RESUMO
The Virtual Special Issue entitled "Tackling Water Security" is mainly focused on water availability, water quality, management, governance, biotic or abiotic emerging contaminants and policy development in the Anthropocene. The issue is further dedicated to highlight the new opportunities and approaches to elevate the efficiency of water treatment and wastewater reuse. It has undergone an open call for papers and rigorous peer-review process, where each submission has been evaluated by the panel of experts. 43 articles have been selected from 85 submissions that represents the ongoing research and development activities. The message that emerged explicitly from nearly a hundred submissions to this special issue is that there is an urgent global need for cross-cutting approaches for the rational, quick, cost-effective and sustainable solutions for tackling water-security in the Anthropocene.
Assuntos
Mudança Climática , Purificação da Água , Qualidade da Água , Abastecimento de ÁguaRESUMO
In the initial pandemic phase, effluents from wastewater treatment facilities were reported mostly free from Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA, and thus conventional wastewater treatments were generally considered effective. However, there is a lack of first-hand data on i) comparative efficacy of various treatment processes for SARS-CoV-2 RNA removal; and ii) temporal variations in the removal efficacy of a given treatment process in the backdrop of active COVID-19 cases. This work provides a comparative account of the removal efficacy of conventional activated sludge (CAS) and root zone treatments (RZT) based on weekly wastewater surveillance data, consisting of forty-four samples, during a two-month period. The average genome concentration was higher in the inlets of CAS-based wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the Sargasan ward (1.25 × 103 copies/ L), than that of RZT-based WWTP (7.07 × 102 copies/ L) in an academic institution campus of Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. ORF 1ab and S genes appeared to be more sensitive to treatment i.e., significantly reduced (p < 0.05) than N genes (p > 0.05). CAS treatment exhibited better RNA removal efficacy (p = 0.014) than RZT (p = 0.032). Multivariate analyses suggested that the effective genome concentration should be calculated based on the presence/absence of multiple genes. The present study stresses that treated effluents are not always free from SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and the removal efficacy of a given WWTP is prone to exhibit temporal variability owing to variations in active COVID-19 cases in the vicinity and genetic material accumulation over the time. Disinfection seems less effective than the adsorption and coagulation processes for SARS-CoV-2 removal. Results stress the need for further research on mechanistic insight on SARS-CoV-2 removal through various treatment processes taking solid-liquid partitioning into account.
RESUMO
In clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), specificity and selectivity for cargoes are thought to be tightly regulated by cargo-specific adaptors for distinct cellular functions. Here, we show that the actin-binding protein girdin is a regulator of cargo-selective CME. Girdin interacts with dynamin 2, a GTPase that excises endocytic vesicles from the plasma membrane, and functions as its GTPase-activating protein. Interestingly, girdin depletion leads to the defect in clathrin-coated pit formation in the center of cells. Also, we find that girdin differentially interacts with some cargoes, which competitively prevents girdin from interacting with dynamin 2 and confers the cargo selectivity for CME. Therefore, girdin regulates transferrin and E-cadherin endocytosis in the center of cells and their subsequent polarized intracellular localization, but has no effect on integrin and epidermal growth factor receptor endocytosis that occurs at the cell periphery. Our results reveal that girdin regulates selective CME via a mechanism involving dynamin 2, but not by operating as a cargo-specific adaptor.
Assuntos
Dinamina II/metabolismo , Endocitose , Células Epiteliais/fisiologia , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/metabolismo , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMO
Protein phosphorylation plays an important role in the physiological regulation of cardiac function. Myocardial contraction and pathogenesis of cardiac diseases have been reported to be associated with adaptive or maladaptive protein phosphorylation; however, phosphorylation signaling in the heart is not fully elucidated. We recently developed a novel kinase-interacting substrate screening (KISS) method for exhaustive screening of protein kinase substrates, using mass spectrometry and affinity chromatography. First, we examined protein phosphorylation by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase A (PKA), which has been relatively well studied in cardiomyocytes. The KISS method showed that ERK and PKA mediated the phosphorylation of known cardiac-substrates of each kinase such as Rps6ka1 and cTnI, respectively. Using this method, we found about 330 proteins as Rho-kinase-mediated substrates, whose substrate in cardiomyocytes is unknown. Among them, CARP/Ankrd1, a muscle ankyrin repeat protein, was confirmed as a novel Rho-kinase-mediated substrate. We also found that non-phosphorylatable form of CARP repressed cardiac hypertrophy-related gene Myosin light chain-2v (MLC-2v) promoter activity, and decreased cell size of heart derived H9c2 myoblasts more efficiently than wild type-CARP. Thus, focused proteomics enable us to reveal a novel signaling pathway in the heart.
Assuntos
Miocárdio/enzimologia , Proteômica , Transdução de Sinais , Quinases Associadas a rho/metabolismo , Proteínas 14-3-3/química , Proteínas 14-3-3/metabolismo , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Cromatografia de Afinidade , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Espectrometria de Massas , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Proteínas Musculares/química , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/citologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/química , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Ratos , Proteínas Repressoras/química , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Especificidade por Substrato , Quinases Associadas a rho/químicaRESUMO
The etiology of schizophrenia remains unknown. However, using molecular biological techniques, some candidate genes have been identified that might be associated with the disease. One of these candidate genes, disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), was found in a large Scottish family with multiple mental illnesses. The function of DISC1 is considered to be associated with axon elongation and neuron migration in the central nervous system, but the functional consequences of defects in this gene have not been fully clarified in brain neuronal systems. Dysfunction of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neuronal system is also considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Thus, to clarify the neuropathological changes associated with DISC1 dysfunction, we investigated the number and distribution of GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex of DISC1 knockout mice. We immunohistochemically quantified the laminar density of GABAergic neurons using anti-parvalbumin and anti-calbindin D28k antibodies (markers of GABAergic neuronal subpopulations). We found that the densities of both parvalbumin- and calbindin-immunoreactive neurons in the anterior cingulate, medial prefrontal, and orbitofrontal cortices were markedly lower in DISC1 knockout mice than in wild-type mice. In addition, reductions in cell density were observed in layers II and III and the deep layers of the cortex. This reduction in GABAergic neuronal density was not associated with alterations in neuronal size. These findings suggest that disrupted GABAergic neuronal network formation due to a DISC1 deficit might be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Assuntos
Neurônios GABAérgicos/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Córtex Pré-Frontal/patologia , Esquizofrenia/patologia , Animais , Calbindinas/genética , Calbindinas/metabolismo , Neurônios GABAérgicos/patologia , Camundongos , Parvalbuminas/genética , Parvalbuminas/metabolismo , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/genética , Esquizofrenia/metabolismoRESUMO
A model to predict the mass flows and concentrations of pharmaceuticals predominantly used in hospitals across a large number of sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents and river waters was developed at high spatial resolution. It comprised 427 geo-referenced hospitals and 742 STPs serving 98% of the general population in Switzerland. In the modeled base scenario, domestic, pharmaceutical use was geographically distributed according to the population size served by the respective STPs. Distinct hospital scenarios were set up to evaluate how the predicted results were modified when pharmaceutical use in hospitals was allocated differently; for example, in proportion to number of beds or number of treatments in hospitals. The hospital scenarios predicted the mass flows and concentrations up to 3.9 times greater than in the domestic scenario for iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) used in computed tomography (CT), and up to 6.7 times greater for gadolinium, a contrast medium used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Field measurements showed that ICM and gadolinium were predicted best by the scenarios using number of beds or treatments in hospitals with the specific facilities (i.e., CT and/or MRI). Pharmaceuticals used both in hospitals and by the general population (e.g., cyclophosphamide, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, diclofenac) were predicted best by the scenario using the number of beds in all hospitals, but the deviation from the domestic scenario values was only small. Our study demonstrated that the bed number-based hospital scenarios were effective in predicting the geographical distribution of a diverse range of pharmaceuticals in STP effluents and rivers, while the domestic scenario was similarly effective on the scale of large river-catchments.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Esgotos , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Rios , Água , Poluentes Químicos da ÁguaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The precise aetiology of schizophrenia remains unclear. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia has been proposed based on the accumulation of genomic or neuroimaging studies. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we examined the catecholaminergic neuronal networks in the frontal cortices of disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) knockout (KO) mice, which are considered to be a useful model of schizophrenia. METHODS: Six DISC1 homozygous KO mice and six age-matched littermates were used. The animals' brains were cut into 20-µm-thick slices, which were then immunohistochemically stained using an anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) monoclonal antibody. RESULTS: The TH-immunopositive fibres detected in the orbitofrontal cortices of the DISC1 KO mice were significantly shorter than those seen in the wild-type mice. CONCLUSION: These neuropathological findings indicate that the hypofrontal symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with higher mental function deficiencies or cognitive dysfunction such as a loss of working memory.
Assuntos
Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Córtex Pré-Frontal/patologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Esquizofrenia/genética , Esquizofrenia/patologia , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Girdin is an actin-binding protein that has multiple functions in postnatal neural development and cancer progression. We previously showed that Girdin is a regulator of migration for neuroblasts born from neural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in the postnatal brain. Despite a growing list of Girdin-interacting proteins, the mechanism of Girdin-mediated migration has not been fully elucidated. Girdin interacts with Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 and partitioning-defective 3, both of which have been shown to interact with the kinesin microtubule motor proteins. Based on this, we have identified that Girdin also interacts with kinesin-1, a member of neuronal kinesin proteins. Although a direct interaction of Girdin and kinesin-1 has not been determined, it is of interest to find that Girdin loss-of-function mutant mice with the mutation of a basic amino acid residue-rich region (Basic mut mice) exhibit limited interaction with kinesin-1. Furthermore, expression of a kinesin-1 mutant with motor defects, leads to Girdin mislocalization. Finally, consistent with previous studies on the role of kinesin proteins in trafficking a cell-cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin, Basic mut mice showed an aberrant expression pattern of N-cadherin in migrating SVZ neuroblasts. These findings suggest a potential role of Girdin/kinesin-1 interaction in the regulation of neuroblast migration in the postnatal brain.
Assuntos
Cinesinas/fisiologia , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Frações Subcelulares/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular/metabolismo , Animais , Caderinas/metabolismo , Cinesinas/metabolismo , Ventrículos Laterais/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos MutantesRESUMO
Neuronal Per Arnt Sim domain protein 4 (NPAS4), a brain-specific basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, has recently been shown to regulate the development of the GABAergic inhibitory synapses and transcription program for contextual memory formation in the hippocampus. We previously reported that chronic social isolation or restriction stress in mice resulted in an impairment in memory and emotional behavior, which was associated with a decrease in Npas4 mRNA levels. In this study, we investigated the role of NPAS4 in neuronal function in vitro and in vivo. Differentiation medium-induced neurite outgrowth was inhibited in Npas4 knockdown Neuro2a cells, whereas overexpression of NPAS4 accelerated the neurite outgrowth in Neuro2a cells. Furthermore, depolarization-induced neurite outgrowth was abolished in Npas4 KO hippocampal neurons. NPAS4 overexpression increased cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5)-dependent synapsin I phosphorylation in Neuro2a cells and primary cultured hippocampal neurons. A CDK5 inhibitor, roscovitine, inhibited the neurite outgrowth and the increase in phosphorylated synapsin I (p-SYN I) levels in Npas4-overexpressed Neuro2a cells. Interaction of NPAS4 with promoters of Cdk5 and NeuN genes was demonstrated by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. In an in vivo study, pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions in mice resulted in an increase in NPAS4 and p-SYN I levels in the prefrontal cortex of wild-type mice, although no changes in p-SYN I levels were observed in Npas4 knock-out mice. These results suggest that NPAS4 plays an important role in the structural and functional plasticity of neurons.
Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/fisiologia , Quinase 5 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Sinapsinas/metabolismo , Animais , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/metabolismo , Imunoprecipitação da Cromatina , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Modelos Biológicos , Neuritos/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
Extended bronchoplasty for the left lower lobe lung tumors with interlobar lymph node involvement is a useful surgical technique for avoiding pneumonectomy. Typically, sleeve bronchoplasty, in which the superior division bronchus and the left main bronchus are separated and anastomosed, is chosen due to the difference in caliber of the anastomosis; herein, we report a wedge extended bronchoplasty in which the superior division bronchus and the left main bronchus were not completely separated. The main point of this technique is to adjust the difference in caliber by suturing the main bronchial membranes.
Assuntos
Brônquios , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Técnicas de Sutura , Humanos , Brônquios/cirurgia , Brônquios/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Resultado do Tratamento , Anastomose Cirúrgica/métodos , Pneumonectomia/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , SuturasRESUMO
Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a promising candidate gene for susceptibility to psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. DISC1 appears to be involved in neurogenesis, neuronal migration, axon/dendrite formation and synapse formation; during these processes, DISC1 acts as a scaffold protein by interacting with various partners. However, the lack of Disc1 knockout mice and a well-characterized antibody to DISC1 has made it difficult to determine the exact role of DISC1 in vivo. In this study, we generated mice lacking exons 2 and 3 of the Disc1 gene and prepared specific antibodies to the N- and C-termini of DISC1. The Disc1 mutant mice are viable and fertile, and no gross phenotypes, such as disorganization of the brain's cytoarchitecture, were observed. Western blot analysis revealed that the DISC1-specific antibodies recognize a protein with an apparent molecular mass of ~100 kDa in brain extracts from wild-type mice but not in brain extracts from DISC1 mutant mice. Immunochemical studies demonstrated that DISC1 is mainly localized to the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus in hippocampal neurons and astrocytes. A deficiency of full-length Disc1 induced a threshold shift in the induction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus. The Disc1 mutant mice displayed abnormal emotional behavior as assessed by the elevated plus-maze and cliff-avoidance tests, thereby suggesting that a deficiency of full-length DISC1 may result in lower anxiety and/or higher impulsivity. Based on these results, we suggest that full-length Disc1-deficient mice and DISC1-specific antibodies are powerful tools for dissecting the pathophysiological functions of DISC1.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal , Éxons/genética , Marcação de Genes , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Envelhecimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Envelhecimento/patologia , Aminas/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos/imunologia , Astrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Astrócitos/patologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Clozapina/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patologia , Hipocampo/ultraestrutura , Imuno-Histoquímica , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/imunologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Fenótipo , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a form of vasculitis predominantly affecting small blood vessels and systemic organs, including the lungs and kidneys. The serum ANCA is an important diagnostic marker for AAV. However, ANCA levels can be nonspecifically elevated in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and some infectious diseases. Furthermore, RA and AAV can occur together. Therefore, when ANCA is detected in patients with RA, interpretation of the results is often difficult. CASE REPORT A 71-year-old woman with a 15-year history of RA was admitted to our hospital with a fever and anorexia. She was treated with prednisolone 5 mg/day and iguratimod 50 mg/day for the RA. She presented with bilateral frosted glass shadows in the lungs, acute kidney injury, positive myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA results, and elevated ß-D-glucan levels, suggesting AAV or pneumocystis pneumonia. A renal biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage ruled out AAV. A polymerase chain reaction of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was positive for Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA, leading to a diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia. After admission, the patient continued to receive intravenous supplemental fluids, and renal function improved. Based on her pathological test results and clinical course, acute kidney injury was diagnosed as prerenal failure due to dehydration in the background of chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS Even if MPO-ANCA is positive in patients with RA, it is important to consider the possibility of a false-positive result and perform a thorough and aggressive examination.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda , Vasculite Associada a Anticorpo Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos , Artrite Reumatoide , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis , Feminino , Humanos , Idoso , Anticorpos Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos , Peroxidase , Artrite Reumatoide/diagnóstico , Vasculite Associada a Anticorpo Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos/complicações , Vasculite Associada a Anticorpo Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos/diagnósticoRESUMO
To date, several microbes have been proposed as potential source-specific indicators of fecal pollution. 16S ribosomal RNA gene markers of the Bacteroidales species are the most widely applied due to their predominance in the water environment and source specificity. F-specific bacteriophage (FPH) subgroups, especially FRNA phage genogroups, are also known as potential source-specific viral indicators. Since they can be quantified by both culture-based and molecular assays, they may also be useful as indicators for estimating viral inactivation in the environment. Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and crAssphage, which are frequently present in human feces, are also potentially useful as human-specific indicators of viral pollution. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of FPH subgroups, PMMoV, and crAssphage as indicators of source-specific fecal contamination and viral inactivation using 108 surface water samples collected at five sites affected by municipal and pig farm wastewater. The host specificity of the FPH subgroups, PMMoV, and crAssphage was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) along with other microbial indicators, such as 16S ribosomal RNA gene markers of the Bacteroidales species. The viabilities (infectivity indices) of FRNA phage genogroups were estimated by comparing their numbers determined by infectivity-based and molecular assays. The PCA explained 58.2% of the total information and classified microbes into three groups: those considered to be associated with pig and human fecal contamination and others. Infective and gene of genogroup IV (GIV)-FRNA phage were assumed to be specific to pig fecal contamination, while the genes of GII-FRNA phage and crAssphage were identified to be specific to human fecal contamination. However, PMMoV, infective GI-FRNA phage, and FDNA phage were suggested to not be specific to human or pig fecal contamination. FRNA phage genogroups, especially the GIV-FRNA phage, were highly inactivated in the warm months in Japan (i.e., July to November). Comparing the infectivity index of several FRNA phage genogroups or other viruses may provide further insight into viral inactivation in the natural environment and by water treatments.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos , Humanos , Animais , Suínos , Bacteriófagos/genética , Rios , Japão , Inativação de Vírus , Poluição da Água/análise , Fezes , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic's steady condition coupled with predominance of emerging contaminants in the environment and its synergistic implications in recent times has stoked interest in combating medical emergencies in this dynamic environment. In this context, high concentrations of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), microplastics (MPs), antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and soaring coinfecting microbes, tied with potential endocrine disruptive (ED) are critical environmental concerns that requires a detailed documentation and analysis. During the pandemic, the identification, enumeration, and assessment of potential hazards of PPCPs and MPs and (used as anti-COVID-19 agents/applications) in aquatic habitats have been attempted globally. Albeit receding threats in the magnitude of COVID-19 infections, both these pollutants have still posed serious consequences to aquatic ecosystems and the very health and hygiene of the population in the vicinity. The surge in the contaminants post-COVID also renders them to be potent vectors to harbor and amplify AMR. Pertinently, the present work attempts to critically review such instances to understand the underlying mechanism, interactions swaying the current health of our environment during this post-COVID-19 era. During this juncture, although prevention of diseases, patient care, and self-hygiene have taken precedence, nevertheless antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) efforts have been overlooked. Unnecessary usage of PPCPs and plastics during the pandemic has resulted in increased emerging contaminants (i.e., active pharmaceutical ingredients and MPs) in various environmental matrices. It was also noticed that among COVID-19 patients, while the bacterial co-infection prevalence was 0.2-51%, the fungi, viral, protozoan and helminth were 0.3-49, 1-22, 2-15, 0.4-15% respectively, rendering them resistant to residual PPCPs. There are inevitable chances of ED effects from PPCPs and MPs applied previously, that could pose far-reaching health concerns. Furthermore, clinical and other experimental evidence for many newer compounds is very scarce and demands further research. Pro-active measures targeting effective waste management, evolved environmental policies aiding strict regulatory measures, and scientific research would be crucial in minimizing the impact and creating better preparedness towards such events among the masses fostering sustainability.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Cosméticos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Humanos , Ecossistema , Microplásticos , Plásticos , Antibacterianos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Prevalência , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Cosméticos/análise , Preparações FarmacêuticasRESUMO
In this work, we present an eight-month longitudinal study of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) in Ahmedabad, India, where wastewater surveillance was introduced in September 2020 after the successful containment of the first wave of COVID-19 to predict the resurge of the infection during the second wave of the pandemic. The study aims to elucidate the weekly resolution of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA data for eight months in wastewater samples to predict the COVID-19 situation and identify hotspots in Ahmedabad. A total of 287 samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using RT-PCR, and Spearman's rank correlation was applied to depict the early warning potential of WBE. During September 2020 to April 2021, the increasing number of positive wastewater influent samples correlated with the growing number of confirmed clinical cases. It also showed clear evidence of early detection of the second wave of COVID-19 in Ahmedabad (March 2021). 258 out of a total 287 samples were detected positive with at least two out of three SARS-CoV-2 genes (N, ORF- 1 ab, and S). Monthly variation represented a significant decline in all three gene copies in October compared to September 2020, followed by an abrupt increase in November 2020. A similar increment in the gene copies was observed in March and April 2021, which would be an indicator of the second wave of COVID-19. A lead time of 1-2 weeks was observed in the change of gene concentrations compared with clinically confirmed cases. Measured wastewater ORF- 1 ab gene copies ranged from 6.1 x 102 (October 2020) to 1.4 x 104 (November 2020) copies/mL, and wastewater gene levels typically lead to confirmed cases by one to two weeks. The study highlights the value of WBE as a monitoring tool to predict waves within a pandemic, identify local disease hotspots within a city, and guide rapid management interventions.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Estudos Longitudinais , RNA Viral , Águas Residuárias , Vigilância Epidemiológica Baseada em Águas Residuárias , Índia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In postnatally developing and adult brains, interneurons of the olfactory bulb (OB) are continuously generated at the subventricular zone of the forebrain. The newborn neuroblasts migrate tangentially to the OB through a well defined pathway, the rostral migratory stream (RMS), where the neuroblasts undergo collective migration termed "chain migration." The cell-intrinsic regulatory mechanism of neuroblast chain migration, however, has not been uncovered. Here we show that mice lacking the actin-binding Akt substrate Girdin (a protein that interacts with Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 to regulate neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus) have profound defects in neuroblast chain migration along the RMS. Analysis of two gene knock-in mice harboring Girdin mutants identified unique amino acid residues in Girdin's C-terminal domain that are responsible for the regulation of neuroblast chain migration but revealed no apparent requirement of Girdin phosphorylation by Akt. Electron microscopic analyses demonstrated the involvement of Girdin in neuroblast cell-cell interactions. These findings suggest that Girdin is an important intrinsic factor that specifically governs neuroblast chain migration along the RMS.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/fisiologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/fisiologia , Bulbo Olfatório/fisiologia , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular/fisiologia , Animais , Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/ultraestrutura , Movimento Celular/genética , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Introdução de Genes/métodos , Junções Intercelulares/genética , Junções Intercelulares/ultraestrutura , Interneurônios/metabolismo , Interneurônios/fisiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/genética , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Mutação , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/fisiologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neurais/ultraestrutura , Bulbo Olfatório/anatomia & histologia , Bulbo Olfatório/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bulbo Olfatório/metabolismo , Bulbo Olfatório/ultraestrutura , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular/genética , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular/metabolismoRESUMO
While the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in groundwater has typically been reported in bank filtration sites, irrigated fields, septic tanks, and sewage disposal practices, fewer studies have been conducted in highly urbanized areas, where infiltration of treated or untreated sewage is not supposed to be a source of groundwater recharge. Furthermore, little is known about the occurrence of various kinds of PPCPs in relation to microbial indicators in groundwater from different types of aquifers. Thus, we examined the city-wide occurrence of selected PPCPs (diethyltoluamide, crotamiton, ethenzamide, propyphenazone, carbamazepine, and caffeine) and E. coli in 50 groundwaters from unconfined aquifers (<30 m in depth) and confined aquifers (up to 500 m in depth) in Tokyo, where unintended groundwater contamination could take place due to decrepit sewer networks. PPCPs were detected in unconfined aquifers and springs (23/34 samples, 68%), and in confined aquifers (7/16 samples, 44%). Compared with published results for sewage influents, concentrations of PPCPs, excluding caffeine, were generally 1-2 orders of magnitude lower, while in some samples concentrations were quite comparable. The high occurrence rate of PPCPs, even in confined aquifers, indicated that such aquifers are not always protected from pollution by sewage near the land surface. Among the PPCPs analyzed, carbamazepine and crotamiton were most frequently detected, which would appear to be owing to their high persistence, combined with the high concentration of crotamiton in sewage. Crotamiton was detected in all four E. coli-positive groundwaters, and thus may potentially serve as a precautionary indicator of E. coli contamination. Using carbamazepine as a sewage marker, we estimated that 0.8%-1.7% of the dry-weather flow of sewage was leaking out into the unconfined aquifers.
Assuntos
Cosméticos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Água Subterrânea/química , Esgotos/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluição da Água/análise , Antipirina/análogos & derivados , Antipirina/análise , Cafeína/análise , Carbamazepina/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa , DEET/análise , Combinação de Medicamentos , Monitoramento Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Água Subterrânea/microbiologia , Espectrometria de Massas , Salicilamidas/análise , Esgotos/microbiologia , Terpenos/análise , Tóquio , Toluidinas/análise , Movimentos da ÁguaRESUMO
Concurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pathogenic viruses, metals and microbial pollution along with their seasonal variations in the water environment are overarching in the context of existing pandemic, especially for tropical countries. The present study focuses on the seasonal influence on the vulnerability of urban water in Guwahati, the largest city in North-eastern India, through examining the concurrence of seven PPCPs, five viruses, faecal bacteria and nine metals in surface waters during monsoon (Summer-July 2017) and pre-monsoon (Winter-March 2018). Surface water sampling was carried out at different locations of the Brahmaputra River, its tributary Bharalu River (an unlined urban drain), and Dipor Bill Lake (Ramsar-recognized wetland). Both PPCPs and viruses were at high concentrations (e.g. up to 970 ng L-1 caffeine, 2.5 × 103 copies mL-1 pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)) at the confluence points of urban drains and the river, while they were mostly undetectable at both upstream and downstream locations, implying strong self-purification ability of the river. All the analysed PPCPs and viruses were at much higher concentrations during pre-monsoon i.e., winter than during monsoon, implying heavy dilution and temperature effect during the monsoon. Overall, PPCPs and viruses were more correlated in monsoon but the risk quotient in the urban tributary was higher in pre-monsoon (e.g. 5061 in pre-monsoon and 1515 in monsoon for caffeine). PMMoV was found to be an excellent faecal pollution indicator due to its prevalence, detectability and specificity in all seasons. Overall, the seasonal fluctuations of the non-enveloped viruses monitored in this study is likely to be relevant for SARS-CoV-2. We contribute to address the literature scarcity pertaining to seasonal variations in the prevalence of viruses and their concurrences with contaminants of emerging concern.