A systematic review on the impact of nutrition and possible supplementation on the deficiency of vitamin complexes, iron, omega-3-fatty acids, and lycopene in relation to increased morbidity in women after menopause.

A balanced and healthy diet during the menopausal transition and after menopause is crucial for women to reduce the risk for morbidities and chronic diseases due to deficiency of essential nutrients. PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of studies that analyzed the impact of vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in postmenopausal women in relation to increased morbidities and chronic conditions. METHODS: Observational studies were searched in the databases PubMed, UpToDate, and Google Scholar. RESULTS: We searched 122 studies, of which 90 were included in our analysis. The meta-analysis of the data could not be performed because of the heterogeneity of the statistical methods in the included studies. In our study, we focused on the aspects of vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin D, iron, omega-3-fatty acids, and lycopene, belonging to the family of carotenoids. Postmenopausal women with deficiencies of these nutrients are more vulnerable to comorbidities such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, metabolic diseases, osteoporosis, obesity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, depression, cognitive decline, dementia, and stroke. We concluded that women after menopause tend to have a greater probability of suffering from deficiencies in various vitamins and nutrients, and consequently have an increased risk of developing morbidities and chronic diseases. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, maintaining optimum serum levels of nutrients and vitamins, either through a balanced and healthy diet consuming fresh fruits, vegetables, and fats or by taking appropriate supplementation, is essential in maintaining optimal health-related quality of life and reducing the risk for women during the menopausal transition and after menopause. Nevertheless, more recent studies need to be assessed to formulate adequate recommendations to achieve positive clinical outcomes.

Recommendation and intake of dietary supplements periconceptional and during pregnancy: results of a nationwide survey of gynaecologists.

BACKGROUND: Micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy is a controversial issue. For some micronutrients, for example folic acid or iodine, the evidence regarding supplementation is clear, whereas for others, such as zinc or vitamin E, it is not. Studies show that a large number of pregnant women have deficient levels of folic acid and iodine. However, especially with folic acid, starting supplementation during the preconception period is crucial. It is, therefore, important that gynaecologists explain this to their pregnant or preconceptional patients. Our goal was to find out how gynaecologists make their recommendations on this topic, how they assess the compliance of their patients and which micronutrients they consider to be important before/during pregnancy and during breastfeeding. METHOD AND RESULTS: We sent about 12,000 questionnaires to all registered resident gynaecologists in Germany, with a response rate of 12.2%. Regarding which micronutrients gynaecologists  consider to be particularly important during pregnancy, there was a broad agreement for both folic acid and iodine (> 88% answered yes). According to the questionnaire, doctors rate other micronutrients, such as vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids, as less essential. The controversial evidence level for many micronutrients certainly plays a role here. Overall, the intake rate, especially for preconceptional women, is classified as rather low (< 60%). The most widely valued reason is the high price of dietary supplements. It was also noticeable that doctors consider certain micronutrients to be particularly important but then do not include them in the products they recommend. CONCLUSION: Overall, there seems to be uncertainty about micronutrients in pregnancy and their supplementation. The study situation is often ambiguous and there are no official guidelines, leading to ambiguous recommendations from doctors and therefore low intake rates for pregnant or preconceptional women.

Insights into the Steps of Breast Cancer-Brain Metastases Development: Tumor Cell Interactions with the Blood-Brain Barrier.

Brain metastases (BM) represent a growing problem for breast cancer (BC) patients. Recent studies have demonstrated a strong impact of the BC molecular subtype on the incidence of BM development. This study explores the interaction between BC cells of different molecular subtypes and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We compared the ability of BC cells of different molecular subtypes to overcome several steps (adhesion to the brain endothelium, disruption of the BBB, and invasion through the endothelial layer) during cerebral metastases formation, in vitro as well as in vivo. Further, the impact of these cells on the BBB was deciphered at the molecular level by transcriptome analysis of the triple-negative (TNBC) cells themselves as well as of hBMECs after cocultivation with BC cell secretomes. Compared to luminal BC cells, TNBC cells have a greater ability to influence the BBB in vitro and consequently develop BM in vivo. The brain-seeking subline and parental TNBC cells behaved similarly in terms of adhesion, whereas the first showed a stronger impact on the brain endothelium integrity and increased invasive ability. The comparative transcriptome revealed potential brain-metastatic-specific key regulators involved in the aforementioned processes, e.g., the angiogenesis-related factors TNXIP and CXCL1. In addition, the transcriptomes of the two TNBC cell lines strongly differed in certain angiogenesis-associated factors and in several genes related to cell migration and invasion. Based on the present study, we hypothesize that the tumor cell's ability to disrupt the BBB via angiogenesis activation, together with increased cellular motility, is required for BC cells to overcome the BBB and develop brain metastases.

Development of central nervous system metastases as a first site of metastatic disease in breast cancer patients treated in the neoadjuvant trials GeparQuinto and GeparSixto.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of central nervous system (CNS) metastases in breast cancer patients is rising and has become a major clinical challenge. Only few data are published concerning risk factors for the development of CNS metastases as a first site of metastatic disease in breast cancer patients. Moreover, the incidence of CNS metastases after modern neoadjuvant treatment is not clear. METHODS: We analyzed clinical factors associated with the occurrence of CNS metastases as the first site of metastatic disease in breast cancer patients after neoadjuvant treatment in the trials GeparQuinto and GeparSixto (n = 3160) where patients received targeted treatment in addition to taxane and anthracycline-based chemotherapy. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 61 months, 108 (3%) of a total of 3160 patients developed CNS metastases as the first site of recurrence and 411 (13%) patients had metastatic disease outside the CNS. Thirty-six patients (1%) developed both CNS metastases and other distant metastases as the first site of metastatic disease. Regarding subtypes of the primary tumor, 1% of luminal A-like (11/954), 2% of luminal B-like (7/381), 4% of HER2-positive (34/809), and 6% of triple-negative patients (56/1008) developed CNS metastases as the first site of metastatic disease. In multivariate analysis, risk factors for the development of CNS metastases were larger tumor size (cT3-4; HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.08-2.46, p = 0.021), node-positive disease (HR 2.57, 95% CI 1.64-4.04, p < 0.001), no pCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.32-3.97, p = 0.003), and HER2-positive (HR 3.80, 95% CI 1.89-7.64, p < 0.001) or triple-negative subtype (HR 6.38, 95% CI 3.28-12.44, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Especially patients with HER2-positive and triple-negative tumors are at risk of developing CNS metastases despite effective systemic treatment. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms is required in order to develop potential preventive strategies.

Influence of oral vitamin and mineral supplementation on male infertility: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

This meta-analysis and systematic review investigated evidence of the effect of oral micronutrient supplementation on male fertility. Following searches of PubMed, Ovid/Ovid Medline(r) and Embase, 18 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis (seven studies) and/or the systematic review (12 studies). The meta-analysis showed significant improvement in semen parameters for selenium (200µg/day and 100µg/day) (standard mean difference [SMD] 0.64 for oligozoospermia, 1.39 for asthenozoospermia), L-carnitine (2 g/day) and acetyl-L-carnitine (LAC; 1 g/day) combined (SMD 0.57 for asthenozoospermia), and co-enzyme Q10 (200 and 300 mg/day) (SMD 0.95 for oligozoospermia, 1.48 for asthenozoospermia, 0.63 for teratozoospermia). The systematic review identified promising data for supplementation with 66 mg/day zinc combined with folic acid (5 mg/day), and the polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 1.12 g/day) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 0.72 g/day). Pregnancy rate was evaluated in a limited number of trials (four in the meta-analysis, three in the systematic review). This analysis suggests supplementation with selenium (alone or combined with N-acetylcysteine), co-enzyme Q10 and the combinations L-carnitine + acetyl-L-carnitine, folic acid + zinc and EPA + DHA is beneficial in the treatment of male infertility. Because of the small number of available studies and low number of participants, further well-designed clinical studies are needed to obtain a better overview of efficient methods of treating male infertility.

Quality of life in patients with recurrent breast cancer after second breast-conserving therapy in comparison with mastectomy: the German experience.

BACKGROUND: Although some studies suggest that breast-conserving therapy (BCT) shows better psychosocial outcomes than mastectomy in patients with primary breast cancer, little is known about the outcomes of these surgical options in recurrent breast cancer. We investigated differences in overall survival and re-recurrence rates as well as psychosocial outcomes among patients who underwent BCT or mastectomy after the diagnosis of recurrent breast cancer in a single-center setting. METHODS: 124 of 186 eligible patients who underwent surgical treatment for breast cancer recurrence completed the questionnaires on quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30 and -BR23), fear of progression (PA-F-KF), anxiety and depression (HADS), and body image (BIS). RESULTS: Women after breast-conserving surgery (n = 46) showed significantly better outcomes than women after mastectomy (n = 61) with respect to body image (P < 0.001 in BIS and p < 0.001 in BR23), social functioning (p = 0.016), emotional functioning (p = 0.028), and role functioning (p = 0.043). There were no significant group differences regarding anxiety, depression, and fear of progression as well as re-recurrence and survival rates. Predictors of good quality of life were partnership (OR 2.46), higher monthly family income (OR 3.54), and higher professional qualification (OR 4.3) in our group of patients. DISCUSSION: Our results indicate that patients treated with breast-conserving therapy after recurrent breast cancer perceive lower impairments in body image and several aspects of quality of life than patients treated with mastectomy.

Role of HYAL1 expression in primary breast cancer in the formation of brain metastases.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of brain metastases in breast cancer patients has increased in the last years. However, the knowledge about tumor cell invasion in the brain is still very limited. Based on our recent study on cDNA microarray data of breast cancer patients, we hypothesized that two enzymes involved in the hyaluronan metabolism, namely, hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) and hyaluronidase 1 (HYAL1) are associated with brain metastases formation. METHODS: Protein expression levels of hyaluronan, HAS2, and HYAL1 were analyzed in primary breast cancer, and metastatic tissue samples from different localizations (brain, bone, skin, liver, and lung) were included in four different cohorts by immunohistochemistry. Correlations of expression levels with clinical and pathological parameters were performed within the individual cohorts. RESULTS: Higher HYAL1 expression was detected among primary tumors from patients with subsequent brain metastases compared with those without brain metastases (p = 0.011). Interestingly, brain metastatic tissue showed a significantly reduced HYAL1 expression compared with the corresponding primary tumor (p = 0.003). HYAL1 expression in brain metastases was also significantly lower than in skin, liver, and lung metastases. Further, hyaluronan staining in brain metastases was mainly located on the surface of the tumor cells, whereas in all other metastatic sites hyaluronan was only detected in the extracellular matrix. We could not show an association of HAS2 with the formation of brain metastases. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our results suggest that the enzyme HYAL1 plays a role in tumor dissemination and brain-specific colonization, rather than in subsequent metastatic out-growth.

Radiological Patterns of Brain Metastases in Breast Cancer Patients: A Subproject of the German Brain Metastases in Breast Cancer (BMBC) Registry.

Evidence about distribution patterns of brain metastases with regard to breast cancer subtypes and its influence on the prognosis of patients is insufficient. Clinical data, cranial computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 300 breast cancer patients with brain metastases (BMs) were collected retrospectively in four centers participating in the Brain Metastases in Breast Cancer Registry (BMBC) in Germany. Patients with positive estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) statuses, had a significantly lower number of BMs at diagnosis. Concerning the treatment mode, HER2-positive patients treated with trastuzumab before the diagnosis of BMs showed a lower number of intracranial metastases (p < 0.001). Patients with a HER2-positive tumor-subtype developed cerebellar metastases more often compared with HER2-negative patients (59.8% vs. 44.5%, p = 0.021), whereas patients with triple-negative primary tumors had leptomeningeal disease more often (31.4% vs. 18.3%, p = 0.038). The localization of Brain metastases (BMs) was associated with prognosis: patients with leptomeningeal disease had shorter survival compared with patients without signs of leptomeningeal disease (median survival 3 vs. 5 months, p = 0.025). A shorter survival could also be observed in the patients with metastases in the occipital lobe (median survival 3 vs. 5 months, p = 0.012). Our findings suggest a different tumor cell homing to different brain regions depending on subtype and treatment.

The effect of micronutrient supplements on male fertility.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To describe the beneficial effects of micronutrient supplementation on male fertility. RECENT FINDINGS: Several micronutrients have beneficial effects on sperm quality, as well on male fertility (e.g. pregnancy rate). A deliberate use of micronutrients might be helpful for infertile patients. Healthcare providers should be aware that supplements contain the studied dose. SUMMARY: Male sterility is becoming increasingly important because of various factors. In addition to the avoidable risk factors (alcohol and smoking), unchangeable factors are also likely involved in the genesis. Modern reproductive medicine methods help resulting in decent pregnancy rates in subfertile men. However, in addition to reproductive medicine methods, factors other than cessation of smoking and alcohol consumption can influence the fertility of men. Several studies have reported a significant increase in sperm quality and pregnancy rates when the men were supplemented by specific vitamins and micronutrients.The present review gives an overview of the study results and discusses specific legal requirements (e.g. 'upper limits').

Intrathecal Therapy Options for Meningeal Carcinomatosis.

Around 5 percent of all patients with metastatic breast cancer go on to develop distant metastases in the meninges, also known as meningeal carcinomatosis. The median survival of these patients is between 3.5 and 4.5 months. Current treatment approaches are based on radiotherapy, systemic and intrathecal therapy. Methotrexate, liposomal cytarabine and trastuzumab are the most common substances used for intrathecal therapy. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of these intrathecal therapy options for meningeal carcinomatosis. A systematic search of the literature was carried out in PubMed using the following search terms: "meningeal metastases", "meningeal carcinomatosis", "leptomeningeal metastasis", "leptomeningeal carcinomatosis", "leptomeningeal disease", "breast cancer", "MTX", "methotrexate", "DepoCyte", "liposomal cytarabine", "trastuzumab" and "anti-HER2". This search resulted in 75 potentially relevant studies, 11 of which were included in this review after meeting the previously determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The studies differ considerably with regards to study design, cohort size, and dosages of administered drugs. In principle, intrathecal therapy has a tolerable side-effects profile and offers promising results in terms of the median overall survival following treatment with trastuzumab for HER2-positive primary tumors. The focus when treating meningeal carcinomatosis must be on providing a multimodal individual therapeutic approach. However, comprehensive studies which compare the efficacy and side effects of individual pharmaceuticals are lacking. Because of the poor prognosis associated with meningeal carcinomatosis, an approach which treats only the symptoms (best supportive care) should always be considered and discussed with affected patients.

Impact of AKT1 on cell invasion and radiosensitivity in a triple negative breast cancer cell line developing brain metastasis.

Introduction: The PI3K/AKT pathway is activated in 43-70% of breast cancer (BC)-patients and promotes the metastatic potential of BC cells by increasing cell proliferation, invasion and radioresistance. Therefore, AKT1-inhibition in combination with radiotherapy might be an effective treatment option for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)-patients with brain metastases. Methods: The impact of AKT1-knockout (AKT1_KO) and AKT-inhibition using Ipatasertib on MDA-MB-231 BR cells was assessed using in vitro cell proliferation and migration assays. AKT1-knockout in MDA-MB-231BR cells was performed using CRISPR/Cas9. The effect of AKT1-knockout on radiosensitivity of MDA-MB-231BR cell lines was determined via colony formation assays after cell irradiation. To detect genomic variants in AKT1_KO MDA-MB-231BR cells, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed. Results: Pharmacological inhibition of AKT with the pan-AKT inhibitor Ipatasertib led to a significant reduction of cell viability but did not impact cell migration. Moreover, only MDA-MB-231BR cells were sensitized following Ipatasertib-treatment. Furthermore, specific AKT1-knockout in MDA-MB-231BR showed reduced cell viability in comparison to control cells, with significant effect in one of two analyzed clones. Unexpectedly, AKT1 knockout led to increased cell migration and clonogenic potential in both AKT1_KO clones. RNAseq-analysis revealed the deregulation of CTSO, CYBB, GPR68, CEBPA, ID1, ID4, METTL15, PBX1 and PTGFRN leading to the increased cell migration, higher clonogenic survival and decreased radiosensitivity as a consequence of the AKT1 knockout in MDA-MB-231BR. Discussion: Collectively, our results demonstrate that Ipatasertib leads to radiosensitization and reduced cell proliferation of MDA-MB-231BR. AKT1-inhibition showed altered gene expression profile leading to modified cell migration, clonogenic survival and radioresistance in MDA-MB-231BR. We conclude, that AKT1-inhibition in combination with radiotherapy contribute to novel treatment strategies for breast cancer brain metastases.

Efficacy of Cimicifuga racemosa, Hypericum perforatum and Agnus castus in the treatment of climacteric complaints: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The systematic review examines whether Cimicifuga racemosa (CR), Hypericum perforatum (HP), Agnus castus, vitamins and minerals, either as monotherapy or in combination, have an evidence-based impact on vasomotor, genital and psychological climacteric complaints. DATA SOURCES AND METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: We searched in the databases EMBASE, OVID and PubMed using the keywords "vasomotor symptoms, hot flashes, vaginal atrophy, psychological problems, endometrium, sleep, concentration, cognition in combination with vitamins, multivitamins, minerals, multiminerals, black cohosh, Cimicifuga, Agnus castus, chasteberry, chaste tree, monk's pepper and menopause" for randomized controlled trials (RCT). Relevant studies were reviewed by four independent reviewers qualitatively. RESULTS: Most of the studies with a comparison of CR vs. placebo do not show an evidence-based significant effect of CR on climacteric symptoms. The combination of CR and HP shows an improvement of climacteric complaints in comparison to placebo. In some RCTs, there was no significant difference between CR and hormone-replacement therapy. The combination of HP and Agnus castus showed no significant difference in the treatment of climacteric complaints. CONCLUSION: CR monotherapy as well as HP and Agnus castus showed no better effect than placebo. The combination of CR with HP demonstrated a positive effect on climacteric complaints.

Detection and Characterization of Estrogen Receptor α Expression of Circulating Tumor Cells as a Prognostic Marker.

CTCs have increasingly been used as a liquid biopsy analyte to obtain real-time information on the tumor through minimally invasive blood analyses. CTCs allow for the identification of proteins relevant for targeted therapies. Here, we evaluated the expression of estrogen receptors (ER) in CTCs of patients with metastatic breast cancer. From sixty metastatic breast cancer patients who had ER-positive primary tumors (range of 1−70% immunostaining) at initial cancer diagnosis, 109 longitudinal blood samples were prospectively collected and analyzed using the CellSearch System in combination with the ERα monoclonal murine ER-119.3 antibody. Prolonged cell permeabilization was found to be required for proper staining of nuclear ER in vitro. Thirty-one cases were found to be CTC-positive; an increased number of CTCs during endocrine and chemotherapy was correlated with disease progression, whereas a decrease or stable amount of CTC number (<5) during treatment was correlated with a better clinical outcome. Survival analyses further indicate a positive association of CTC-status with progression-free survival (HR, 66.17; 95%CI, 3.66−195.96; p = 0.0045) and overall survival (HR, 6.21; 95%CI, 2.66−14.47; p < 0.0001). Only one-third of CTC-positive breast cancer patients, who were initially diagnosed with ER-positive primary tumors, harbored ER-positive CTCs at the time of metastasis, and even in those patients, both ER-positive and ER-negative CTCs were found. CTC-positivity was correlated with a shorter relapse-free survival. Remarkably, ER-negative CTCs were frequent despite initial ER-positive status of the primary tumor, suggesting a switch of ER phenotype or selection of minor ER-negative clones as a potential mechanism of escape from ER-targeting therapy.

Key Role of Hyaluronan Metabolism for the Development of Brain Metastases in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer (BC) is the second-most common cause of brain metastases (BM) and BCBM patients have a reduced quality of life and a poor prognosis. Hyaluronan (HA), and in particular the hyaluronidase Hyal-1, has been already linked to the development of BCBM, and therefore presents an interesting opportunity to develop new effective therapeutic options. HA metabolism was further discovered by the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of HYAL1 and the shRNA-mediated down-regulation of HA-receptor CD44 in the brain-seeking triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line MDA-MB-231-BR. Therefore, the impact of Hyal-1 on adhesion, disruption, and invasion through the brain endothelium, both in vitro and in vivo, was studied. Our analysis points out a key role of Hyal-1 and low-molecular-weight HA (LMW-HA) in the formation of a pericellular HA-coat in BC cells, which in turn promotes tumor cell adhesion, disruption, and migration through the brain endothelium in vitro as well as the extent of BM in vivo. CD44 knockdown in MDA-MB-231-BR significantly reduced the pericellular HA-coat on these cells, and, consequently, tumor cell adhesion and invasion through the brain endothelium. Thus, the interaction between Hyal-1-generated LMW-HA fragments and the HA-receptor CD44 might represent a potential target for future therapeutic options in BC patients with a high risk of cerebral metastases formation.

Predicting Prognosis of Breast Cancer Patients with Brain Metastases in the BMBC Registry-Comparison of Three Different GPA Prognostic Scores.

Several scores have been developed in order to estimate the prognosis of patients with brain metastases (BM) by objective criteria. The aim of this analysis was to validate all three published graded-prognostic-assessment (GPA)-scores in a subcohort of 882 breast cancer (BC) patients with BM in the Brain Metastases in the German Breast Cancer (BMBC) registry. The median age at diagnosis of BM was 57 years. All in all, 22.3% of patients (n = 197) had triple-negative, 33.4% (n = 295) luminal A like, 25.1% (n = 221) luminal B/HER2-enriched like and 19.2% (n = 169) HER2 positive like BC. Age ≥60 years, evidence of extracranial metastases (ECM), higher number of BM, triple-negative subtype and low Karnofsky-Performance-Status (KPS) were all associated with worse overall survival (OS) in univariate analysis (p < 0.001 each). All three GPA-scores were associated with OS. The breast-GPA showed the highest probability of classifying patients with survival above 12 months in the best prognostic group (specificity 68.7% compared with 48.1% for the updated breast-GPA and 21.8% for the original GPA). Sensitivities for predicting 3 months survival were very low for all scores. In this analysis, all GPA-scores showed only moderate diagnostic accuracy in predicting the OS of BC patients with BM.

Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of Breast Cancer Patients with Asymptomatic Brain Metastases.

Background: Brain metastases (BM) have become a major challenge in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Methods: The aim of this analysis was to characterize patients with asymptomatic BM (n = 580) in the overall cohort of 2589 patients with BM from our Brain Metastases in Breast Cancer Network Germany (BMBC) registry. Results: Compared to symptomatic patients, asymptomatic patients were slightly younger at diagnosis (median age: 55.5 vs. 57.0 years, p = 0.01), had a better performance status at diagnosis (Karnofsky index 80-100%: 68.4% vs. 57%, p < 0.001), a lower number of BM (>1 BM: 56% vs. 70%, p = 0.027), and a slightly smaller diameter of BM (median: 1.5 vs. 2.2 cm, p < 0.001). Asymptomatic patients were more likely to have extracranial metastases (86.7% vs. 81.5%, p = 0.003) but were less likely to have leptomeningeal metastasis (6.3% vs. 10.9%, p < 0.001). Asymptomatic patients underwent less intensive BM therapy but had a longer median overall survival (statistically significant for a cohort of HER2-positive patients) compared to symptomatic patients (10.4 vs. 6.9 months, p < 0.001). Conclusions: These analyses show a trend that asymptomatic patients have less severe metastatic brain disease and despite less intensive local BM therapy still have a better outcome (statistically significant for a cohort of HER2-positive patients) than patients who present with symptomatic BM, although a lead time bias of the earlier diagnosis cannot be ruled out. Our analysis is of clinical relevance in the context of potential trials examining the benefit of early detection and treatment of BM.

Initial experience with CDK4/6 inhibitor-based therapies compared to antihormone monotherapies in routine clinical use in patients with hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative breast cancer - Data from the PRAEGNANT research network for the first 2 years of drug availability in Germany.

PURPOSE: Treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitors and endocrine therapy (CDK4/6i + ET) is a standard for patients with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative (HR + HER2-) breast cancer (BC). However, real-world data on the implementation of therapy usage, efficacy, and toxicity have not yet been reported. METHODS: The PRAEGNANT registry was used to identify advanced HR + HER2- BC patients (n = 1136). The use of chemotherapy, ET, everolimus + ET, and CDK4/6i + ET was analyzed for first-line, second-line, and third-line therapy. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were also compared between patients treated with CDK4/6i + ET and ET monotherapy. Also toxicity was assessed. RESULTS: CDK4/6i + ET use increased from 38.5% to 62.7% in the first 2 years after CDK4/6i treatment became available (November 2016). Chemotherapy and ET monotherapy use decreased from 2015 to 2018 from 42.2% to 27.2% and from 53% to 9.5%, respectively. In this early analysis no statistically significant differences were found comparing CDK4/6i + ET and ET monotherapy patients with regard to PFS and OS. Leukopenia was was seen in 11.3% of patients under CDK4/6i + ET and 0.5% under ET monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: In clinical practice, CDK4/6i + ET has been rapidly implemented. A group of patients with a more unfavorable prognosis was possibly treated in the real-world setting than in the reported randomized clinical trials. The available data suggest that longer follow-up times and a larger sample size are required in order to identify differences in survival outcomes. Studies should be supported that investigate whether chemotherapy can be avoided or delayed in this patient population by using CDK4/6i + ET.

Correction: Treatment Landscape and Prognosis After Treatment with Trastuzumab Emtansine.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1055/a-1286-2917.].

Treatment Landscape and Prognosis After Treatment with Trastuzumab Emtansine.

Purpose Pertuzumab and T-DM1 are two efficient anti-HER2 treatments for patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. While pertuzumab is usually given in first-line treatment and T-DM1 in second-line treatment, standard therapy options seem to be exhausted up to now after the treatment of patients with these two therapy options. Therefore, it is important to have data that describes the therapy situation and prognosis after T-DM1 treatment. Methods The PRAEGNANT metastatic breast cancer registry (NCT02338167) is a prospective registry for breast cancer patients with a focus on molecular biomarkers. Patients of all therapy lines with any kind of treatment are eligible. Collected data comprises therapies, adverse events, quality of life and other patient reported outcomes. Here we report on the patient characteristics and descriptive prognostic data for HER2-positive patients who have completed a treatment with T-DM1. Therapy patterns after T-DM1 and progression-free survival are reported as well as overall survival. Results A total of 85 patients were identified for the study who were prospectively observed during therapy after the termination of T-DM1. The main reason for T-DM1 termination was progress. Following T-DM1, lapatinib, trastuzumab and chemotherapy were the main therapy choices. Median progression-free survival was 4.8 months (95% CI: 3.2 - 6.3) and median overall survival was 18.4 months (95% CI: 15.5 - 21.3). Conclusions Therapy options after T-DM1 in a real-world setting seem to exhibit a relevant clinical efficacy, supporting the concept of continuous anti-HER2 treatments in the advanced therapy setting for breast cancer patients. Novel therapies are needed to improve the rather short median progression-free survival.

Efficacy of Liposomal Cytarabine in the Treatment of Leptomeningeal Metastasis of Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is one of the most frequent causes of leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) among solid tumors in adults. The prognosis of patients with LM is poor. A treatment option is the intrathecal administration of liposomal cytarabine. CASE REPORTS: The first case represents a 53-year-old woman with LM of breast cancer. A neurological response was achieved shortly after the start of the multimodal treatment including intrathecal liposomal cytarabine. The response duration reached 79 days. The second case represents a 48-year-old woman with LM of breast cancer treated with intrathecal liposomal cytarabine as a part of a multimodal treatment approach. A neurological response was achieved in the first 2 weeks of treatment and is still lasting after 18 months. CONCLUSION: These cases suggest that a rapid response to a prompt start of treatment with intrathecal liposomal cytarabine in patients with LM of breast cancer is feasible. In 1 case an extremely long progression-free survival (18+ months) was achieved. The cases support the efficacy of liposomal cytarabine in the management of LM in breast cancer patients as a part of a multimodal treatment approach and underline the need for further investigations in this specific cohort.