Green Extraction Processes for Complex Samples from Vegetable Matrices Coupled with On-Line Detection System: A Critical Review.

The detection of analytes in complex organic matrices requires a series of analytical steps to obtain a reliable analysis. Sample preparation can be the most time-consuming, prolonged, and error-prone step, reducing the reliability of the investigation. This review aims to discuss the advantages and limitations of extracting bioactive compounds, sample preparation techniques, automation, and coupling with on-line detection. This review also evaluates all publications on this topic through a longitudinal bibliometric analysis, applying statistical and mathematical methods to analyze the trends, perspectives, and hot topics of this research area. Furthermore, state-of-the-art green extraction techniques for complex samples from vegetable matrices coupled with analysis systems are presented. Among the extraction techniques for liquid samples, solid-phase extraction was the most common for combined systems in the scientific literature. In contrast, for on-line extraction systems applied for solid samples, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction were the most frequent green extraction techniques.

Hydrothermal carbonization and Liquefaction: differences, progress, challenges, and opportunities.

Thermochemical processes including hydrothermal technology are gaining research interest as a potentially green method for deconstructing biomass into platform chemicals or energy carriers. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) are advantageous because of their enhanced process performance while being environmentally friendly and technologically innovative. However, after a deep review, several works have shown a misunderstanding between HTL and HTC concepts. Therefore, this review advances understanding on the main differences and gaps found between HTL and HTC in terms of operation parameters, technical issues, and main products. Furthermore, environmental and techno-economic assessments (TEA) were presented to appraise the environmental sustainability and economic implications of these techniques. Perspectives and challenges are presented and the integration approaches of hydrothermal valorization pathways and biorefining are explored.

Biogas production from the landfilled easily degradable fraction of municipal solid waste: mining strategy for energy recovery.

The growing demand for space and financial resources to manage current and new municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills has become a massive challenge for several countries. Additionally, landfills contribute to adverse environmental impacts such as pollution and CO2 (carbon dioxide) and CH4 (methane) emissions. This paper has analyzed the possibility of producing biogas from landfilled MSW. An easily degradable fraction of landfilled MSW with 8 years of landfilling was mined and subjected to chemical characterization and elemental composition analysis. The abbreviation for the study sample was called ED8 - Mined. The low values of lignin (24.5%) and nitrogen content (0.7%) and high values of holocellulose (75.9%) and C/N (46.1%) on dry basis were obtained resulting in materials with the potential to be used for biogas generation. Recalcitrant materials were found in greater amounts than easily biodegradable fresh MSW fractions. The reuse of energy from landfilled MSW can contribute positively to the country's environment and economy, reducing environmental liabilities and generating energy in a controlled way. In Delta A Sanitary Landfill, Southeastern Brazil, the recovery of the ED8 - Mined would reflect a significant recovery of about 100,000 tonnes of landfilled materials for annual MSW cells of about 450,000 tonnes, allowing recovery of materials and space expansion for rejects. Graphical abstract: fx1.

Defatted rice bran pretreated with deep eutectic solvents and sequential use as feedstock for subcritical water hydrolysis.

Deffated rice bran has potential to processing into ethanol due to its lignocellulosic composition and agricultural productivity. The composition of the pretreated deffated rice bran with Deep Eutectic Solvent was investigated aiming the production of sugars and bioproducts using subcritical water hydrolysis. Changes in the deffated rice bran composition at different pretreatment times and mixtures of deep eutectic solvent were evaluated by the derivative of thermogravimetric analysis. The pretreated deffated rice bran presented an enrichment in the content of hemicelluloses (281.0%) and delignification (59.3 %). Under the same condition of subcritical water hydrolysis (230 °C/R-100) the yield of fermentable sugars increased 2.20 times in the same study time interval (20 min) when comparing pretreated and untreated deffated rice bran.

Severity factor kinetic model as a strategic parameter of hydrothermal processing (steam explosion and liquid hot water) for biomass fractionation under biorefinery concept.

Hydrothermal processes are an attractive clean technology and cost-effective engineering platform for biorefineries based in the conversion of biomass to biofuels and high-value bioproducts under the basis of sustainability and circular bioeconomy. The deep and detailed knowledge of the structural changes by the severity of biomasses hydrothermal fractionation is scientifically and technological needed in order to improve processes effectiveness, reactors designs, and industrial application of the multi-scale target compounds obtained by steam explosion and liquid hot water systems. The concept of the severity factor [log10 (Ro)] established>30 years ago, continues to be a useful index that can provide a simple descriptor of the relationship between the operational conditions for biomass fractionation in second generation of biorefineries. This review develops a deep explanation of the hydrothermal severity factor based in lignocellulosic biomass fractionation with emphasis in research advances, pretreatment operations and the applications of severity factor kinetic model.

Extraction of Flavonoids From Natural Sources Using Modern Techniques.

Flavonoids are one of the main groups of polyphenols found in natural products. Traditional flavonoid extraction techniques are being replaced by advanced techniques to reduce energy and solvent consumption, increase efficiency and selectivity, to meet increased market demand and environmental regulations. Advanced technologies, such as microwaves, ultrasound, pressurized liquids, supercritical fluids, and electric fields, are alternatives currently being used. These modern techniques are generally faster, more environmentally friendly, and with higher automation levels compared to conventional extraction techniques. This review will discuss the different methods available for flavonoid extraction from natural sources and the main parameters involved (temperature, solvent, sample quantity, extraction time, among others). Recent trends and their industrial importance are also discussed in detail, providing insight into their potential. Thus, this paper seeks to review the innovations of compound extraction techniques, presenting in each of them their advantages and disadvantages, trying to offer a broader scope in the understanding of flavonoid extraction from different plant matrices.