RESUMO
Regeneration of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) under controlled conditions has a lot of promise to emulate the pancreatic mechanism in vivo as a foundation of cell-based diabetic therapy. l-Glutamic acid-gelatin scaffolds with orderly pore sizes of 160 and 200 µm were grafted with activin A and bone morphogenic proteins 4 (BMP4) to differentiate iPSCs into definitive endoderm (DE) cells, which were then guided with fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7)-grafted retinoic acid (RA)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (FR-SLNs) to harvest IPCs. Response surface methodology was adopted to optimize the l-glutamic acid-to-gelatin ratio of scaffolds and to optimize surfactant concentration and lipid proportion in FR-SLNs. Experimental results of immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and western blots revealed that activin A (100 ng/mL)-BMP4 (50 ng/mL)-l-glutamic acid (5%)-gelatin (95%) scaffolds provoked the largest number of SOX17-positive DE cells from iPSCs. Treatment with FGF7 (50 ng/mL)-RA (600 ng/mL)-SLNs elicited the highest number of PDX1-positive ß-cells from differentiated DE cells. To imitate the natural pancreas, the scaffolds with controlled topography were appropriate for IPC production with sufficient insulin secretion. Hence, the current scheme using FR-SLNs and activin A-BMP4-l-glutamic acid-gelatin scaffolds in the two-stage differentiation of iPSCs can be promising for replacing impaired ß-cells in diabetic management.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Nanopartículas , Humanos , Gelatina/farmacologia , Ácido Glutâmico , Pâncreas , Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 4/farmacologiaRESUMO
Inhibition to glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) propagation is a critical challenge in clinical practice because binding of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) to caspase prevents cancer cells from death. In this study, folic acid (FA), lactoferrin (Lf) and rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) were grafted on lipopolymers (LPs) composed of poly(ε-caprolactone) and Compritol 888 ATO to encapsulate AZD5582 (AZD), GDC0152 (GDC) and curcumin (CURC). The standard deviations of initial particle diameter and particle diameter after storage for 30 days were involved in LP composition optimization. The functionalized LPs were used to permeate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and constrain IAP quantity in GBM cells. Experimental results revealed that an increase in Span 20 (emulsifier) concentration enlarged the size of LPs, and enhanced the entrapment and releasing efficiency of AZD, DGC and CURC. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra showed that the hydrogen bonds between the LPs and drugs supported the sustained release of AZD, DGC and CURC from the LPs. The LPs modified with the three targeting biomolecules facilitated the penetration of AZD, GDC and CURC across the BBB, and could recognize U87MG cells and human brain cancer stem cells. Immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry and western blot demonstrated that CURC-incorporated LPs enhanced AZD and GDC activity in suppressing cellular IAP 1 (cIAP1) and X-linked IAP (XIAP) levels, and raising caspase-3 level in GBM. Surface FA, Lf and RVG also promoted the ability of the drug-loaded LPs to avoid carcinoma growth. The current FA-, Lf- and RVG-crosslinked LPs carrying AZD, DGC and CURC can be promising in hindering IAP expressions for GBM management.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas , Curcumina , Glioblastoma , Humanos , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/patologia , Curcumina/farmacologia , Curcumina/uso terapêutico , Curcumina/química , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , ApoptoseRESUMO
Upregulated proliferation of neoplastic cells from suppressing apoptotic signals associated with the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP) makes difficult the achievement of therapeutic efficiency against glioblastoma multiforme. Studies in the last few years have witnessed a paradigm focusing on targeting IAP using its antagonists, such as Smac mimetics, to restrain tumor malignancy. A Smac mimetic compound needs to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and must be internalized into cerebral tumor for improved chemotherapy. Rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) and lactoferrin (Lf)-grafted liposomes were developed in this study to carry two IAP antagonists, AZD5582 and SM-164, across the BBB and to induce apoptosis in U87 MG and human brain cancer stem cells (HBCSCs). Liposomes modified with RVG slightly reduced BBB tightness and enhanced capability of AZD5582 and SM-164 for traversing the barrier because of their brain-targeting ability. Immunofluorescence and western-blot results revealed that AZD5582- and SM-164-encapsulated liposomes facilitated mutual curative intensity, effectively triggered apoptosis of U87 MG and HBCSCs, reduced the expression of cellular IAP 1 (cIAP1) and X-linked IAP (XIAP), and enhanced the expression of caspase-3. Hence, RGV-Lf-liposomes carrying AZD5582 and SM-164 can be promising formulations to activate apoptosis of U87 MG and HBCSCs, and this functionalized drug delivery system targeting cIAP and XIAP is a potential strategy to cure glioblastoma in clinical cancer management.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioblastoma , Vírus da Raiva , Alcinos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Apoptose , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Lactoferrina/farmacologia , Lipossomos/farmacologia , Oligopeptídeos , TriazóisRESUMO
The unique structural characteristics and superior biocompatibility make the protein nanofibers promising immobilization platforms/substrates for catalysts/enzymes. Metal nanoparticles have been employed as the catalysts in industries due to their excellent catalytic activity and stability, whereas their high surface energy leads to nanoparticle aggregation, thereby hampering their catalytic performance. Here, amyloid fibril (AF) derived from whey protein isolate (WPI) was chosen as the support of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and utilized for the catalytic reduction of methylene blue (MB). The one-dimensional amyloid-based hybrid materials (AgNP/WPI-AF) were first synthesized via chemical or photochemical route. The characterization of AgNP/WPI-AF by UV-vis spectrophotometry and electron microscopy revealed that the sizes of AgNP on WPI-AF's surface ranged from 2 to 30 nm. Next, the catalytic performances of AgNP/WPI-AF prepared by various routes for MB degradation were investigated. Additionally, the kinetic data were analyzed using two different models and the apparent rate constants and thermodynamic parameters were further determined accordingly. Moreover, the reusability of AgNP/WPI-AF was assessed by monitoring the percentage removal of MB over consecutive filtering cycles. Our results indicated that Langmuir-Hinshelwood-type mechanism better described the catalytic MB reduction using AgNP/WPI-AF. This work provides a nice example of application of nanoparticle-amyloid fibril composite materials for catalysis.
Assuntos
Nanopartículas Metálicas , Prata , Amiloide , Catálise , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Azul de Metileno/química , Prata/química , Proteínas do Soro do LeiteRESUMO
In recent years, Ru(II) complexes have gained high importance in medicinal chemistry due to their significant anti-cancer activities, which are directly related to their DNA binding ability. In this report, the chemistry and cytotoxicity of two new Ru(II) complexes containing imidazole pyridine (Ru-1) and imidazole quinoline (Ru-2) have been studied. The prepared compounds were characterized using infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectral techniques. The structural analyses show that the Ru(II) complexes exhibit a 'piano stool' coordination geometry and they are composed of one bound arene, two sigma bonded benzil nitrogen atoms, and labile chlorine linked to Ru(II). The photo-physical properties of these complexes were examined, and they exhibit absorption peaks at 260 nm and 380 nm, which are due to the involvement of intra-ligand charge transitions (ILCT) and metal-to-ligand charge transitions (MLCT), respectively. The binding process of the Ru(II) complexes with DNA and BSA is non-covalent in nature and the binding constants of Ru-1 and Ru-2 complexes with DNA and BSA were found to be 1 × 105 M-1 and 1 × 103 M-1, respectively. In the presence of the Ru(II) complexes, ethidium bromide (EtBr) is competitively displaced from DNA by intercalation of the Ru(II) complexes in DNA and it is well corroborated by viscosity and in silico studies. Both the ligands and Ru(II) complexes were carefully investigated in vitro for cytotoxicity against HeLa, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cells. Surprisingly, both Ru(II) complexes exhibit superior cytotoxicity to cisplatin with a low LD50 value against the examined cancer cells. Besides, an insignificant effect on HEK normal cells (LD50 > 140 µM) was observed.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Complexos de Coordenação , Quinolinas , Rutênio , Humanos , Rutênio/química , Ligantes , Complexos de Coordenação/química , Estrutura Molecular , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , DNA/química , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
Advances in liposomal formulation carrying multiple neuroprotective drugs, such as ceftriaxone (CEF), FK506, and nilotinib, can point toward an approach to obviating the difficulties in Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment. We prepared functionalized liposomes decorated with glutathione (GSH) to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cardiolipin (CL) to link up apoptotic neurons. Further, the effect of CEF-FK506-nilotinib-GSH-CL-liposomes on a PD model established by SH-SY5Y cells with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced neurotoxicity was investigated. An increment of the mole percentage of dihexadecyl phosphate and CL increased the particle size and the absolute value of ζ potential, improved the entrapment efficiency of CEF, FK506, and nilotinib, and reduced the drug-releasing rate. The toxicity studies revealed that CEF, FK506, and nilotinib-encapsulated liposomes could enhance the survival of SH-SY5Y cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence revealed that incorporation of CL in a lipid bilayer ameliorated the docking of CEF-FK506-nilotinib-GSH-CL-liposomes at α-synuclein (α-syn), indicating a better targeting capability of the liposomes to degenerated neurons. Treatment with CEF-FK506-nilotinib-GSH-CL-liposomes reduced the expression of Bax and α-syn and promoted the expression of Bcl-2, tyrosine hydroxylase, and the dopamine transporter. GSH- and CL-conjugated liposomes showed combined activity of targeting the BBB and α-syn and augmented the efficiency of the three drugs in rescuing dopaminergic neurons for neurodegenerative therapy.
Assuntos
Dopamina , Lipossomos , Ceftriaxona/farmacologia , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos , Glutationa , Pirimidinas , TacrolimoRESUMO
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), present biomedical challenges due to inability of pharmaceuticals to permeate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and lack of therapeutic specificity in definite sites against multiple pathologies. Phosphatidylcholine (PC)-liposomes carrying curcumin (CURC), quercetin (QU), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and rosmarinic acid (RA) with crosslinked glutathione (GSH) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) were fabricated to recognize brain microvascular endothelial cells and amyloid beta (Aß), and reduce tau protein hyperphosphorylation for AD management. Addition of stearic acid to liposomal bilayers ameliorated particle stability, promoted drug entrapment efficiency, and prolonged drug release duration. The triple targeting liposomes boosted the capability of CURC, QU, EGCG and RA for crossing the BBB with the assistance of grafted GSH and ApoE and docking Aß around SK-N-MC cells using ApoE and PC. Moreover, GSH-ApoE-PC-liposomes benefited the 4 medicines in simultaneously transporting to Aß1-42-insulted neurons, in functioning against hyperphosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases, including p-c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, p-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 and p-p38, in downregulating tau protein at S202, caspase-3 and interleukin-6, and in upregulating p-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein. GSH-ApoE-PC-liposomes can be promising colloidal carriers in delivering CURC, QU, EGCG and RA to degenerated neural tissue in a controlled manner, targeting pathological factors for neuroprotection, and raising preclinical effectualness for AD treatment.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides , Apolipoproteínas E , Células Endoteliais , Glutationa , Humanos , Lipossomos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno , NeurôniosRESUMO
Heap-up of α-synuclein (α-Syn) and its association with tau protein are esteemed to trigger the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to develop multi-functional liposomes incorporated with 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and phosphatidylserine (PS) to load astragaloside IV (AS-IV) and nestifin-1 (NF-1), followed by grafting with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and leptin (Lep) (WGA-Lep-AS-IV-NF-1-PS-liposomes) to protect dopaminergic neurons from apoptosis. Experimental results showed that increasing the mole percentage of DSPC and PS enhanced the particle size, particle stability and entrapment efficiency of AS-IV and NF-1, and reduced the drug releasing rate. Strong affinity of NF-1 to PS was evidenced by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. WGA-Lep-AS-IV-NF-1-PS-liposomes diminished transendothelial electrical resistance and improved the capacity of propidium iodide, AS-IV and NF-1 to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Immunocytochemical staining exhibited the ability of functionalized liposomes to target Lep receptor and α-Syn in MPP+-insulted SH-SY5Y cells. Western blots revealed a substantial reduction of α-Syn and phosphorylated tau protein in the anti-oxidative pathway through interaction with PS. During the course of treatment with WGA-Lep-AS-IV-NF-1-PS-liposomes, the combined activity of AS-IV and NF-1 and recognition capability simultaneously decreased the expression of Bax, and increased the expressions of Bcl-2, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter. The liposomes carrying AS-IV and NF-1 can rescue degenerated neurons and are a promising formulation to achieve better PD management.
Assuntos
Lipossomos , Doença de Parkinson , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos , Humanos , Leptina , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Fosfatidilserinas , Saponinas , Triterpenos , Aglutininas do Germe de Trigo , Proteínas tauRESUMO
Complex liposomes were assembled with 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, dihexadecyl phosphate (DHDP), cholesterol and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (PA) to act as drug carriers for resveratrol (RES) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The liposomes were modified with leptin (Lep) on the surface to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and to rescue degenerated dopaminergic neurons. The activity of RES and EGCG against neurotoxicity was investigated using an in vitro neurodegenerative model established by SH-SY5Y cells with an insult of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). The results indicated that increasing the mole percentage of DHDP and PA increased the particle size and absolute zeta potential value, and improved the entrapment efficiency of RES and EGCG; however, this increase reduced the release rate of RES and EGCG and the grafting efficiency of Lep. The ability of Lep/RES-EGCG-PA-liposomes to cross the BBB was found to be higher than that of non-modified liposomes. Further, the addition of PA and Lep into liposomes enhanced cell viability and target efficiency. The immunofluorescence results demonstrated that the conjugation of Lep with liposomes enabled the docking of HBMECs and SH-SY5Y cells via Lep receptor, and enhanced their ability to permeate the BBB and cellular uptake. Immunofluorescence and western blot analysis also revealed that RES and EGCG encapsulated into liposomes could be a neural defensive strategy by reducing the apoptosis promotor protein Bcl-2 associated X protein and α-synuclein, and enhancement in the apoptosis inhibitor protein B cell lymphoma 2, tyrosine hydroxylase, and the dopamine transporter. Hence, Lep-PA-liposomes can be an excellent choice of potential delivery system for PD treatment.
Assuntos
Lipossomos , Doença de Parkinson , Apoptose , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos , Humanos , Leptina , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Ácidos Fosfatídicos , Resveratrol/farmacologiaRESUMO
Amphiphilic solid lipid nanoparticles (ASLNs) with surface PPFLMLLKGSTR peptide (Ln5-P4) (Ln5-P4/ASLNs) were prepared to load nerve growth factor (NGF) and retinoic acid (RA) and to guide the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) toward neurons. Beeswax (BW) and lecithin played predominant roles in microemulsion and in the average diameter, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency of NGF and RA and release kinetics of NGF- and RA-loaded Ln5-P4/ASLNs (Ln5-P4/NGF-RA-ASLNs). An increasing BW weight percentage from 0% to 75% decreased the particle size and zeta potential along with improved encapsulation efficiency of RA and NGF with enhanced positive expression of ß-tubulin III to 93.72% in cultured cells. Strong affinity of Ln5-P4/NGF-RA-ASLNs to α3ß1 integrin expressed on iPSCs facilitated internalization of Ln5-P4/NGF-RA-ASLNs. The capability of Ln5-P4/NGF-RA-ASLNs to induce neuronal differentiation was much higher than that of free NGF-ASLNs and RA-ASLNs, as visualized using immunochemical staining. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that Ln5-P4 on NGF-RA-ASLNs promoted the uptake of NGF and RA by iPSCs and accelerated neuronal production. Ln5-P4/NGF-RA-ASLNs are a promising colloidal delivery system to generate mature neurons from iPSCs and can be potential for treating neurodegenerative disease and nerve injury in regeneration medicine.
Assuntos
Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas , Nanopartículas , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Diferenciação Celular , Humanos , Integrinas , LipídeosRESUMO
This study analyzes the varying electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) during their differentiation towards neurons. Electrophoresis of primary BMSCs and neuron growth factor (NGF)-induced neuron-like cells with the uptake of heparin-functionalized poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) are also investigated. Immunofluorescent images revealed that a high concentration of NGF accelerated the differentiation of BMSCs into neurons. When the concentration of NGF increased, the absolute values of electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential of the differentiating BMSCs increased. In addition, a longer inductive period yielded higher charge of the differentiating BMSCs and a smaller uptake amount of heparin-functionalized PLGA NPs. However, an increase in the loading efficiency of heparin on PLGA NPs enhanced the uptake and reduced the electrical characteristics of the primary and differentiating BMSCs. Hence, a general rule is drawn that an increase in the uptake of heparin-functionalized PLGA NPs decreased the electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential of BMSCs during differentiation towards neurons.
Assuntos
Células da Medula Óssea/química , Eletroforese Capilar/métodos , Heparina/química , Nanopartículas/química , Poliglactina 910/química , Células Estromais/química , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea/citologia , Células da Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Imunofluorescência , Heparina/farmacocinética , Humanos , Microscopia Confocal , Nanopartículas/ultraestrutura , Fator de Crescimento Neural/metabolismo , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Poliglactina 910/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Células Estromais/citologia , Células Estromais/metabolismoRESUMO
A uniform distribution of chondrocytes in 3D scaffolds is a critical challenge to cartilage regeneration. This study aims to resolve the problem by showing uniformly distributed chondrogenesis in chitin/chitosan matrix with pores of inverted colloidal crystal (ICC) structure. The results revealed that the effect of solvent on the regularity of colloidal crystal arrays was in the order of ethanol > ethylene glycol > acetone. When the concentration of chitin/chitosan gel was <2.5%, the porosity of ICC scaffolds with pure ethanol was approximately 84%. The highly porous freeform scaffolds produced random and unconnected pores, in general. The viability of bovine knee chondrocytes (BKCs) in ICC constructs was >92%. Over 4 weeks of cultivation, the percentage of biodegradation of ICC scaffolds with pure ethanol was approximately 34%. The order in the produced BKCs, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and collagen was freeform constructs > ICC constructs with pure ethanol > ICC constructs with 95% acetone. However, the spatial distribution of BKCs in ICC constructs was more uniform than that in freeform constructs. In addition, BKCs could secrete GAGs and type II collagen in the core of ICC constructs, indicating the maintenance of phenotypic chondrocytes and their metabolism. The ICC constructs with well-controlled pore regularity and unique topography can generate uniform tissue-engineered cartilage.
Assuntos
Cartilagem/fisiologia , Coloides/química , Animais , Materiais Biocompatíveis , Bovinos , Coloides/metabolismo , Cristalização , Imunofluorescência , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Regeneração , Engenharia TecidualRESUMO
Quercetin (QU) and rosmarinic acid (RA) were loaded in phosphatidic acid-liposomes (QU/RA-PA-liposomes) with surface apolipoprotein E (ApoE) using a process of thin-film hydration, followed by covalent crosslinking to activate biological pathways for penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and redeeming the neuronal apoptosis from attack of ß-amyloid 1-42 (Aß1-42) and neurofibrillary tangles. The conjugation of liposomes with PA improved the activity of QU and RA against neurotoxicity of Aß1-42. The fluorescent images of brain capillaries revealed that surface modification with ApoE improved the permeation ability of QU/RA-PA-ApoE-liposomes across the BBB. In addition, the highest therapeutic efficacy was obtained in the case of QU/RA-PA-ApoE-liposomes, compared to other QU/RA formulations studied using in vivo Aß1-42-insulted rats mimicking Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cellular and molecular evidence from AD rats included the decrease in Aß1-42 plaque formation and interleukin-6 secretion, increase in the neuronal count in Nissl staining, and reduction in the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 kinase and tau protein at serine 202 as well as caspase-3. The use of PA-ApoE-liposomes as a dual targeting formulation enhances the QU and RA ability to infiltrate the BBB, docks Aß1-42 plaques and can be a potent approach to rescue degenerated neurons from AD.
Assuntos
Cinamatos/farmacologia , Depsídeos/farmacologia , Lipossomos/química , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Quercetina/farmacologia , Proteínas tau/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Apolipoproteínas E/efeitos dos fármacos , Caspase 3/efeitos dos fármacos , Cinamatos/administração & dosagem , Depsídeos/administração & dosagem , Combinação de Medicamentos , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-6/biossíntese , Proteínas Quinases JNK Ativadas por Mitógeno/efeitos dos fármacos , Quercetina/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Ácido RosmarínicoRESUMO
Cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (CSLNs) with entrapped saquinavir (SQV) were fabricated by microemulsion method. Here, CSLNs were stabilized by polysorbate 80, and the lipid phase contained cationic stearylamine (SA) and dioctadecyldimethyl ammonium bromide (DODAB) and nonionic Compritol 888 ATO (CA) and cacao butter (CB). Properties of the present pharmaceutical formulations including the entrapment efficiency, the release kinetics, and the distribution of SQV in CSLNs were analyzed. The results indicated that a mixture of SA and DODAB and a mixture of CA and CB were beneficial to the entrapment efficiency of SQV. However, an increase in the content of cationic lipids insignificantly affected the entrapment efficiency of SQV when the weight percentage of SA and DODAB was greater than 1% during emulsification. Also, the rate of SQV released from CSLNs with lipid cores of a mixture of CA and CB was slower than that of pure CB. The temporal variation in the released SQV suggested that the carriers could be sustained delivery systems with no apparent initial burst. Hence, the current CSLNs could carry SQV for the improved medication of individuals infected by human immunodeficiency viruses.
Assuntos
Portadores de Fármacos/química , Excipientes/química , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/química , Saquinavir/química , Aminas/química , Cacau/química , Cátions/química , Emulsões , Ácidos Graxos/química , Lipídeos/química , Nanopartículas , Polissorbatos/química , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário/químicaRESUMO
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD), a commonly encountered neurodegenerative disorder, causes cognitive decline and has a devastating effect on the quality of life. AD occurs mainly through abnormal amyloid ß peptide (Aß) and tau protein (tau) activity around/in neurons. Aß-based therapeutic techniques have been struggled to treat AD over the past few decades. In addition, the complexity in treating AD is due to diverse factors regulating its pathology. Areas covered: This review emphasizes recent advances regarding various pathological approaches and provides an overview of the most recent medications for AD. The authors focus on the regulatory factors, which mediate AD pathology, and discuss a variety of newly developed drugs and compounds used to inhibit ß-secretase and γ-secretase activity, remove oligomeric Aß and aggregated Aß that is given responsibility in the amyloid cascade hypothesis, prevent tau hyperphosphorylation, restrain phosphorylated tau (p-tau) aggregation, remove aggregated p-tau that is proposed in tauopathy, and other related pathways. Expert opinion: The approaches to the treatment of AD towards Aß and tau have failed in most clinical attempts due to insufficient disease models arising from complex AD biology. It is the time to look for other approaches and pathological factors to cure AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas tau/efeitos dos fármacos , HumanosRESUMO
Liposomes (lip) carrying pharmaceuticals have shown promise in their ability to advance the therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. However, the low nerve-targeting capacity and poor penetration rate of lip through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are major hurdles to achieving successful treatment. Herein, we developed lip incorporating cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidic acid (PA) to promote their capability against hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and a transactivator of transcription (TAT) peptide to permeate the BBB for delivering nerve growth factor (NGF), rosmarinic acid (RA), curcumin (CURC) and quercetin (QU). We derived an optimization method to assess a better composition of phospholipids in the lip loaded with the four medicines. Experimental results revealed that this optimized lip increased the viability of SK-N-MC cells insulted with ß-amyloid peptide (Aß) fibrils and prevented Wistar rat brain from producing hyperphosphorylated tau. CL and PA and the grafted TAT peptide on the carrier surface improved the rescue efficiency by inhibiting Aß deposition and reducing the expressions of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, p38, tau at serine 202 and caspase-3. The lip also enhanced the expressions of p-ERK5 and p-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein. The amalgamated activity of NGF, RA, CURC and QU, and the effect of charged CL/PA on Aß deposits supported the therapeutic efficacy of lip. The optimized TAT-NGF-RA-CURC-QU-CL/PA-lip can be a capable drug delivery system to cross the BBB and protect Alzheimer's disease brains from tau hyperphosphorylation. STATEMENTS OF SIGNIFICANCE: The therapeutic efficiency of liposomes (lip) against neurodegenerative disorder depends on their nerve-targeting capacity and ability to permeate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Lip was developed incorporating cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidic acid (PA) to promote their target specificity against hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and a transactivator of transcription (TAT) peptide to permeate the BBB. We have successfully derived an optimization method using a new mathematical expression for the first time to assess a better composition of phospholipids in lip loaded with nerve growth factor (NGF), rosmarinic acid (RA), curcumin (CURC) and quercetin (QU). The optimized TAT-NGF-RA-CURC-QU-CL/PA-lip efficaciously down-regulated the expressions of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, p38, tau at serine 202 and caspase-3, and up-regulated the expressions of p-ERK5 and p-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein in Alzheimer's disease Wistar rat model.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Curcumina , Hipocampo , Fator de Crescimento Neural , Neurônios , Quercetina , Transativadores , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Animais , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Barreira Hematoencefálica/patologia , Curcumina/química , Curcumina/farmacocinética , Curcumina/farmacologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patologia , Humanos , Lipossomos , Fator de Crescimento Neural/química , Fator de Crescimento Neural/farmacocinética , Fator de Crescimento Neural/farmacologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Quercetina/química , Quercetina/farmacocinética , Quercetina/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Transativadores/química , Transativadores/farmacocinética , Transativadores/farmacologiaRESUMO
Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and folic acid (FA)-grafted methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG)poly(εcaprolactone) (PCL) nanoparticles (WFNPs) were applied to transport anticancer drugs across the blood-brain barrier and treat glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). PCL was copolymerized with MPEG, and MPEG-PCL NPs were stabilized with pluronic F127 using a microemulsion-solvent evaporation technique and crosslinked with WGA and FA. The targeting ability of WFNPs loaded with etoposide (ETO), carmustine (BCNU) and doxorubicin (DOX) was investigated via the binding affinity of drug-loaded NP formulations to Nacetylglucosamine expressed in human brain microvascular endothelial cells and to folate receptor in malignant U87MG cells. We found that a shorter PCL chain in drug-loaded MPEG-PCL NPs yielded a smaller average size of the particles. An increase in PCL chain length (stronger hydrophobicity) enhanced drug entrapment efficiencies in MPEG-PCL NPs, and reduced drug-releasing rates from NP formulations. In addition, anti-proliferative activity against U87MG cells for the 3 drugs followed the order of WFNPsâ¯>â¯FA-grafted NPsâ¯>â¯WGA-grafted NPsâ¯>â¯MPEG-PCL NPs. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the ligands of drug-loaded WFNPs connected to Nacetylglucosamine and folate receptor with the help of surface WGA and FA. WFNPs carrying ETO, BCNU and DOX acted as dual-targeting nanocarriers, and their use can be a promising approach to inhibiting GBM growth in the brain.
Assuntos
Doxorrubicina , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Etoposídeo , Ácido Fólico , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Nanopartículas , Poliésteres , Polietilenoglicóis , Aglutininas do Germe de Trigo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Doxorrubicina/química , Doxorrubicina/farmacologia , Etoposídeo/química , Etoposídeo/farmacologia , Ácido Fólico/química , Ácido Fólico/farmacologia , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/patologia , Humanos , Nanopartículas/química , Nanopartículas/uso terapêutico , Poliésteres/química , Poliésteres/farmacologia , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Polietilenoglicóis/farmacologia , Aglutininas do Germe de Trigo/química , Aglutininas do Germe de Trigo/farmacologiaRESUMO
The use of chemotherapy against brain tumors faces various limitations to achieving its therapeutic effect, due to both the inability of anticancer agents to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the formation of brain cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Without adequate exposure, these chemotherapeutic drugs cannot have an antiproliferative effect on the tumors. Here, we developed curcumin (CCM)-loaded chitosan-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) modified with sialic acid (SA) to permeate the BBB and with anti-aldehyde dehydrogenase (anti-ALDH) to target BCSCs. An increased chitosan concentration plays a pivotal role in maintaining a steady release of CCM from NPs. The viability of BBB cells and transendothelial electrical resistance were maintained after treatment with NPs for 4â¯h. Immunochemical staining of human brain microvascular endothelial cells confirmed that modification of SA on the surface of NPs greatly helped in permeation of the BBB through the use of N-acetylglucosamine. In addition, immunofluorescence images evidenced the assistance of anti-ALDH in inhibiting U87MG cells and BCSCs through targeting ALDH. ALDH was colocalized with CD44 in U87MG cells and BCSCs. The cell viability assay of U87MG cells and BCSCs supported the high level of inhibition after treatment with anti-ALDH-modified NPs. The drug delivery system in this study was designed in such a way to deliver CCM into the brain and subsequently inhibit the proliferation of glioblastoma cells and BCSCs.
Assuntos
Aldeído Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Curcumina/farmacologia , Receptores de Hialuronatos/metabolismo , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/química , Nanopartículas/química , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Impedância Elétrica , Células Endoteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Nanopartículas/ultraestrutura , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Tamanho da Partícula , Permeabilidade , Espectroscopia Fotoeletrônica , Eletricidade EstáticaRESUMO
Of late, cancer has become a terrible disease affecting people throughout the world. Keeping this in mind, we tried to design drugs that are more lipophilic, target-specific, water-soluble, cytoselective and fluorescent. In this regard, we reported novel ruthenium(ii)-p-cymene imidazophenanthroline scaffolds as effective DNA targeting agents. The planarity of imidazophenanthroline ligands caused the Ru(ii) complex to be a good intercalator. An extended π-electronic conjugation was introduced in the imidazophenanthroline moieties through the Suzuki and Sonogashira coupling reactions. Here, we synthesized nine Ru(ii) complexes (16a-b, 17a-d, and 19a-c). Among these, [(η6-p-cymene)RuCl(K2-N,N-2-(4'-methyl-[1,1'-BIphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline)]·PF6 (16b) exhibited the best potency and selectivity with excellent cellular uptake; [(η6-p-cymene)RuCl(K2-N,N-2-(4-(phenylethynyl)phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline)]·PF6 (17a) acted as a cytoselective probe for live cell imaging.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/análise , Complexos de Coordenação/análise , Cimenos/análise , Substâncias Luminescentes/análise , Imagem Óptica , Fenantrolinas/análise , Rutênio/análise , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Sobrevivência Celular , Complexos de Coordenação/síntese química , Complexos de Coordenação/química , Cimenos/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células HeLa , Humanos , Ligantes , Substâncias Luminescentes/síntese química , Substâncias Luminescentes/química , Estrutura Molecular , Fenantrolinas/química , Rutênio/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Significant involvement of oxidative stress in the brain can develop Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, a great number of clinical trials explains the limited success of antioxidant therapy in dealing with this neurodegenerative disease. Here, we established a lipopolymer system of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) incorporated with phosphatidic acid (PA) and modified with sialic acid (SA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine-moduline (5HTM) to improve quercetin (QU) activity against oxidative stress induced by amyloid-ß (Aß) deposits. Morphological studies revealed a uniform exterior of QU-SA-5HTM-PA-PLGA NPs with a spherical structure and enhanced aggregation with inclusion of PA in the formulation. A better brain-targeted delivery of the lipopolymeric NPs was verified from the high blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of QU through strong interactions of surface SA and 5HTM with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine and 5-HT1B receptors, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining images also supported QU-SA-5HTM-PA-PLGA NPs to traverse the microvessels of AD rat brain. Western blot analysis showed that QU-loaded PA-PLGA NPs suppressed caspase-3 expression. The ability of the nanocarriers to recognize Aß fibrils was demonstrated from the reduced senile plaque formation and the attenuated acetylcholinesterase and malondialdehyde activity in the hippocampus. Hence, the medication of QU-SA-5HTM-PA-PLGA NPs can facilitate the BBB penetration and prevent Aß accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and neuronal apoptosis for the AD management.