patterns and functional activity of ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters placenta and developing embryo/fetus in different species could possibly help the interspecies extrapolation.

Preliminary interlaboratory comparison of the ex vivo dual human placental perfusion system.

As a part of EU-project ReProTect, a comparison of the dual re-circulating human placental perfusion system was carried out, by two independent research groups. The detailed placental transfer data of model compounds [antipyrine, benzo(a)pyrene, PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine) and IQ (2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline] has been/will be published separately. For this project, a comparative re-analysis was done, by curve fitting the data and calculating two endpoints: AUC(120), defined as the area under the curve between time 0 and time 120 min and as t(0.5), defined as the time when the fetal to maternal concentration ratio is expected to be 0.5. The transport of the compounds from maternal to fetal circulation across the perfused placenta could be ranked in the order of antipyrine>IQ>PhIP in terms of both t(0.5) and AUC(120) by both partners. For benzo(a)pyrene the curve fitting failed. These prevalidation results give confidence for harmonization of the placental perfusion system to be used as one of the test methods in a panel for reproductive toxicology to model placental transfer in humans.

Developmental expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporter proteins in human placenta and fetal tissues.

Transporter proteins and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes have a crucial role in the fate of xenobiotics in human body. The expression in human placenta and fetal tissues of the proteins most commonly participating in pharmaco/toxicokinetics is reviewed. In case human data are not available, relevant animal data are included. Among transporter proteins ABC transporters, monoamine transporters and organic anion transporters are pharmacologically and toxicologically of main interest. From xenobiotic enzymes, both CYP enzymes and transferases are expressed in fetal liver already during pregnancy. In the placenta, the variety of enzymes is much more restricted. During development dynamic changes occur in both xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Although the knowledge has increased substantially over the past years it is apparent from the literature that there are uncharacterized areas, especially regarding developmental expression patterns and regulation of transporters in fetal tissues and placenta. Knowledge about tissue-specific distribution and functional significance will aid our understanding of the differences in drug response and risks for adverse events during fetal development.