Proton pump inhibitors are not associated with fundic gland polyps - a systematic review that takes into consideration all known confounders.

Sporadic fundic gland polyps (FGPs) progress, albeit rarely, to dysplasia and cancer. Two meta-analyses, including 8 and 11 studies, concluded that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were associated with FGPs. Intervention is considered unnecessary when FGPs have a background of PPIs use. Both meta-analyses, however, disregarded known confounders: age, sex, endoscopy indications, study design (prospective or retrospective), duration of PPI use, and H. pylori infection. Confounders are known to invalidate meta-analyses. We followed PRIXMA guidelines and searched the literature for studies on FGPs in PPI-users and PPI-nonusers. In the 22 studies searched, we compared FGPs in PPI-users (n = 6534) and PPI-nonusers (n = 41 115). Heterogeneity was significant (Cochran Q = 277.8, P < 0.0001; I2 = 92.8%), annulling meta-analysis performed by blanket tallying. To offset the above confounders, we matched PPI-users and PPI-nonusers by (a) age and sex (n = 4300 and 29 307, respectively) and (b) their propensity scores derived from the confounders (n = 2950 and 4729, respectively). After both matching, FGPs were not significantly different between PPI-users and PPI-nonusers [odds ratio (OR) = 1.1, P = 0.3078; OR = 0.9, P = 0.3258, respectively]. Furthermore, FGP frequency did not correlate with increasing duration of PPI use (Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients = 0.1162, 0.0386, P < 0.6064, 0.8646, respectively); it was not significantly different between any of the duration periods of observation, namely, <10, 10-20, 20-40, >40 months, nor was it significantly different between PPI-users and PPI-nonusers within each duration period (P > 0.05). We conclude that PPIs are not associated with FGPs, implying that a background history of PPI use is not a justification for nonintervention in the management of FGPs.

Idiopathic multitudinous fundic gland polyposis: A new disease and a management dilemma.

Two patients with idiopathic multitudinous fundic gland polyposis, a hitherto undescribed condition, were reported. They presented incidentally with a multitude of fundic gland polyps, 52 and 147, without a family history of polyposis, and these polyps were not attributable to the chronic use of proton pump inhibitors. All polyps were removed by hot-biopsy polypectomy, and each was individually subjected to pathological examination, which showed no evidence of dysplasia. When confronted with gastric polyps of clinically undetermined origin, endoscopists would, to exclude dysplasia, usually resect all if they are few and sample some and survey the others periodically if they are numerous. The condition reported presents a management dilemma: Because the number of the polyps is such that they are manageable by total polypectomy, should this be carried out, despite the labor intensiveness involved, to exclude dysplasia, and are the polyps a variant of syndromic polyposis and therefore carry a malignant potential and inform the need for periodic surveillance and to investigate the patient's kindred? The frequency of this condition and whether it is truly not associated with dysplasia require further studies.

Novel treatment for gastric intestinal metaplasia, a precursor to cancer.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is precancerous with a worldwide prevalence of 25%. Eradicating Helicobacter pylori prevented about half of gastric cancers; failure to prevent the rest was attributed to GIM. GIM is irreversible and often extensive. There is no treatment. Existing endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is designed to treat early gastric cancer of usually <2 cm. We designed a two-endoscope technique of EMR for extensive lesions such as GIM. METHODS: Forty patients with histologically confirmed moderate to severe GIM (operative link on GIM [OLGIM] classification) received the treatment in a daycare center. Chromoendoscopy with methylene blue was first performed to indicate the GIM. Submucosal saline injections were used to lift the stained mucosa to form multiple safety cushions, which were transformed into artificial polyps by suction and ligation, using a cap familiar to gastroenterologists for ligation of esophageal varices. EMRs were then achieved by snare polypectomy. By rotating two gastroscopes, one was designated to perform lift and snare and the other to perform suction and ligation; cycles of lift-ligate-snare were performed until all stained mucosa was removed. Assessment chromoendoscopy with ≥seven biopsies was performed at 6 months. RESULTS: A total of 227 EMRs were performed, with a median of 3.5 per patient. Bleeding was uncommon and minimal. Gastric perforation ascribable to loss of a safety cushion occurred in one patient. Chromoendoscopy at 6 months in 36 willing patients showed no recurrence of GIM. CONCLUSION: The two-endoscope technique of EMR for GIM was essentially safe and effective, with no recurrence at 6 months. It could be performed by endoscopists with standard skills.

Second Asia-Pacific Consensus Guidelines for Helicobacter pylori infection.

The Asia-Pacific Consensus Conference was convened to review and synthesize the most current information on Helicobacter pylori management so as to update the previously published regional guidelines. The group recognized that in addition to long-established indications, such as peptic ulcer disease, early mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type lymphoma and family history of gastric cancer, H. pylori eradication was also indicated for H. pylori infected patients with functional dyspepsia, in those receiving long-term maintenance proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for gastroesophageal reflux disease, and in cases of unexplained iron deficiency anemia or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. In addition, a population 'test and treat' strategy for H. pylori infection in communities with high incidence of gastric cancer was considered to be an effective strategy for gastric cancer prevention. It was recommended that H. pylori infection should be tested for and eradicated prior to long-term aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy in patients at high risk for ulcers and ulcer-related complications. In Asia, the currently recommended first-line therapy for H. pylori infection is PPI-based triple therapy with amoxicillin/metronidazole and clarithromycin for 7 days, while bismuth-based quadruple therapy is an effective alternative. There appears to be an increasing rate of resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole in parts of Asia, leading to reduced efficacy of PPI-based triple therapy. There are insufficient data to recommend sequential therapy as an alternative first-line therapy in Asia. Salvage therapies that can be used include: (i) standard triple therapy that has not been previously used; (ii) bismuth-based quadruple therapy; (iii) levofloxacin-based triple therapy; and (iv) rifabutin-based triple therapy. Both CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms and cigarette smoking can influence future H. pylori eradication rates.

Asia-Pacific consensus guidelines on gastric cancer prevention.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Gastric cancer is a major health burden in the Asia-Pacific region but consensus on prevention strategies has been lacking. We aimed to critically evaluate strategies for preventing gastric cancer. METHODS: A multidisciplinary group developed consensus statements using a Delphi approach. Relevant data were presented, and the quality of evidence, strength of recommendation, and level of consensus were graded. RESULTS: Helicobacter pylori infection is a necessary but not sufficient causal factor for non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma. A high intake of salt is strongly associated with gastric cancer. Fresh fruits and vegetables are protective but the use of vitamins and other dietary supplements does not prevent gastric cancer. Host-bacterial interaction in H. pylori infection results in different patterns of gastritis and differences in gastric acid secretion which determine disease outcome. A positive family history of gastric cancer is an important risk factor. Low serum pepsinogens reflect gastric atrophy and may be useful as a marker to identify populations at high risk for gastric cancer. H. pylori screening and treatment is a recommended gastric cancer risk reduction strategy in high-risk populations. H. pylori screening and treatment is most effective before atrophic gastritis has developed. It does not exclude the existing practice of gastric cancer surveillance in high-risk populations. In populations at low risk for gastric cancer, H. pylori screening is not recommended. First-line treatment of H. pylori infection should be in accordance with national treatment guidelines. CONCLUSION: A strategy of H. pylori screening and eradication in high-risk populations will probably reduce gastric cancer incidence, and based on current evidence is recommended by consensus.

Celecoxib-related gastroduodenal ulcer and cardiovascular events in a randomized trial for gastric cancer prevention.

AIM: To evaluate the long-term risk of gastroduodenal ulcer and cardiovascular events induced by celecoxib in a population-based, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. METHODS: From 2004 to 2006, a total of 1024 Chinese patients (aged 35 to 64 years) with severe chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia or dysplasia were randomly assigned to receive 200 mg of celecoxib twice daily or placebo in Linqu County (Shandong Province, China), a high-risk area of gastric cancer. All gastroduodenal ulcer and cardiovascular events occurred were recorded and the patients were followed up for 1.5 years after treatment. At the end of the trial, a systematic interview survey about other adverse events was conducted. RESULTS: Gastroduodenal ulcer was detected in 19 of 463 (3.72%) patients who received celecoxib and 17 of 473 (3.31%) patients who received placebo, respectively (odds ratio = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.58-2.19). Cardiovascular (CV) events occurred in 4 patients who received celecoxib and in 5 patients who received placebo, respectively. Compared with those who received placebo, patients who received celecoxib had no significant increase in occurrence of CV events (hazard ratio = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.23-3.15). Among the adverse events acquired by interview survey, only the frequency of bloating was significantly higher in patients treated with celecoxib than in those treated with placebo. CONCLUSION: Treatment of gastric cancer with celecoxib is not associated with increased risk of gastroduodenal ulcer and cardiovascular events.

Lansoprazole for the prevention of recurrences of ulcer complications from long-term low-dose aspirin use.

BACKGROUND: The role of gastric acid suppression in preventing the recurrence of ulcer complications after the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients taking long-term low-dose aspirin is uncertain. METHODS: We enrolled 123 patients who had ulcer complications after using low-dose aspirin continuously for more than one month and who had H. pylori infection. After the ulcers had healed and the H. pylori infection was eradicated, the patients were randomly assigned to treatment with 30 mg of lansoprazole daily or placebo, in addition to 100 mg of aspirin daily, for 12 months. The primary end point was the recurrence of ulcer complications. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 12 months, 9 of the 61 patients in the placebo group (14.8 percent), as compared with 1 of the 62 patients in the lansoprazole group (1.6 percent), had a recurrence of ulcer complications (adjusted hazard ratio, 9.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 76.1). Of these 10 patients, 4 had evidence of a recurrence of H. pylori infection and 2 had taken nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs before the onset of complications. Patients in the lansoprazole group were significantly less likely to have a recurrence of ulcer complications than patients in the placebo group (P=0.008). There was no significant difference in mortality between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients who had ulcer complications related to the long-term use of low-dose aspirin, treatment with lansoprazole in addition to the eradication of H. pylori infection significantly reduced the rate of recurrence of ulcer complications.

Influence of positive family history on clinical characteristics of functional constipation.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We observed that there is familial aggregation in patients with functional constipation. Their clinical characteristics have not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with functional constipation with and without a positive family history. METHODS: Patients with functional constipation satisfying Rome II criteria were recruited. A Rome II questionnaire on constipation was given to the patients' families to identify whether there were any family members with idiopathic constipation. The clinical characteristics between those with and without positive family history were evaluated. RESULTS: There were 118 patients with at least one first-degree relative with idiopathic constipation and 114 patients without a positive family history. The patients in the 2 groups were comparable in mean age (P = .3) and sex distribution (P = .09). Patients with positive family history had a younger age of onset (median, 11-20 years vs 21-30 years, P < .0001); longer duration of constipation (20 +/- 14 vs 15 +/- 13, P = .016); more complications, eg, symptomatic hemorrhoids, anal fissure, and rectal prolapse (54.2% vs 40.4%, P = .034); less precipitating factors leading to the onset of constipation (35.6% vs 49.1%, P = .037); more frequent use of digital evacuation (27.1% vs 13.2%, P = .008), but no difference in the association with psychological disorders (P = .3); transit time (P = .5); or manometric dyssynergia (P = .5). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with idiopathic constipation and with a positive family history exhibited different clinical characteristics. This might be related to the early age of onset of the symptoms, which might, in turn, give clues to the underlying etiology.

Increasing prevalence of advanced colonic polyps in young patients undergoing colonoscopy in a referral academic hospital in Hong Kong.

AIM: To investigate the distribution and frequency of advanced polyps over eight years. METHODS: 6424 colonoscopies were reviewed during the study period 1998 to 2005. The study period was subdivided into period I: 1998 to 2001 and period II: 2002-2005. RESULTS: 1856 polyps (33% advanced polyps) and 328 CRCs were detected. The mean ages of the patients with advanced polyps and cancer were 69.2 +/- 12.0 and 71.6 +/- 13.8 years, respectively. Advanced polyps were mainly left sided (59.5%). Advanced polyps were found in patients 0.05). CONCLUSION: Advanced polyps increased significantly in the younger male group in the most recent period and there seems to be a shift towards a proximal location.

Prevalence of colorectal neoplasm among patients with newly diagnosed coronary artery disease.

CONTEXT: Colorectal neoplasm and coronary artery disease (CAD) share similar risk factors, and their co-occurrence may be associated. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of colorectal neoplasm in patients with CAD in a cross-sectional study and to identify the predisposing factors for the association of the 2 diseases. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients in Hong Kong, China, were recruited for screening colonoscopy after undergoing coronary angiography for suspected CAD during November 2004 to June 2006. Presence of CAD (n = 206) was defined as at least 50% diameter stenosis in any 1 of the major coronary arteries; otherwise, patients were considered CAD-negative (n = 208). An age- and sex-matched control group was recruited from the general population (n = 207). Patients were excluded for use of aspirin or statins, personal history of colonic disease, or colonoscopy in the past 10 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence of colorectal neoplasm in CAD-positive, CAD-negative, and general population participants was determined. Bivariate logistic regression was performed to study the association between colorectal neoplasm and CAD and to identify risk factors for the association of the 2 diseases after adjusting for age and sex. RESULTS: The prevalence of colorectal neoplasm in the CAD-positive, CAD-negative, and general population groups was 34.0%, 18.8%, and 20.8% (P < .001 by chi2 test), prevalence of advanced lesions was 18.4%, 8.7%, and 5.8% (P < .001), and prevalence of cancer was 4.4%, 0.5%, and 1.4% (P = .02), respectively. Fifty percent of the cancers in CAD-positive participants were early stage. After adjusting for age and sex, an association still existed between colorectal neoplasm and presence of CAD (odds ratio [OR], 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-2.70; P = .002) and between advanced lesions and presence of CAD (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.43-4.35; P = .001). The metabolic syndrome (OR, 5.99; 95% CI, 1.43-27.94; P = .02) and history of smoking (OR, 4.74; 95% CI, 1.38-18.92; P = .02) were independent factors for the association of advanced colonic lesions and CAD. CONCLUSIONS: In this study population undergoing coronary angiography, the prevalence of colorectal neoplasm was greater in patients with CAD. The association between the presence of advanced colonic lesions and CAD was stronger in persons with the metabolic syndrome and a history of smoking.

Is proton pump inhibitor testing an effective approach to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with noncardiac chest pain?: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common in patients with noncardiac chest pain (NCCP). Results of studies evaluating the accuracy of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment as a diagnostic test for GERD-related NCCP have varied. We evaluated the overall accuracy of this modality. METHODS: We searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases to May 2004 and included randomized, placebo-controlled studies evaluating the accuracy of findings from PPI testing in the diagnosis of GERD in patients with NCCP. The GERD diagnosis was confirmed by results of endoscopy and/or 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. A summary diagnostic odds ratio and summary receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were used to estimate the overall accuracy and to explore any contributing factors. RESULTS: Six studies met the inclusion criteria. The overall sensitivity and specificity of a PPI test were 80% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71%-87%) and 74% (95% CI, 64%-83%), respectively, compared with 19% (95% CI, 12%-29%) and 77% (95% CI, 62%-87%), respectively, in the placebo group. The PPI test showed a significant higher discriminative power, with a summary diagnostic odds ratio of 19.35 (95% CI, 8.54-43.84) compared with 0.61 (95% CI, 0.20-1.86) in the placebo group. The impact of the prevalence of GERD and treatment duration on the accuracy of the test could not be determined because of the lack of an adequate number of studies. CONCLUSION: The use of PPI treatment as a diagnostic test for detecting GERD in patients with NCCP has an acceptable sensitivity and specificity and could be used as an initial approach by primary care physicians to detect GERD in selected patients with NCCP.

Antisense targeting protein kinase C alpha and beta1 inhibits gastric carcinogenesis.

Protein kinase C (PKC) family, which functions through serine/threonine kinase activity, is involved in signal transduction pathways necessary for cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Its critical role in neoplastic transformation and tumor invasion renders PKC a potential target for anticancer therapy. In this study, we investigated the effect of targeting individual PKCs on gastric carcinogenesis. We established gastric cancer cell lines stably expressing antisense PKCalpha, PKCbeta1, and PKCbeta2 cDNA. These stable transfectants were characterized by cell morphology, cell growth, apoptosis, and tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. PKCalpha-AS and PKCbeta1-AS transfectants showed a different morphology with flattened, long processes and decreased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio compared with the control cells. Cell growth was markedly inhibited in PKCalpha-AS and PKCbeta1-AS transfectants. PKCalpha-AS and PKCbeta1-AS cells were more responsive to mitomycin C- or 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis. However, antisense targeting of PKCbeta2 did not have any significant effect on cell morphology, cell growth, or apoptosis. Furthermore, antisense inhibition of PKCalpha and PKCbeta1 markedly suppressed colony-forming efficiency in soft agar and in nude mice xenografts. Inhibition of PKCalpha or PKCbeta1 significantly suppressed transcriptional and DNA binding activity of activator protein in gastric cancer cells, suggesting that PKCalpha or PKCbeta1 exerts their effects on cell growth through regulation of activator protein activity. These data provide evidence that targeting PKCalpha and PKCbeta1 by antisense method is a promising therapy for gastric cancer.

Suppression of survivin expression inhibits in vivo tumorigenicity and angiogenesis in gastric cancer.

Survivin plays an important role in cancer development. We aim to show here that suppression of survivin expression or function by antisense and dominant-negative (DN) mutant can inhibit gastric cancer carcinogenesis and angiogenesis in vivo. Plasmid constructs expressing survivin antisense and DN mutant replacing the cysteine residue at amino acid 84 with alanine (Cys84Ala) were prepared and introduced into BCG-823 and MKN-45 gastric cancer cells to establish stable transfectants. We showed that both antisense and DN mutant stable transfectants exhibited abnormal morphology, with decreased cell growth and increased rate of spontaneous apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe. Furthermore, in nude mice xenografts, these cells exhibited decreased de novo gastric tumor formation and reduced development of angiogenesis. Results from these studies strongly suggest that survivin is a promising target for gastric cancer treatment.

Suppression of RelA/p65 nuclear translocation independent of IkappaB-alpha degradation by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in gastric cancer.

Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are promising anti-inflammatory drugs with potential antitumor activities. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) family of proteins is important transcriptional regulators of genes involved in immunity, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. In the present study, we investigated whether and by which molecular mechanism the selective COX-2 inhibitors inhibit NF-kappaB activation in gastric cancer. The effects of SC236 and its derivative, but devoid of COX-2 enzyme inhibition activity on NF-kappaB signaling, were evaluated using electromobility shift, transfection, and reporter gene assay. The translocation of RelA/p65 was investigated using Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. We showed that SC236 suppressed NF-kappaB-mediated gene transcription and binding activity in gastric cancer. This effect occurred through a mechanism independent of cyclooxygenase activity and prostaglandin synthesis. Furthermore, unlike aspirin, SC236 affected neither the phosphorylation, degradation, nor expression of IkappaB-alpha, suggesting that the effects of SC236 are independent of IKK activity and IkappaB-alpha gene transcription. Instead, SC236 worked directly through suppressing nuclear translocation of RelA/p65. It is possible that SC236 directly targets proteins that facilitate the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. Our study suggests an important molecular mechanism by which COX-2 inhibitors reduce inflammation and suppress carcinogenesis in gastrointestinal tract.

Novel target for induction of apoptosis by cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor SC-236 through a protein kinase C-beta(1)-dependent pathway.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the risk of gastrointestinal cancers. Recently, a similar protective effect has been demonstrated by the specific cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. However, the exact mechanism that accounts for the anti-proliferative effect of specific COX-2 inhibitors is still not fully understood, and it is still controversial whether these protective effects are predominantly mediated through the inhibition of COX-2 activity and prostaglandin synthesis. Identification of molecular targets regulated by COX-2 inhibitors could lead to a better understanding of their pro-apoptotic and anti-neoplastic activities. In the present study, we investigated the effect and the possible molecular target of a COX-2-specific inhibitor SC-236 on gastric cancer. We showed that SC-236 induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. However, this effect was not dependent on COX-2 inhibition. SC-236 down-regulated the protein expression and kinase activity of PKC-beta(1), increased the expression of PKCdelta and PKCeta, but did not alter the expression of other PKC isoforms in AGS cells. Moreover, exogenous prostaglandins or PGE(2) receptor antagonists could not reverse the inhibition effect on PKCbeta(1) by SC-236, which suggested that this effect occurred through a mechanism independent of cyclo-oxygenase activity and prostaglandin synthesis. Overexpression of PKCbeta(1) attenuated the apoptotic response of AGS cells to SC-236 and was associated with overexpression of p21(waf1/cip1). Inhibition of PKCbeta(1)-mediated overexpression of p21(waf1/cip1) partially reduced the anti-apoptotic effect of PKCbeta(1). The down-regulation of PKCbeta(1) provides an explanation for COX-independent apoptotic effects of specific COX-2 inhibitor in cultured gastric cancer cells. We also suggest that PKCbeta(1) act as survival mediator in gastric cancer, and its down-regulation by COX-2 inhibitor SC-236 may provide new target for future treatment of gastric cancer.

Soluble E-cadherin is an independent pretherapeutic factor for long-term survival in gastric cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether pretherapeutic serum soluble E-cadherin is an independent factor predicting long-term survival in gastric cancer. Gastric cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world, but a satisfactory tumor marker is currently unavailable for gastric cancer. Soluble E-cadherin has recently been found to have prognostic value in gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred sixteen patients with histologically proven gastric adenocarcinoma were included in the trial. Pretherapeutic serum was collected, and soluble E-cadherin was assayed using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The patients were followed up prospectively at the outpatient clinic. RESULTS: There were 75 men and 41 women, with a mean (+/- SD) age of 66 +/- 14 years. Forty-eight percent of tumors were located in the gastric antrum. The median survival time was 11 months. The mean pretherapeutic value of soluble E-cadherin was 9,159 ng/mL (range, 6,002 to 10,025 ng/mL), and the mean pretherapeutic level of carcinoembryonic antigen was 11 ng/mL (range, 0.3 to 4,895 ng/mL). On multivariate analysis, soluble E-cadherin is an independent factor predicting long-term survival. Ninety percent of patients with a serum level of E-cadherin greater than 10,000 ng/mL had a survival time of less than 3 years (P =.009). CONCLUSION: Soluble E-cadherin is a potentially valuable pretherapeutic prognostic factor in patients with gastric cancer.

Do patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia respond differently to Helicobacter pylori eradication treatments from those with peptic ulcer disease? A systematic review.

AIM: It is controversial whether patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) respond differently to Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) eradication treatment than those with peptic ulcer disease (PUD). To review the evidence for any difference in H pylori eradication rates between PUD and NUD patients. METHODS: A literature search for full articles and meeting abstracts to July 2004 was conducted. We included studies evaluating the efficacy of a proton pump inhibitor (P) or ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) plus two antibiotics of clarithromycin (C), amoxicillin (A), metronidazole (M), or P-based quadruple therapies for eradicating the infection. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies met the criteria. No significant difference in eradication rates was found between PUD and NUD patients when treated with 7-d RBCCA, 10-d PCA or P-based quadruple therapies. When the 7-d PCA was used, the pooled H pylori eradication rate was 82.1% (431/525) and 72.6% (448/617) for PUD and NUD patients, respectively, yielding a RR of 1.15 (95%CI 1.01-1.29). However, the statistically significant difference was seen only in meeting abstracts, but not in full publications. CONCLUSION: There is no convincing evidence to suggest that NUD patients respond to H pylori eradication treatments differently from those with PUD, although a trend exists with the 7-d PCA therapy.

Head-to-head comparison of H2-receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors in the treatment of erosive esophagitis: a meta-analysis.

AIM: To systematically evaluate the efficacy of H(2)-receptor antagonists (H(2)RAs) and proton pump inhibitors in healing erosive esophagitis (EE). METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases to include randomized controlled head-to-head comparative trials evaluating the efficacy of H(2)RAs or proton pump inhibitors in healing EE. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated under a random-effects model. RESULTS: RRs of cumulative healing rates for each comparison at 8 wk were: high dose vs standard dose H(2)RAs, 1.17 (95%CI, 1.02-1.33); standard dose proton pump inhibitors vs standard dose H(2)RAs, 1.59 (95%CI, 1.44-1.75); standard dose other proton pump inhibitors vs standard dose omeprazole, 1.06 (95%CI, 0.98-1.06). Proton pump inhibitors produced consistently greater healing rates than H(2)RAs of all doses across all grades of esophagitis, including patients refractory to H(2)RAs. Healing rates achieved with standard dose omeprazole were similar to those with other proton pump inhibitors in all grades of esophagitis. CONCLUSION: H(2)RAs are less effective for treating patients with erosive esophagitis, especially in those with severe forms of esophagitis. Standard dose proton pump inhibitors are significantly more effective than H(2)RAs in healing esophagitis of all grades. Proton pump inhibitors given at the recommended dose are equally effective for healing esophagitis.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor stimulated by Helicobacter pylori increases proliferation of gastric epithelial cells.

AIM: Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is associated with increased gastric inflammatory and epithelial expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and gastric epithelial cell proliferation. This study aimed at determining whether H pylori directly stimulates release of MIF in monocytes, whether the cag pathogenicity island (PAI) is involved for this function, and whether MIF stimulated by H pylori increases gastric epithelial cell proliferation in vitro. METHODS: A cytotoxic wild-type H pylori strain (TN2), its three isogenic mutants (TN2Deltacag, TN2DeltacagA and TN2DeltacagE) were co-cultured with cells of a human monocyte cell line, THP-1, for 24 h at different organism/cell ratios. MIF in the supernatants was measured by an ELISA. Cells of a human gastric cancer cell line, MKN45, were then co-cultured with the supernatants, with and without monoclonal anti-MIF antibody for 24 h. The cells were further incubated for 12 h after addition of 3H-thymidine, and the levels of incorporation of 3H-thymidine were measured with a liquid scintillation counter. RESULTS: The wild-type strain and the isogenic mutants, TN2DeltacagA and TN2 DeltacagE, increased MIF release at organism/cell ratios of 200/1 and 400/1, but not at the ratios of 50/1 and 100/1. However, the mutant TN2delta cag did not increase the release of MIF at any of the four ratios. 3H-thymidine readings for MKN-45 cells were significantly increased with supernatants derived from the wild-type strain and the mutants TN2DeltacagA and TN2DeltacagE, but not from the mutant TN2Deltacag. Moreover, in the presence of monoclonal anti-MIF antibody, the stimulatory effects of the wild-type strain on cell proliferation disappeared. CONCLUSION: H pylori stimulates MIF release in monocytes, likely through its cag PAI, but not related to cagA or cagE. H pylori-stimulated monocyte culture supernatant increases gastric cell proliferation, which is blocked by anti-MIF antibody, suggesting that MIF plays an important role in H pylori-induced gastric epithelial cell proliferation.

Differing coping mechanisms, stress level and anorectal physiology in patients with functional constipation.

AIM: To investigate coping mechanisms, constipation symptoms and anorectal physiology in 80 constipated subjects and 18 controls. METHODS: Constipation was diagnosed by Rome II criteria. Coping ability and anxiety/depression were assessed by validated questionnaires. Transit time and balloon distension test were performed. RESULTS: 34.5% patients were classified as slow transit type of constipation. The total colonic transit time (56 h vs 10 h, P<0.0001) and rectal sensation including urge sensation (79 mL vs 63 mL, P = 0.019) and maximum tolerable volume (110 mL vs 95 mL, P = 0.03) differed in patients and controls. Constipated subjects had significantly higher anxiety and depression scores and lower SF-36 scores in all categories. They also demonstrated higher scores of 'monitoring' coping strategy (14+/-6 vs 9+/-3, P = 0.001), which correlated with the rectal distension sensation (P = 0.005), urge sensation (P=0.002), and maximum tolerable volume (P = 0.035). The less use of blunting strategy predicted slow transit constipation in both univariate (P = 0.01) and multivariate analysis (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Defective or ineffective use of coping strategies may be an important etiology in functional constipation and subsequently reflected in abnormal anorectal physiology.