TES and SLC40A1 as potential biomarkers for predicting survival in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Identifying patients with high-risk T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is crucial for personalized therapy, however, the lack of robust biomarkers hinders prognosis assessment. To address this issue, our study aimed to screen and validate genes whose expression may serve as predictive indicators of outcomes in T-ALL patients, while also investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between T-ALL patients and healthy controls were identified by integrating data from three independent public datasets. Functional annotation of these DEGs and protein-protein interaction were also conducted. Further, we enrolled a prospective cohort of T-ALL patients (n=20) at our center, conducting RNA-seq analysis on their bone marrow samples. Survival-based Univariate Cox Analysis was employed to identify gene expressions related to survival, and an intersection algorithm was sequentially applied. Furthermore, we validated the identified genes using cases from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments database, plotting Kaplan-Meier curves for secondary validation. RESULTS: Through the integration of survival-related genes with DEGs identified in T-ALL, our analysis revealed six T-ALL-specific genes, the expression levels of which were linked to prognostic value. Notably, the independent prognostic value of SLC40A1 and TES expression levels was confirmed in both an external cohort and a prospective cohort at our center. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our preliminary study indicates that the expression levels of TES and SLC40A1 genes show promise as potential indicators for predicting survival outcomes in T-ALL patients.

Mesenchymal stem cells reversibly de-differentiate myofibroblasts to fibroblast-like cells by inhibiting the TGF-ß-SMAD2/3 pathway.

BACKGROUND: Myofibroblasts (MFB), one of the major effectors of pathologic fibrosis, mainly derived from the activation of fibroblast to myofibroblast transition (FMT). Although MFBs were historically considered terminally differentiated cells, their potential for de-differentiation was recently recognized and implied with therapeutic value in treating fibrotic diseases, for instance, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). During the past decade, several methods were reported to block or reverse MFB differentiation, among which mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have demonstrated potential but undetermined therapeutic values. However, the MSC-mediated regulation of FMT and underlying mechanisms remained largely undefined. METHOD: By identifying TGF-ß1 hypertension as the pivotal landmark during the pro-fibrotic FMT, TGF-ß1-induced MFB and MSC co-culture models were established and utilized to investigate regulations by MSC on FMT in vitro. Methods including RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), Western blot, qPCR and flow cytometry were used. RESULT: Our data revealed that TGF-ß1 readily induced invasive signatures identified in fibrotic tissues and initiated MFB differentiation in normal FB. MSC reversibly de-differentiated MFB into a group of FB-like cells by selectively inhibiting the TGF-ß-SMAD2/3 signaling. Importantly, these proliferation-boosted FB-like cells remained sensitive to TGF-ß1 and could be re-induced into MFB. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlighted the reversibility of MSC-mediated de-differentiation of MFB through TGF-ß-SMAD2/3 signaling, which may explain MSC's inconsistent clinical efficacies in treating BO and other fibrotic diseases. These de-differentiated FB-like cells are still sensitive to TGF-ß1 and may further deteriorate MFB phenotypes unless the pro-fibrotic microenvironment is corrected.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia: overactivated WNT/ß-catenin signalling by parallel RNA sequencing and dysfunctional phenotypes.

Sophisticated cross-talk between bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM MSCs) and haematopoietic/leukaemic stem cells in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myeloid leukaemia have been emphasized in previous reports. However, mesenchymal elements in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) were poorly investigated. By utilizing a parallel RNA-sequencing method, we investigated the transcriptional profile and functional defects of primary BM MSCs from patients with CMML for the first time. Within a 24-patient cohort, transcriptional and functional analysis reveals a prominent enrichment of WNT/ß-catenin signalling and multiple biology processes. Deregulated expression of WNT/ß-catnin factors CTNNB1, CMYC, LEF1, and FRZB is associated with impaired proliferation, senescence phenotype, and abnormal secretion in CMML MSCs. The impaired ability to support healthy CD34+ haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) correlates with activation of WNT/ß-catenin signalling in CMML MSCs. Furthermore, we observed an association between WNT/ß-catenin factors and treatment response to hypomethylating agents (HMAs) in a cohort of patients with MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Taken together, our study provides evidence for transcriptional and functional abnormalities in CMML MSCs, and suggests potential prognostic value of evaluating WNT/ß-catenin signalling in patients with CMML.

Role of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in cutaneous chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Cutaneous damage is one of the characterized manifestations in chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). When local effective immunity in the skin is altered to a dysimmune reaction, cutaneous injuries occur. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling is regarded as a central mediator of inflammation and organ injury. In this study, we found that TLR4 mRNA in peripheral blood from patients with cutaneous cGVHD was markedly increased compared with that from non-GVHD patients and healthy controls. In addition, NF-κB expression, TLR4 downstream signaling, and TLR4-mediated cytokines, including IL-6 and ICAM-1, were upregulated. Moreover, ICAM-1 was widely distributed in skin biopsies from patients with cutaneous cGVHD. We also found that LPS induced TLR4-mediated NF-κB activation and IL-6 and ICAM-1 secretion in human fibroblasts in vitro. Thus, TLR4, NF-κB, IL-6, and ICAM-1 contribute to the inflammatory response that occurs in cutaneous cGVHD, indicating the TLR4 pathway may be a novel target for cutaneous cGVHD therapy.

Comprehensive analysis of human monocyte subsets using full-spectrum flow cytometry and hierarchical marker clustering.

Introduction: Exploring monocytes' roles within the tumor microenvironment is crucial for crafting targeted cancer treatments. Methods: This study unveils a novel methodology utilizing four 20-color flow cytometry panels for comprehensive peripheral immune system phenotyping, specifically targeting classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocyte subsets. Results: By applying advanced dimensionality reduction techniques like t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) and FlowSom analysis, we performed an extensive profiling of monocytes, assessing 50 unique cell surface markers related to a wide range of immunological functions, including activation, differentiation, and immune checkpoint regulation. Discussion: This in-depth approach significantly refines the identification of monocyte subsets, directly supporting the development of personalized immunotherapies and enhancing diagnostic precision. Our pioneering panel for monocyte phenotyping marks a substantial leap in understanding monocyte biology, with profound implications for the accuracy of disease diagnostics and the success of checkpoint-inhibitor therapies. Key findings include revealing distinct marker expression patterns linked to tumor progression and providing new avenues for targeted therapeutic interventions.

Outcomes of intermediate or high-risk CMML patients treated with hypomethylating agents combined with venetoclax: A single center experience.

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) treatment remains a pressing clinical challenge. We conducted a retrospective analysis on 52 CMML cases, exploring the effectiveness of combining venetoclax (Vene) with hypomethylating agents (HMAs). The study's findings show promise: the HMAs plus Vene group (n = 13, 53.8%) demonstrated superior overall response rates compared to the HMA monotherapy (mono) group (n = 19, 31.6%) and HMA plus arsenic trioxide group (n = 9, 22.2%) by the second cycle, and notably higher response rates (53.8% vs. 15.7%, p = 0.04) compared to the HMA mono group after four cycles. Over a median follow-up of 14.7 months, the HMAs plus Vene group exhibited significantly lower cumulative mortality (23.1%) compared to the other two groups (p = 0.003 and p = 0.008, respectively). Furthermore, this group displayed extended overall survival compared to the others. The study also delved into the molecular mechanisms, revealing significant BCL2 mRNA overexpression in patients with CMML. These findings suggest the potential for HMAs combined with Vene therapy in CMML but emphasize the necessity for further prospective studies to determine its precise role in managing CMML.

Gut microbial co-metabolite 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine exacerbates thrombosis via binding to and activating integrin α2ß1.

Thrombosis represents the leading cause of death and disability upon major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Numerous pathological conditions such as COVID-19 and metabolic disorders can lead to a heightened thrombotic risk; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Our study illustrates that 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine (2MBC), a branched-chain acylcarnitine, is accumulated in patients with COVID-19 and in patients with MACEs. 2MBC enhances platelet hyperreactivity and thrombus formation in mice. Mechanistically, 2MBC binds to integrin α2ß1 in platelets, potentiating cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) activation and platelet hyperresponsiveness. Genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of integrin α2ß1 largely reverses the pro-thrombotic effects of 2MBC. Notably, 2MBC can be generated in a gut-microbiota-dependent manner, whereas the accumulation of plasma 2MBC and its thrombosis-aggravating effect are largely ameliorated following antibiotic-induced microbial depletion. Our study implicates 2MBC as a metabolite that links gut microbiota dysbiosis to elevated thrombotic risk, providing mechanistic insight and a potential therapeutic strategy for thrombosis.

Mesenchymal stromal cells treatment attenuates dry eye in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Cell therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of refractory ocular disease. This study investigated the efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for the treatment of dry eye associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) and assessed the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs on regulatory CD8(+)CD28(-) T lymphocytes. A total of 22 patients with refractory dry eye secondary to cGVHD were enrolled. The symptoms of 12 out of 22 patients abated after MSCs transplantation by intravenous injection, improving in the dry eye scores, ocular surface disease index scores and the Schirmer test results. The clinical improvements were accompanied by increasing level of CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells, but not CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, in the 12 patients who were treated effectively. They had significantly higher levels of Th1 cytokines (interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-γ) and lower levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4). In addition, CD8(+) T cells were prone to differentiation into CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells after co-culture with MSCs in vitro. In conclusion, transfusion of MSCs improved the clinical symptoms in patients (54.55%) with refractory dry eye secondary to cGVHD. MSCs appear to exert their effects by triggering the generation of CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells, which may regulate the balance between Th1 and Th2.

Bortezomib modulates regulatory T cell subpopulations in the process of acute graft-versus-host disease.

BACKGROUND: Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) combines the wide application of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). Recent studies indicate that it is possible to reduce the incidence and severity of aGVHD by using bortezomib. In this study, we explored the changes of T cell subsets after allo-BMT with bortezomib, in order to elucidate the mechanism by which bortezomib attenuates aGVHD. METHODS: Following a single dose of lethal irradiation (TBI, 0.7 Gy/minutes, 8.0 Gy), BALB/c mice were injected with 2 x 10(7) C57BL/6 nucleated BM cells plus 1 x 10(7) splenocytes with or without bortezomib at 1.0 mg/kg. The ratio of CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) was examined by flow cytometry, and the cytokine levels of IL-2 (Th1) and IL-4 (Th2) were detected by ELISA. Bivariate correlation analysis was carried out to evaluate changes of the Th1 and Th2 cytokines related to the changes of Treg. RESULTS: Bortezomib remarkably reduced aGVHD severity and prolonged the survival time. Along with bortezomib injection, the ratio of Treg was significantly increased and IL-2 level was decreased but IL-4 level was increased. Bivariate correlation analysis results evaluated the correlation between the increment of Treg and changes of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: Bortezomib may exert its effect by triggering the generation of Treg which might regulate the imbalance of Th1/Th2 during aGVHD.

Stem cell-based therapy for COVID-19.

While The World Health Organization (WHO) has announced that COVID-19 is no longer a public health emergency of international concern(PHEIC), the risk of reinfection and new emerging variants still makes it crucial to study and work towards the prevention of COVID-19. Stem cell and stem cell-like derivatives have shown some promising results in clinical trials and preclinical studies as an alternative treatment option for the pulmonary illnesses caused by the COVID-19 and can be used as a potential vaccine. In this review, we will systematically summarize the pathophysiological process and potential mechanisms underlying stem cell-based therapy in COVID-19, and the registered COVID-19 clinical trials, and engineered extracellular vesicle as a potential vaccine for preventing COVID-19.

Targeting Bcl-6 prevents sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease by abrogating T follicular helper differentiation in mice.

BACKGROUND: Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is the most common cause of non-relapse mortality (NRM) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, specialized providers of T cell help to B cells, play a vital role in GVHD pathogenesis. B-cell lymphoma-6 (Bcl-6) transcription factor has been shown to be required for Tfh-mediated germinal center reactions. In this study, we would like to evaluate the effect of Bcl-6 on Tfh function in sclerodermatous cGVHD and the efficacy of Bcl-6 inhibitors (Bcl-6i) for treating a minor histocompatibility complex (miHC) mismatch model of sclerodermatous cGVHD (scl-cGVHD). METHODS: A minor histocompatibility haploidentical model of scl-cGVHD was established and received intraperitoneal injection of 79-6, a small-molecule inhibitor of Bcl-6. The clinical manifestations and survival times of cGVHD mice were recorded. The histological assessment was performed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson's trichrome staining on the skin and lung tissues. Tfh cells and germinal center B cells in the spleen and peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry. The cellular markers were immunostained in different organs. ELISA was performed to detect cytokine secretion. RESULTS: Bcl-6 inhibition by 79-6 improved the clinical manifestation of scl-cGVHD mice and prolonged their survival. The histopathologic damage, particular the fibrotic changes of scl-cGVHD mice was significantly relieved after 79-6 treatment. Furthermore, 79-6 treatment not only suppressed the development and function of Tfh and Tph cells in the peripheral blood, but also reduced the survival of Tfh cells in the spleen. Moreover, 79-6 decreased the frequency of GC plasmocytes accompanied by a reduction in IL-21. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that Bcl-6 inhibitor could prevent murine sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease by abrogating T follicular helper differentiation and suppressing the function of GC B cells, indicating that Bcl-6 inhibition may be a potential treatment for patients with cGVHD.

Diagnostic and prognostic value of ferroptosis-related genes in patients with Myelodysplastic neoplasms.

This study delves into the emerging role of ferroptosis in Myelodysplastic Neoplasms (MDS) and aims to identify a prognostic ferroptosis-related gene signature for MDS. Utilizing RNA-seq data and clinical information from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, the researchers extracted ferroptosis-related genes from the FerrDb website and conducted differential expression analysis using the 'limma' package in R. Hub ferroptosis-related genes in MDS were screened using the "RandomForest" and "carat" R packages. Kaplan -Meier and Cox regression analyses were employed to assess the prognostic role of three identified hub genes (BNIP3, MDM2, and RRM2). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis confirmed the diagnostic efficacy of these genes. The study delved further into immune infiltration correlations, ncRNA-transcription factor coregulatory network analysis, and the identification of potential therapeutic drugs targeting hub ferroptosis-related genes in MDS. The researchers constructed a 3-gene signature-based risk score using datasets GSE58831 and GSE19429, demonstrating high accuracy (AUC > 0.75) in both datasets for survival prediction in MDS. A nomogram analysis reinforced the prognostic value of the risk-scoring model. Immunological analysis revealed an association between the risk score and immune infiltration. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) data indicated significant expression differences in MDM2, RRM2, and BNIP3 between MDS and healthy bone marrow samples. Notably, MDM2 and RRM2 showed decreased expression, while BNIP3 exhibited increased expression in MDS samples. This comprehensive study concludes that BNIP3, MDM2, and RRM2 hold diagnostic and prognostic significance in MDS and provide valuable insights into immune cell landscapes and potential therapeutic avenues for this condition.

A multiparametric flow cytometry immunophenotypic scoring system for the diagnosis and prognosis of myelodysplastic syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of clonal stem/progenitor cell diseases. The diagnosis of MDS, especially in the early stages, represents a particular challenge. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a multiparametric flow cytometry (FCM) method to analyze the immunophenotypic characteristics of MDS patients and establish a FCM scoring system to evaluate its potential for the diagnosis, classification, and prognosis of MDS. METHODS: 41 bone marrow samples from MDS patients and 30 bone marrow samples from non-MDS patients were subjected to multiparametric flow cytometry. ROC curve and Spearman's correlation analysis were performed to combine the results of hematology, morphology, and cytogenetic analyses of these samples. RESULTS: Based on the proportion of blasts and the expression of antigens on cell populations, we established a BM FCM scoring system. The system has a good correlation rate (p = 0.006) for MDS diagnosis; the 95% confidence interval was 0.921 - 0.997 and the sensitivity and specificity were 90.2% and 86.7%, respectively. The BM FCM scores of the MDS group was significantly higher than the non-MDS group (p = 0.008). Moreover, there were positive correlations between FCM scores and MDS classification, karyotype, and IPSS and WPSS scores. CONCLUSIONS: We have established a BM FCM scoring system that may provide a useful adjunct to existing tests for accurate diagnosis and prognosis of MDS.

The novel HLA-A*69:01:04 allele identified by Sanger dideoxy nucleotide sequencing in a Chinese individual.

HLA-A*69:01:04 differs from HLA-A*69:01:01:01 in exon 2 at position 336 by a single synonymous mutation.

C3aR costimulation enhances the antitumor efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy through Th17 expansion and memory T cell induction.

Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified adoptive T cell therapy is a promising immunotherapy for hematological malignancies, the efficacy improvement in relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with extramedullary infiltration and in multiple myeloma (MM) is still warranted. Since C3aR activation can promote the expansion of tumor-killing Th17 cells, we hypothesized that incorporating C3aR as a costimulatory domain would augment the antitumor activity of CAR-T. In this study, we introduced the C3aR domain into a CAR and generated BB-ζ-C3aR CAR-T targeting CD19 or BCMA. These new CAR-T exhibited a potent cytolytic ability to eradicate tumor cells expressing CD19 or BCMA in vitro. When administered intravenously to ALL or MM xenograft mouse models, BB-ζ-C3aR CAR-T reduced the tumor burden and improved the survival rate. Of note, these CAR-T could effectively eradicate subcutaneous CD19+ tumor cells, highlighting the therapeutic potential in extramedullary leukemia. Mechanistically, BB-ζ-C3aR CAR-T tended to exhibit a Th17 phenotype favoring tumor killing and suppressed Tregs. In addition, the induction of memory T cell in the BB-ζ-C3aR CAR-T cells indicated their long-term effects. Together, our findings suggest that the application of C3aR costimulation boosts the ability of CAR-T to eradicate aggressive tumor cells via Th17 expansion and memory T cell induction.

The Gut Bacteria Dysbiosis Contributes to Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease Associated With a Treg/Th1 Ratio Imbalance.

Introduction: Dysbiosis of gut bacteria has been discovered in a large number of autoimmune diseases. However, the influence of the gut bacteria in the mice model of chronic sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease (Scl-GVHD), a disease that resembles an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of multiple organs, such as skin, remains elusive. Here, we explore the role of gut bacteria in an Scl-cGVHD mice model. Methods: We established a mouse model of Scl-cGVHD, collected fecal flora, analyzed the composition, and diversity of intestinal flora using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing, and detected the proportion of Treg and Th1 cells in splenocytes of Scl-cGVHD mice. To verify the immunoregulatory effect of Scl-cGVHD intestinal flora, we prepared bacterial extracts, co-cultured with splenocytes in vitro, and used flow cytometry to detect T cell differentiation and cytokine secretion. Results: By examining T-cell differentiation in splenocytes of cGVHD mice, we found that Treg cells were significantly reduced (15.27 ± 0.23 vs. 12.23 ± 0.47, p = 0.0045) and Th1 cells were increased (1.54 ± 0.18 vs. 6.68 ± 0.80, p = 0.0034) in cGVHD mice. Significant differences were observed in the composition and diversity of the gut bacteria in mice with Scl-cGVHD versus without GVHD. Analysis of mice fecal bacteria samples (n = 10, 5 Scl-cGVHD and 5 Non-GVHD) showed significant separation [R = 0.732, p = 0.015, non-parametric analysis (ANOSIM)] in Scl-cGVHD and non-GVHD mice. The abundance of the family and genus Ruminococcaceae bacteria decreased and the family Lachnospiraceae and limited to the species Lachnospiraceae_bacterium_DW17 increased in Scl-cGVHD mice. In vitro results of the cellular level study suggest that the bacteria extracts of gut microbiota from Scl-cGVHD mice modulated the splenic T cells toward differentiation into CD4+IFN-γ+ Th1 cells (14.37 ± 0.32 vs. 10.40 ± 2.19, p = 0.036), and the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs decreased (6.36 ± 0.39 vs. 8.66 ± 0.07, p = 0.001) compared with the non-GVHD mice. In addition, the secretion of proinflammatory interferon- γ (IFN-γ) cytokine in the supplement of cellular culture was increased (4,898.58 ± 235.82 vs. 4,347.87 ± 220.02 pg/ml, p = 0.042) in the mice model of the Scl-cGVHD group, but anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10 decreased (7,636.57 ± 608.05 vs. 9,563.56 ± 603.34 pg/ml, p = 0.018). Conclusion: Our data showed the different composition and diversity of gut bacteria in the Scl-cGVHD mice. The dysbiosis of gut bacteria may regulate the differentiation ratio of Treg and Th1 cells, which was associated with Scl-cGVHD.

Dynamics of PD-1 expression are associated with treatment efficacy and prognosis in patients with intermediate/high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes under hypomethylating treatment.

Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) are widely used in patients with higher-risk MDS not eligible for stem cell transplantation. However, the general response rate by HMAs is lesser than 50% in MDS patients, while the relapse rate is high. Emerging evidence indicates that demethylating effects committed by HMAs may facilitate the up-regulation of a range of immune checkpoints or cancer suppressor genes in patients with MDS, among which the programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligands are demonstrated to be prominent and may contribute to treatment failure and early relapse. Although results from preliminary studies with a limited number of enrolled patients indicate that combined administration of PD-1 inhibitor may yield extra therapeutic benefit in some MDS patients, identifications of this subgroup of patients and optimal timing for the anti-PD-1 intervention remain significant challenges. Dynamics of immune checkpoints and associated predictive values during HMA-treatment cycles remained poorly investigated. In this present study, expression levels of immune checkpoints PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 were retrospectively analyzed by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) in a total of 135 myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) cohort with higher-risk stratification. The prognostic value of dynamics of these immune checkpoints during HMA cycles was validated in two independent prospective cohorts in our center (NCT01599325 and NCT01751867). Our data revealed that PD-1 expression was significantly higher than that in younger MDS patients (age ≤ 60) and MDS with lower IPSS risk stratification (intermediate risk-1). A significantly up-regulated expression of PD-1 was seen during the first four HMA treatment cycles in MDS patients, while similar observation was not seen concerning the expression of PD-L1 or PD-L2. By utilizing binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) models, we further identified that higher or equal to 75.9 PD-1 expressions after 2 cycles of HMA treatment is an independent negative prognostic factor in predicting acute myeloid leukemia (AML) transformation and survival. Collectively, our data provide rationales for monitoring the expression of PD-1 during HMA treatment cycles, a higher than 75.9 PD-1 expression may identify patients who will potentially benefit from the combined therapy of HMA and PD-1 inhibitors.

Deep learning-based transcriptome model predicts survival of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Identifying subgroups of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) with poor survival will significantly influence patient treatment options and improve patient survival expectations. Current efforts to predict T-ALL survival expectations in multiple patient cohorts are lacking. A deep learning (DL)-based model was developed to determine the prognostic staging of T-ALL patients. We used transcriptome sequencing data from TARGET to build a DL-based survival model using 265 T-ALL patients. We found that patients could be divided into two subgroups (K0 and K1) with significant difference (P< 0.0001) in survival rate. The more malignant subgroup was significantly associated with some tumor-related signaling pathways, such as PI3K-Akt, cGMP-PKG and TGF-beta signaling pathway. DL-based model showed good performance in a cohort of patients from our clinical center (P = 0.0248). T-ALL patients survival was successfully predicted using a DL-based model, and we hope to apply it to clinical practice in the future.

Loss of PRMT7 reprograms glycine metabolism to selectively eradicate leukemia stem cells in CML.

Our group has reported previously on the role of various members of the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) family, which are involved in epigenetic regulation, in the progression of leukemia. Here, we explored the role of PRMT7, given its unique function within the PRMT family, in the maintenance of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Genetic loss of Prmt7, and the development and testing of a small-molecule specific inhibitor of PRMT7, showed that targeting PRMT7 delayed leukemia development and impaired self-renewal of LSCs in a CML mouse model and in primary CML CD34+ cells from humans without affecting normal hematopoiesis. Mechanistically, loss of PRMT7 resulted in reduced expressions of glycine decarboxylase, leading to the reprograming of glycine metabolism to generate methylglyoxal, which is detrimental to LSCs. These findings link histone arginine methylation with glycine metabolism, while suggesting PRMT7 as a potential therapeutic target for the eradication of LSCs in CML.