Current Practices in Clinical Supervision in Primary Care.

The purpose of this study was to examine current clinical supervision practices within primary care settings. We used a descriptive survey design, which blends quantitative and qualitative data, and examined the current state of clinical supervision practices and approaches in primary care and the type of training the behavioral health consultants received to provide supervision to pre-licensure level behavioral health trainees. Ninety-four participants completed the survey in 2022. Seventy-one percent of respondents felt they had adequate training to be an effective integrated behavioral health (IBH) supervisor; however, most training came from sources, such as workshops, continuing education, or supervision of supervision. Further efforts to establish universal competencies and formal training programs are needed to meet the growing need for IBH services in primary care.

Correlates of Sexual Victimization Among Community College Women.

The current study documents the correlates associated with the severity of sexual victimization among women enrolled in a 2-year community college. Comparisons between women with a history of severe sexual victimization (i.e., rape and attempted rape), moderate sexual victimization (i.e., unwanted contact and sexual coercion), and no history of sexual victimization revealed that women with a history of severe sexual victimization endorsed more drinks per week, increased problem drinking behavior, and more use of drug before sex and higher levels of self-protective dating behaviors compared with women with no history of sexual victimization. These findings suggest that programs should target the intersection of alcohol and drug use as correlates of sexual victimization among community college women.

Associations Among Online Social Reactions to Disclosure of Sexual Victimization, Coping and Social Isolation.

Social reactions to the disclosure of sexual victimization are critical to post-assault recovery. The popular social media hashtag "#MeToo" resulted in numerous survivors of sexual victimization disclosing their experience online. Whereas previous research has examined the association between social reactions to in-person disclosure of sexual victimization and factors commonly associated with adjustment among survivors - such as coping and social support - research is needed to examine correlates of social reactions to online disclosure of sexual victimization. Accordingly, the current study investigated the relationship between online social reactions to the disclosure of sexual victimization via #MeToo and engagement in various coping strategies (problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping) and social isolation among a sample of 195 adults with a history of sexual victimization. Results indicated that the provision of online resources was associated with lower use of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. Receipt of online emotional and informational support was associated with increased use of emotion-focused coping strategies. Further, receipt of online social reactions that turned against the survivor and receipt of online social reactions that "made fun of you, insulted you, or said something to hurt you" were associated with higher levels of social isolation. Lastly, online unsupportive acknowledgment and "sharing your tweet with other people" were associated with lower levels of social isolation. Results highlight how online social reactions to disclosure of sexual victimization via #MeToo intersect with coping and social support among survivors of sexual victimization and help to give context to the experience of online disclosure of sexual victimization.

Integrating Heart Rate Monitoring Into a Camp for Children With Neuromotor Disorders: A Case Series.

PURPOSE: This case series investigated the implementation fidelity, feasibility, and effectiveness of integrating continuous heart rate monitoring with visual feedback into an established, intensive physical therapy camp for children with neuromotor disorders. SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS: The provision of continuous visual feedback through color-coded, individually calculated heart rate zones was a feasible and effective intervention, encouraging pediatric gait camp participants to exercise at intensities that produced aerobic and functional gains. The use of technology facilitated participation with peers, an outcome equally as important as their endurance and functional improvements. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE: Pediatric physical therapists play a crucial role in enhancing the well-being and physical fitness of children with disabilities. Encouraging regular exercise in a social environment fosters enjoyable, inclusive experiences while promoting overall health. It is important for clinicians in various pediatric rehabilitation settings to establish programs that offer such opportunities for children with neuromotor disorders.

Gender equitable attitudes as a significant mediator of bystander intentions among sexual minority adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: Bystander intervention is a promising approach for prevention of sexual violence. Assessing factors that may promote or hinder bystander intervention among sexual minority adolescents (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer) is essential, given high rates of violence among sexual minority youth. Prior research examining barriers and facilitators of bystander intervention intentions does not consider how factors may vary by sexual identity. As such, the current study aimed to (1) examine how barriers and facilitators of bystander intentions, bystander intentions, and bystander behavior vary between heterosexual and sexual minority high school adolescents and (2) explore mediators of the association between sexual identity and bystander intervention intentions. We proposed that students' level of school connectedness, gender equitable attitudes, and anticipated positive consequences of bystander intervention (e.g., having a moral desire to help) would promote bystander intervention intentions, whereas binge drinking, and students anticipated negative consequences of bystander intervention (e.g., fear for one's own safety) would tend to weaken bystander intervention intentions. METHODS: Participants included 2,645 10th grade students (Mage = 15.37, SD = 0.61) recruited from high schools in the Northeast United States. RESULTS: Sexual minority youth reported higher bystander intentions, bystander behavior, anticipated positive consequences of bystander intervention, gender equitable attitudes, and binge drinking relative to heterosexual youth. Sexual minority youth had lower school connectedness than heterosexual youth. Anticipated negative consequences of bystander intervention did not vary by group. Parallel linear regression analyses found that only anticipated positive consequences of bystander intervention and gender equitable attitudes fully mediated the relationships between sexual identity and bystander intentions. CONCLUSIONS: Bystander intervention programs may benefit from attending to specific facilitators of bystander intervention among sexual minority youth, such as gender equitable attitudes.

Single-reaction multi-antigen serological test for comprehensive evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 patients by flow cytometry.

Here, we describe a new, simple, highly multiplexed serological test that generates a more complete picture of seroconversion than single antigen-based assays. Flow cytometry is used to detect multiple Ig isotypes binding to four SARS-CoV-2 antigens: the Spike glycoprotein, its RBD fragment (the main target for neutralizing antibodies), the nucleocapsid protein, and the main cysteine-like protease in a single reaction. Until now, most diagnostic serological tests measured antibodies to only one antigen and in some laboratory-confirmed patients no SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies could be detected. Our data reveal that while most patients respond against all the viral antigens tested, others show a marked bias to make antibodies against either proteins exposed on the viral particle or those released after cellular infection. With this assay, it was possible to discriminate between patients and healthy controls with 100% confidence. Analysing the response of multiple Ig isotypes to the four antigens in combination may also help to establish a correlation with the severity degree of disease. A more detailed description of the immune responses of different patients to SARS-CoV-2 virus might provide insight into the wide array of clinical presentations of COVID-19.

Surgical outcomes among children with bicuspid aortic valve: 17 years of experience in a single center. First report in Mexico.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical and surgical outcomes among children with bicuspid aortic valve who underwent cardiac surgery. METHODS: This observational and retrospective study included patients with a diagnosis of bicuspid aortic valve who underwent cardiac surgery between January 1, 2003, and March 31, 2020. Demographic characteristics and perioperative conditions were described. RESULTS: One hundred and sixteen patients were included, with a mean age of 12.4 ± 4.2 years; 63.2% were male. The most frequent diagnosis was congenital aortic stenosis (23.5%), followed by connective tissue disorders (16%). Mechanical aortic prostheses were used in 87.7% of cases, with a mean size of 21 ± 2.6 mm. The main factors associated with mortality were valve prosthesis dysfunction (odds ratio [OR]: 12.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-147.48; p = .04) and reoperation (OR: 24.29; 95% CI: 1.03-570.08; p = .04). The overall survival was 87.9%, with better outcomes among those who did not undergo reoperation (Log Rank, p = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes after aortic valve replacement in children with bicuspid aortic valve are excellent in the short and long term, regardless of using mechanical or biological prostheses.

Discussion of alcohol consequences during a brief motivational intervention session: Comparing those who do and do not increase readiness to change.

The present study was designed to take an inductive, qualitative approach to understanding how discussion of alcohol-related consequences during brief motivational interventions (BMI) relate to readiness to change (RTC) prior to versus at the end of a session. Participants were thirty-four adults (35% female) recruited from the emergency room and enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of a BMI for risky alcohol use and risky sex. Seventeen participants both began and remained low on RTC over the course of the session. We selected 17 additional participants, matched on demographics, but who increased RTC over the session. Transcripts were qualitatively coded and analyzed separately within groups. Among participants who increased their RTC relative to participants who remained low on RTC by BMI end, evaluation of alcohol consequences as negative was more typical. In both groups, several consequences were neutrally evaluated. Many who remained low on RTC attributed consequences to something other than alcohol and/or minimized consequence severity. Study findings highlight the value for clinicians in eliciting and maximizing the importance of subjectively negative recent consequences to perhaps increase heavy drinkers' readiness to decrease heavy alcohol use.

Contextual factors associated with high-intensity drinking events among young adults: A qualitative inquiry.

BACKGROUND: Much of the prior research addressing risky drinking among young adults has focused on heavy episodic drinking (4+/5+ drinks in a single sitting for females/males). However, 1 in 3 young adults engaged in past-year high-intensity drinking (HID, 8+/10+ drinks in a single sitting for females/males). Consuming such large amounts of alcohol is associated with serious acute consequences (e.g., severe injury, overdose) and the development of alcohol use disorder. This qualitative study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of contextual influences on HID from drinkers' perspectives. METHODS: We conducted individual interviews of 28 young adults (57% female, aged 20 to 25 years old) who engage in HID to assess the role of context in the prediction of HID (relative to non-HID events). Two authors coded each interview following a structured codebook and thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. RESULTS: Based on identified themes, factors that may increase HID likelihood include being in larger groups or in social contexts where others are drinking heavily, having close relationships with others who are present, on special occasions, when feeling safe, being comfortable in a given situation, and experiencing intense affective states (especially positive ones). Noted deterrents for HID included friends' extreme intoxication, perceptions that heavy drinking is less acceptable in certain contexts (i.e., at work, family events) or among others present, cost/financial constraints, next-day responsibilities, and needing to drive. CONCLUSIONS: Young adults identified a number of social and psychological factors that they perceived influenced their likelihood of engaging in HID. However, they also generated a number of factors that constrained this style of drinking. Understanding the contexts in which HID is most likely to occur will inform interventions that aim to reduce this high-risk behavior.

Importance of native vegetation for detection and management of rice stink bug (Tibraca limbativentris).

Tibraca limbativentris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a major pest in Neotropical rice agroecosystems. In autumn-winter, this pest takes refuge in rice stubble and in native vegetation, which allows it to re-colonize the crop during the rice growing season. However, it is still unknown whether this vegetation is a pest sink or is actually a natural trap that contributes to pest population biocontrol. Here we present information on the insect's alternative host plants, a preliminary outline of the relationship between plant phylogeny and insect abundance, and the impact that winter natural enemies have in pest population. Also, we include a proposed methodology for pest density analysis in winter hosts. Our results show significant differences in the abundance/density that T. limbativentris reaches in the 12 host plant species present in our study areas, with a plant-use pattern significantly related to the phylogenetic clade of Poales. Stink bug winter populations mainly comprised diapause adults, and 40% of insect digestive tracts had content. Survival of T. limbativentris was 56.92% in winter hosts. About mortality, 10% was due to undetermined causes and 33.08% due to entomopathogenic fungi, showing a natural regulation of the pest population. Our results suggest that native vegetation impacts winter survival of T. limbativentris. Although these plants offer shelter, they offer a greater contribution to Integrated Pest Management: the natural regulation of winter pest populations through entomopathogenic attack. Further studies on T. limbativentris population dynamics and the preservation of native areas near rice fields will be required for the development of best control practices.

Parthenolide and DMAPT induce cell death in primitive CML cells through reactive oxygen species.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have become a first-line treatment for chronic myeloid leuakemia (CML). TKIs efficiently target bulk CML cells; however, they are unable to eliminate the leukaemic stem cell (LSC) population that causes resistance and relapse in CML patients. In this study, we assessed the effects of parthenolide (PTL) and dimethyl amino parthenolide (DMAPT), two potent inhibitors of LSCs in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), on CML bulk and CML primitive (CD34+ lin- ) cells. We found that both agents induced cell death in CML, while having little effect on the equivalent normal hematopoietic cells. PTL and DMAPT caused an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and inhibited NF-κB activation. PTL and DMAPT inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in G0 and G2 phases. Furthermore, we found cell cycle inhibition to correlate with down-regulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin A. In summary, our study shows that PTL and DMAPT have a strong inhibitory effect on CML cells. Given that cell cycle arrest was not dependent on ROS induction, we speculate that this effect could be a direct consequence of NF-κB inhibition and if this mechanism was to be evaded, PTL and DMAPT induced cell death would be potentiated.

[Quercetin attenuates Staphylococcus aureus virulence by reducing alpha-toxin secretion]. / Quercetina atenúa la virulencia de Staphylococcus aureus al disminuir la secreción de alfa toxina.

Alpha toxin, a pore-forming protein with cytotoxic activity, is one of the major virulence factors secreted by most strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The relevance of this protein in the pathogenesis of pneumonia associated with S.aureus infections has already been established. Therefore, inhibiting alpha toxin secretion can be an alternative for controlling these infections. This study shows that quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, inhibits hemolytic activity in a dose-dependent manner and reduces alpha toxin secretion in culture supernatants of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S.aureus. Furthermore, quercetin significantly prevents damage to human alveolar cells when co-cultured with S.aureus. Our results suggest that quercetin can reduce S.aureus virulence by affecting alpha-toxin secretion.

The secretogranin-II derived peptide secretoneurin modulates electric behavior in the weakly pulse type electric fish, Brachyhypopomus gauderio.

Secretoneurin (SN) in the preoptic area and pituitary of mammals and fish has a conserved close association with the vasopressin and oxytocin systems, members of a peptide family that are key in the modulation of sexual and social behaviors. Here we show the presence of SN-immunoreactive cells and projections in the brain of the electric fish, Brachyhypopomus gauderio. Secretoneurin colocalized with vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin in cells and fibers of the preoptic area. In the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary, many cells were both SN and prolactin-positive. In the hindbrain, at the level of the command nucleus of the electric behavior (pacemaker nucleus; PN), some of SN-positive fibers colocalized with AVT. We also explored the potential neuromodulatory role of SN on electric behavior, specifically on the rate of the electric organ discharge (EOD) that signals arousal, dominance and subordinate status. Each EOD is triggered by the command discharge of the PN, ultimately responsible for the basal EOD rate. SN modulated diurnal basal EOD rate in freely swimming fish in a context-dependent manner; determined by the initial value of EOD rate. In brainstem slices, SN partially mimicked the in vivo behavioral effects acting on PN firing rate. Taken together, our results suggest that SN may regulate electric behavior, and that its effect on EOD rate may be explained by direct action of SN at the PN level through either neuroendocrine and/or endocrine mechanisms.

Patient and service user engagement in research: a systematic review and synthesized framework.

BACKGROUND: There is growing attention towards increasing patient and service user engagement (PSUE) in biomedical and health services research. Existing variations in language and design inhibit reporting and indexing, which are crucial to comparative effectiveness in determining best practices. OBJECTIVE: This paper utilizes a systematic review and environmental scan to derive an evidence-based framework for PSUE. DESIGN: A metanarrative systematic review and environmental scan/manual search using scientific databases and other search engines, along with feedback from a patient advisory group (PAG). ELIGIBLE SOURCES: English-language studies, commentaries, grey literature and other sources (including systematic and non-systematic reviews) pertaining to patient and public involvement in biomedical and health services research. DATA EXTRACTED: Study description (e.g. participant demographics, research setting) and design, if applicable; frameworks, conceptualizations or planning schemes for PSUE-related endeavours; and methods for PSUE initiation and gathering patients'/service users' input or contributions. RESULTS: Overall, 202 sources were included and met eligibility criteria; 41 of these presented some framework or conceptualization of PSUE. Sources were synthesized into a two-part framework for PSUE: (i) integral PSUE components include patient and service user initiation, reciprocal relationships, colearning and re-assessment and feedback, (ii) sources describe PSUE at several research stages, within three larger phases: preparatory, execution and translational. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Efforts at developing a solid evidence base on PSUE are limited by the non-standard and non-empirical nature of much of the literature. Our proposed two-part framework provides a standard structure and language for reporting and indexing to support comparative effectiveness and optimize PSUE.

Germline mutations in NKX2-5, GATA4, and CRELD1 are rare in a Mexican sample of Down syndrome patients with endocardial cushion and septal heart defects.

Congenital heart defects (CHD) are found in ~50 % of Down syndrome (DS) patients. Genetic variants have been implicated, including CRELD1 mutations, but no previous study has examined the candidate genes, NKX2-5 and GATA4, in DS patients with secundum atrial defects (ASDII) and ventricular septal defects (VSD). Furthermore, CRELD1 mutations have not yet been studied in Mexican DS patients with atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD). Mexican DS patients (n = 148) with standard trisomy 21 were classified as follows: group I, normal heart; group II, VSD, ASDII, or both; and group III, AVSD. Mexican healthy controls (n = 113) were also included. Sequence analysis was performed on NKX2-5 and GATA4 in all three groups, and on CRELD1 in only group III. Statistical differences in the percentages of functional variants were analyzed by Fisher's exact test. Three non-synonymous variants in NKX2-5 were identified in the heterozygous state: a novel p.Pro5Ser was found in one DS patient without CHD; the p.Glu21Gln was found in one ASDII patient; and the p.Arg25Cys (R25C) was found in three patients (one from each DS study group). The p.Glu21Gln and R25C were also documented in 0.88 % of the controls. No significant difference was observed between the DS groups and healthy controls. Germline mutations in the NKX2-5, GATA4, and CRELD1 genes do not appear to be associated with CHD in Mexican DS patients. Our findings also support the notion that the R25C variant of NKX2-5 is a polymorphism, as it was not significantly different between our DS patients and controls.

Disclosing Sexual Victimization Online and In-Person: An Examination of Bisexual+ and Heterosexual Survivors.

Bisexual+ (bisexual, pansexual, queer, attraction to more than one gender) people are at elevated risk for sexual victimization relative to their heterosexual counterparts. Disclosure of sexual victimization and social reactions received upon disclosure can play a major role in recovery following an assault. Using an online survey, the current study examined whether bisexual+ and heterosexual survivors of sexual victimization (N = 657) varied in disclosure of victimization, the type of disclosure (in-person vs. online via #MeToo), and receipt of various social reactions to disclosure in person and online. A chi-square test examined differences in disclosure and differences in types of disclosure (in-person only vs. MeToo across sexual identity). MANOVAS were used to examine whether in-person and online reactions varied across sexual identity. Bisexual+ survivors were more likely to disclose sexual victimization relative to heterosexual survivors. Among those who disclosed, bisexual+ survivors were more likely to disclose in person only whereas heterosexual survivors were more likely to disclose online via #MeToo. Whereas we did not find any significant differences for in-person reactions, we did find significant differences for online social reactions using #MeToo. Heterosexual survivors received higher turning against reactions (e.g., avoided talking to you or spending time with you) and more unsupportive acknowledgment relative to bisexual+ participants. Whereas bisexual+ participants received less turning against reactions and unsupportive acknowledgment during #MeToo/online disclosure, they were also less likely to disclose using #MeToo. Findings suggest that bisexual+ and heterosexual people vary in the way they disclose sexual victimization, and in how they are responded to when disclosing in person and online.

Subjective evaluations of alcohol-involved sexual experiences over time among heavy-drinking college students: Comparisons across gender.

The current study described how positive sexual experiences impact hypothetical subjective evaluations at follow up relative to baseline. Eighty-eight college students who engaged in weekly heavy episodic drinking participated. At baseline, participants reported alcohol use and hypothetical evaluations of alcohol-involved sexual experiences. During a 28-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA), participants completed next morning surveys and reported whether they engaged in a sexual/romantic experience and subjective evaluation of any sexual/romantic experience. At follow-up, participants re-reported all hypothetical evaluations. Associations between baseline and follow-up evaluations for "living out a sexual fantasy" and having an "alcohol-facilitated sexual experience" were not moderated by gender or positive sexual experiences. However, associations between baseline and follow-up "alcohol-intensified sex" were moderated by gender and having a positive sexual experience during the EMA study. Among women who had a positive sexual experience, evaluations of alcohol-intensified sex remained stable over time. For men who had a positive sexual experience, evaluations at follow up became less positive relative to their evaluations at baseline. Whereas positive sexual experiences served to confirm positive evaluations over time for women, evaluations decreased for men. Women and men who did not engage in sexual experiences did not need/rely on actual lived experiences in order to maintain their positive evaluations over time. Placing such a high emphasis on alcohol on intensifying sex without actual lived experience of negotiating consent when drinking could place college students at increased risk of sexual perpetration/victimization.

Associations among sexual assault history, alcohol use, blackouts, and blackout intentions among college women.

Background: Links between alcohol-induced blackouts and sexual assault (SA) are understudied. We tested whether: (1) history of blackouts, past 30-day blackouts, and past 30-day blackout intentions would be higher among women with histories of SA relative to women without; (2) baseline history of blackouts, past 30-day blackouts, and blackout intentions would predict an increase in SA severity (i.e., a continuous variable that considers SA tactic type and assault frequency) at a one-year follow-up. Methods: 1721 undergraduate women completed a baseline survey and 313 completed the follow-up. Results: Women with SA history had 2.10 higher odds of history of blackouts, 1.47 higher odds of past 30-day blackout during "one" drinking episode, 1.78 higher odds of blackout during a "few" drinking episodes, 3.21 higher odds of blackout during "most/all" drinking episodes, and 1.54 higher odds of blackout intentions in the last 30-days. Longitudinally, history of blackouts and past 30-day blackouts at baseline were associated with an increase in SA severity at follow-up, when peak drinks were not controlled. Conclusion: Longitudinal findings provide some evidence that lifetime history of blackouts and past 30-day blackouts are significant predictors of an increase in SA severity at follow-up and therefore an essential target for interventions.

Utility of a brief measure of cannabis demand: Day-level associations with cannabis use.

BACKGROUND: Cannabis demand (i.e., relative value) is usually assessed as a trait-level risk-factor for cannabis use and consequences. This study examined within-person variability in day-level intensity (i.e., amount consumed at zero cost) and Omax (i.e., maximum cannabis expenditure) and tested hypotheses that demand would be positively associated with day-level cannabis use. METHODS: Young adults (n=85) reporting past-month simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use completed two daily surveys for 30 days. Morning surveys assessed prior-day cannabis use and evening surveys assessed day-level demand (i.e., intensity, Omax). Multilevel models tested day-level effects of intensity and Omax on any cannabis use and flower use frequency and quantity (i.e., grams). RESULTS: Approximately 52 % and 46 % of variability in intensity and Omax, respectively, was due to within-person change. At the day-level, higher intensity and Omax were associated with higher likelihood of any cannabis use, regardless of formulation; Omax was associated with use of flower in particular; and intensity was associated with the highest quantity of use. At the person-level, only Omax was associated with flower use likelihood, and only intensity was associated with flower quantity across days. CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis demand demonstrated day-to-day variability, conceivably in response to various internal states and external factors. Intensity and Omax were related to elevated likelihood of using any cannabis, particularly flower, at the day-level. Overall, these data illustrate the validity and utility of brief cannabis demand measures, which might be used to further understand cannabis' reinforcing value at a fine-grained level.

A qualitative analysis of adolescents' perspectives on peer and influencer alcohol-related posts on social media.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescent exposure to alcohol-related content on social media is common and associated with alcohol use and perceived norms; however, little is known about how exposure differs by the source of the content (e.g., peer or 'influencer'). The purpose of this study was to utilise qualitative methods to compare adolescent perspectives on peer- versus influencer-generated alcohol content on social media. METHODS: Nine virtual semi-structured focus groups were conducted with adolescents (aged 15-19 years), following a general script aimed at ascertaining adolescent comparative perspectives on peer and influencer alcohol-related media content and the contexts in which it occurs. RESULTS: Five main themes emerged: (i) although both influencers and peers post predominantly positively-valenced alcohol content online, adolescents perceived some differences between these posts; (ii) adolescents perceived their peers to be more cautious and strategic when posting about alcohol than influencers are; (iii) the decision to engage with peer or influencer alcohol-related posts is influenced by a number of factors; (iv) both peer and influencer posts were perceived to send the message that drinking is acceptable, normal or cool; and (v) adolescents believed they are more likely to be influenced by peers' alcohol posts than influencers' alcohol posts, with some exceptions. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Future studies should aim to further understand the unique attributes and circumstances in which exposure to peer and influencer alcohol-related posts impact adolescent alcohol-related cognitions and behaviours. This knowledge will inform prevention and intervention efforts, such as media literacy training and media-specific parenting practices.