Hemothorax After Retroclavicular Approach to the Infraclavicular Region in a Critically Ill Patient: A Case Report.

The retroclavicular approach to the infraclavicular region (RAPTIR) is a recently described locoregional technique for upper limb analgesia that offers advantages over the classic infraclavicular block. RAPTIR is considered an effective and easy-to-perform block associated with few complications and better patient comfort. We present a case of a critically ill patient with thoracic and upper limb trauma. Despite multimodal analgesia, the patient developed delirium and experienced suboptimal pain control. An ultrasound-guided continuous RAPTIR block was performed, resulting in improved pain scores and delirium control. Twenty-four hours post block, the patient presented with dyspnea and chest pain, leading to the diagnosis of hemothorax. Chest computed tomography angiography revealed no vascular damage. The perineural catheter was removed 48 hours after its placement and the patient had a satisfactory recovery without long-term complications. The RAPTIR requires the needle to pass underneath the clavicle's acoustic shadow, putting the structures beneath the clavicle at risk of injury. Cadaver studies have raised concerns about potential vascular complications of the RAPTIR in a noncompressible location. This case highlights, for the first time, a rare but serious complication of the RAPTIR, demonstrating the potential risks of passing the needle through a blind spot.

Peripartum anesthetic management of women with SARS-CoV-2 infection in eight medical centers across three European countries: prospective cohort observation study.

OBJECTIVE: Several reports of obstetric anesthesia management have been published since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to collect high-quality broad and detailed data from different university medical centers in several European Society of Anesthesiologist countries. METHODS: This prospective observational survey was performed in eight medical centers in Spain, Israel and Portugal from 1st April to 31st July 2020. Institutional review board approval was received at each participating center. Inclusion criteria: all women with a positive test for COVID-19. Retrieved data included maternal, delivery, anesthetic, postpartum details, and neonatal outcomes. Descriptive data are presented, and outcomes were compared for women with versus without respiratory signs and symptoms. RESULTS: Women with respiratory symptoms (20/12.1%) had significantly higher mean (standard deviation) temperature (37.2 °C (0.8) versus 36.8 °C (0.6)), were older (34.1 (6.7) years versus 30.5 (6.6)) and had higher body mass index kg m-2 - (29.5 (7.5) versus 28.2 (5.1)). Women with respiratory symptoms delivered at a significantly earlier gestational age (50% < 37 weeks) with a 65% cesarean delivery rate (versus 22.1% in the group without respiratory symptoms) and 5-fold increased rate of emergency cesarean delivery, 30% performed under general anesthesia. A higher rate of intrauterine fetal death (3%) was observed than expected from the literature (0.2-0.3%) in developed countries. There was no evidence of viral vertical transmission. CONCLUSION: Well-functioning neuraxial analgesia should be available to manage laboring women with respiratory symptoms, as there is a higher frequency of emergency cesarean delivery. We report a higher rate of undiagnosed parturient and intrauterine fetal death.

When radiology determines the success of removal of a retained epidural catheter: A case report.

The epidural block is an anesthetic procedure that can have possible complications upon insertion or removal. Epidural catheter retention is a rare complication; its etiology may come from lateral migration with kinking of the catheter or from involvement with bone, ligamentous, muscular, vascular structures, or nerve roots. Up until today, there is not a standard approach to this complication; however, there are some recommendations for the management of retained epidural catheters. Here, we describe a case report of epidural catheter retention, in which we followed the published recommendations. Although computed tomography scanning may be the best option to visualize the anatomical position of the distal extremity of an epidural catheter, with this case report we intend to reinforce the fundamental contribution of the contrast radiograph in the successful catheter removal. Posteriorly, a protocol for clinical orientation of epidural catheter retention was developed in our institution.

[Ultrasound guided airway access]. / Acesso às vias aéreas guiado por ultrassom.

Ultrasound has increasingly growing applications in anesthesia. This procedure has proven to be a novel, non-invasive and simple technique for the upper airway management, proving to be a useful tool, not only in the operating room but also in the intensive care unit and emergency department. Indeed, over the years mounting evidence has showed an increasing role of ultrasound in airway management. In this review, the authors will discuss the importance of ultrasound in the airway preoperative assessment as a way of detecting signs of difficult intubation or to define the type and/or size of the endotracheal tube as well as to help airway procedures such as endotracheal intubation, cricothyrotomy, percutaneous tracheal intubation, retrograde intubation as well as the criteria for extubation.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy under continuous spinal anesthesia in a patient with Steinert's disease.

Steinert's disease is an intrinsic disorder of the muscle with multisystem manifestations. Myotonia may affect any muscle group, is elicited by several factors and drugs used in general anesthesia like hypnotics, sedatives and opioids. Although some authors recommend the use of regional anesthesia or combined anesthesia with low doses of opioids, the safest anesthetic technique still has to be established. We performed a continuous spinal anesthesia in a patient with Steinert's disease undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy using 10mg of bupivacaine 0.5% and provided ventilatory support in the perioperative period. Continuous spinal anesthesia was safely used in Steinert's disease patients but is not described for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We reported a continuous spinal anesthesia as an appropriate technique for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and particularly valuable in Steinert's disease patients.

Role of noninvasive ventilation in perioperative patients with neuromuscular disease: a clinical case.

The inclusion body myositis is an inflammatory myopathy that leads to chronic muscle inflammation associated with muscle weakness. It is characterized by a restrictive ventilatory syndrome requiring ventilatory support under non-invasive ventilation. The authors describe a clinical case and the anaesthetic management of a patient with inclusion body myopathy candidate for vertebroplasty, which highlights the importance of locoregional anaesthesia and of noninvasive ventilation and includes assisted cough techniques, maintained throughout the perioperative period.

Continuous bilateral TAP block in patient with prior abdominal surgery.

We present as an option for epidural analgesia and intravenous opioid infusion a clinical case of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, with bilateral placement of catheter for postoperative analgesia after exploratory laparotomy performed in a patient with previous abdominal surgery and heart, kidney and liver failure.

Ultrasound guided airway access / Acesso às vias aéreas guiado por ultrassom

Abstract Ultrasound has increasingly growing applications in anesthesia. This procedure has proven to be a novel, non-invasive and simple technique for the upper airway management, proving to be a useful tool, not only in the operating room but also in the intensive care unit and emergency department. Indeed, over the years mounting evidence has showed an increasing role of ultrasound in airway management. In this review, the authors will discuss the importance of ultrasound in the airway preoperative assessment as a way of detecting signs of difficult intubation or to define the type and/or size of the endotracheal tube as well as to help airway procedures such as endotracheal intubation, cricothyrotomy, percutaneous tracheal intubation, retrograde intubation as well as the criteria for extubation.

Resumo O uso do ultrassom em anestesia tem aumentado consideravelmente. Esse procedimento provou ser uma técnica nova, não invasiva e simples para o manejo das vias aéreas superiores, mostrou ser uma ferramenta útil não apenas em salas de cirurgia, mas também em unidades de terapia intensiva e prontos-socorros. De fato, ao longo dos anos, evidências crescentes mostraram que o papel do ultrassom no manejo das vias aéreas se destacou. Nesta revisão, discutiremos a importância da ultrassonografia na avaliação pré-operatória das vias aéreas, como forma de detectar sinais de intubação difícil ou definir o tipo e/ou tamanho do tubo endotraqueal, bem como auxiliar nos procedimentos de abordagem das vias aéreas, como intubação endotraqueal, cricotireotomia, intubação traqueal percutânea, intubação retrógrada e critérios de extubação.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy under continuous spinal anesthesia in a patient with Steinert's disease / Colecistectomia laparoscópica sob raquianestesia contínua em paciente com doença de Steinert

ABSTRACT Steinert's disease is an intrinsic disorder of the muscle with multisystem manifestations. Myotonia may affect any muscle group, is elicited by several factors and drugs used in general anesthesia like hypnotics, sedatives and opioids. Although some authors recommend the use of regional anesthesia or combined anesthesia with low doses of opioids, the safest anesthetic technique still has to be established. We performed a continuous spinal anesthesia in a patient with Steinert's disease undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy using 10 mg of bupivacaine 0.5% and provided ventilatory support in the perioperative period. Continuous spinal anesthesia was safely used in Steinert's disease patients but is not described for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We reported a continuous spinal anesthesia as an appropriate technique for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and particularly valuable in Steinert's disease patients.

RESUMO A doença de Steinert é uma desordem intrínseca do músculo com manifestações multissistêmicas. A miotonia pode afetar qualquer grupo muscular e é provocada por vários fatores e medicamentos usados em anestesia geral, como hipnóticos, sedativos e opiáceos. Embora alguns autores recomendem o uso de anestesia regional ou anestesia combinada com opiáceos em doses baixas, a técnica anestésica mais segura ainda precisa ser estabelecida. Administramos raquianestesia contínua em um paciente com doença de Steinert submetido à colecistectomia laparoscópica, com 10 mg de bupivacaína a 0,5%, e fornecemos suporte ventilatório no período perioperatório. A raquianestesia contínua foi usada com segurança em pacientes com doença de Steinert, mas não foi relatada em colecistectomia laparoscópica. Relatamos a raquianestesia contínua como uma técnica adequada para a colecistectomia laparoscópica e particularmente valiosa em pacientes com doença de Steinert.

Role of noninvasive ventilation in perioperative patients with neuromuscular disease: a clinical case / Papel da ventilação não invasiva no período perioperatório de doentes com patologia neuromuscular: caso clínico

The inclusion body myositis is an inflammatory myopathy that leads to chronic muscle inflammation associated with muscle weakness. It is characterized by a restrictive ventilatory syndrome requiring ventilatory support under non-invasive ventilation. The authors describe a clinical case and the anaesthetic management of a patient with inclusion body myopathy candidate for vertebroplasty, which highlights the importance of locoregional anaesthesia and of noninvasive ventilation and includes assisted cough techniques, maintained throughout the perioperative period.

A miosite por corpos de inclusão é uma miopatia inflamatória que cursa com inflamação crônica muscular associada à fraqueza muscular. Caracteriza-se por uma síndrome ventilatória restritiva com necessidade de suporte ventilatório sob ventilação não invasiva. Os autores descrevem caso clínico e respectivo manuseio anestésico de paciente com miopatia por corpos de inclusão proposta para vertebroplastia que realça a importância da anestesia locorregional e da ventilação não invasiva e inclui as técnicas de tosse assistida, mantidas durante todo o período perioperatório.

Analgesia pós-operatória da artroplastia do quadril: comparação do bloqueio de plexo lombar contínuo com a analgesia peridural / Postoperative analgesia for hip arthroplasty: comparison of continuous lumbar plexus block and epidural analgesia

RESUMO JUSTIFICATICA E OBJETIVOS: A dor pós-operatória da artroplastia total do quadril tem intensidade moderada a intensa, exigindo a realização de técnicas analgésicas eficazes. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o bloqueio do plexo lombar contínuo com a analgesia peridural em pacientes submetidos à artroplastia de quadril. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional e analítico dos pacientes submetidos à artroplastia de quadril durante dois anos, sob analgesia pós-operatória por bloqueios do plexo lombar contínuo e peridural. Os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com a técnica analgésica escolhida pelo anestesiologista. O protocolo consiste em infusão contínua de ropivacaína a 0,2% (5mL/h) via cateter de bloqueio do plexo lombar contínuo ou em ropivacaína a 0,1% e fentanil 3µg/mL (5mL/h) via cateter peridural. Recorrendo aos registos da Unidade de Dor Aguda, foram comparados os três dias pós-operatórios dos grupos bloqueio do plexo lombar contínuo e peridural em relação à intensidade da dor, analgesia de resgate, complicações e tempo de internação hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 162 pacientes. A maioria de ambos os grupos não apresentou queixas de dor no primeiro dia pós-operatório (77,6% bloqueio do plexo lombar contínuo versus 79,2% peridural). Ambos os grupos não diferiram em relação à intensidade de dor nem à incidência de necessidade de analgesia de resgate (23,5% bloqueio do plexo lombar contínuo versus 22,1% peridural). O grupo bloqueio do plexo lombar contínuo registrou menos complicações (4,7% versus 23,4%), nomeadamente bloqueio motor, náuseas, vômitos e prurido. A rara ocorrência de complicações não permite detectar diferenças significativas entre as técnicas. A maioria dos pacientes de ambos os grupos obteve alta hospitalar no 3º dia pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: Em relação à analgesia peridural, o bloqueio do plexo lombar contínuo proporcionou analgesia semelhante com menos complicações.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative pain after total hip arthroplasty is moderate to severe and requires effective analgesic techniques. This study aimed at comparing continuous lumbar plexus block and epidural analgesia in patients submitted to hip arthroplasty. METHODS: This is a prospective, observational and analytical study of patients submitted to hip arthroplasty in a two-year period, under postoperative analgesia with continuous lumbar plexus block and epidural analgesia. Patients were divided according to the analgesic technique chosen by the anesthesiologist. The protocol consists in continuous perfusion of 0.2% ropivacaine (5mL/h) via continuous lumbar plexus block catheter or 0.1% ropivacaine and fentanil (3μg/mL) (5mL/h) via epidural catheter. Using Acute Pain Unit records, three postoperative days were compared between continuous lumbar plexus block and epidural analgesia with regard to pain intensity, rescue analgesia, complications and hospital stay. RESULTS: Participated in the study 162 patients. Most patients of both groups had no pain in the first postoperative day (77.6% continuous lumbar plexus block versus 79.2% epidural). Both groups were not different with regard to pain intensity and need for rescue analgesia (23.5% continuous lumbar plexus block versus 22.1% epidural). Continuous lumbar plexus block group had fewer complications (4.7% versus 23.4%), namely motor block, nausea, vomiting and itching. The low number of complications does not allow the detection of significant differences between techniques. Most patients of both groups were discharged in the third postoperative day. CONCLUSION: As compared to epidural analgesia, continuous lumbar plexus block has provided similar analgesia with fewer complications.

Bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal contínuo bilateral em doente com cirurgia abdominal prévia / Continuous bilateral TAP block in patient with prior abdominal surgery / Bloqueo del plano transverso abdominal continuo bilateral en enfermo con cirugía abdominal previa

Os autores apresentam um caso clínico em que foi realizado um bloqueio do plano do músculo transverso abdominal, com colocação de cateter bilateral, para analgesia pós-operatória de laparotomia exploradora, em doente com cirurgia abdominal prévia, insuficiência cardíaca, renal e hepática, em opção à analgesia epidural e aos opioides endovenosos em perfusão.

We present as an option for epidural analgesia and intravenous opioid infusion a clinical case of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, with bilateral placement of catheter for postoperative analgesia after exploratory laparotomy performed in a patient with previous abdominal surgery and heart, kidney and liver failure.

Los autores presentan un caso clínico en que se realizó un bloqueo del plano del músculo transverso abdominal, con la colocación de catéter bilateral para la analgesia postoperatoria de laparotomía exploratoria, en un enfermo con cirugía abdominal previa, insuficiencia cardíaca renal y hepática, como una opción a la analgesia epidural y a los opioides endovenosos en perfusión.

[Postoperative nausea and vomiting: a review of the 'minor-major' problem.]. / Náuseas e vômitos no pós-operatório: uma revisão do 'pequeno-grande' problema.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Notwithstanding continuous investigations and the development of new drugs and techniques, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are frequent and may contribute to the development of complications, thus increasing hospital and human costs. This article aimed at reviewing physiological mechanisms, risk factors and therapeutic approaches available to manage PONV. CONTENTS: Several strategies to manage PONV are suggested in this article, but stress is given to guidelines published by Gan in 2003. They are the most recent contribution for risk stratification, prevention and treatment of PONV patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although the management of PONV has improved in recent years, it is still common among high-risk patients. Current strategy to prevent and treat PONV is not yet established and Gan guidelines should be adapted to each population and institution.

Náuseas e vômitos no pós-operatório: uma revisão do "pequeno-grande" problema / Postoperative nausea and vomiting: a review of the minor-major problem

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apesar da investigação contínua e do desenvolvimento de novos fármacos e técnicas, as náuseas e vômitos no pós-operatório (NVPO) são freqüentes e podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de complicações com conseqüente aumento dos custos hospitalares e dos recursos humanos. Os objetivos deste artigo são a revisão dos mecanismos fisiológicos, dos fatores de risco e das medidas terapêuticas disponíveis para o manuseio de NVPO. CONTEUDO: Várias são as estratégias de manuseio de NVPO sugeridas neste artigo, destacando-se, no entanto, as linhas de orientação emitidas por Gan em 2003. Estas constituem a contribuição mais recente para a estratificação de risco, prevenção e tratamento dos pacientes com NVPO. CONCLUSÕES: Embora o manuseio de NVPO tenha melhorado nos últimos anos, estes ainda ocorrem freqüentemente em grupos de risco elevado. A estratégia atual para a prevenção e manuseio de NVPO permanece por estabelecer e as linhas de orientação de Gan deverão ser adaptadas a cada população de pacientes e à instituição hospitalar.