Determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus residues in surface waters from the coffee zone in Quindío, Colombia.

The aim of this study was to identify organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) pesticides levels in water samples collected in secondary water bodies in agricultural area planted with coffee and plantain. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. A validated method for microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatography with electron microcapture detector (MAE-GC-µECD) was used to analyze pesticide residues in samples. The determinations were based on certified reference material, Organochlorine Pesticide Mix AB #3, Canadian Drinking Organophosphorus Pesticides Mix, and pentachloronitrobenzene (ISTD) Internal Standard Mix 508.1. Pesticide residues were found in 81.3% of the samples, including OCs: 4.4'-DDT (38%), endosulfan II (19.7%), endosulfan sulfate, and endrin (11.7% and 8.8%), and others identified as 4.4'-DDE, Delta-HCB, parathion, chlorpyrifos, endrin aldehyde, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin ketone, and methoxychlor. Parathion and/or chlorpyrifos were found in 5.8-8% of samples; the water bodies most heavily affected were those in Filandia and Quimbaya in which 100% of samples were contaminated, followed by those in Calarcá, Córdoba, Pijao, and Génova, with contamination found in over 75% of samples. The results indicated that surface waters from Quindío municipalities are contaminated with pesticide residues hazardous to human health, which are still in use despite being either restricted or prohibited.

Production and characterization of a human lysosomal recombinant iduronate-2-sulfatase produced in Pichia pastoris.

Hunter syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis II, MPS II) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease produced by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). Currently, MPS II patients are mainly treated with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using recombinant enzymes produced in mammalian cells. As an alternative, several studies have shown the production of active and therapeutic forms of lysosomal proteins in microorganisms. In this paper, we report the production and characterization of a recombinant IDS produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris (prIDS). We evaluated the effect of culture conditions and gene sequence optimization on prIDS production. The results showed that the highest production of prIDS was obtained at oxygen-limited conditions using a codon-optimized IDS cDNA. The purified enzyme showed a final activity of 12.45 nmol mg-1 H-1 and an apparent molecular mass of about 90 kDa. The highest stability was achieved at pH 6.0, and prIDS also showed high stability in human serum. Noteworthy, the enzyme was taken up by culture cells in a dose-dependent manner through mannose receptors, which allowed the delivery of the enzyme to the lysosome. In summary, these results show the potential of Pichia pastoris as a host to produce an IDS intended for a MPS II ERT.

Effect of a Shock Micro-Cycle on Biochemical Markers in University Soccer Players.

This study aimed to examine various biochemical biomarkers changes during a shock micro-cycle in soccer players from a university team. The study had 22 players (age: 22 ± 3 years; body mass: 68.6 ± 7.1 kg; height: 1.73 ± 0.07 m). The study measured total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol linked to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), arterial index (AI), creatine kinase (CK), glutamate-oxalacetate-transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase (GPT), creatinine (Cr), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), cytokines IL6 and TNFα, total antioxidant capacity (Cap antiox tot), hemolysis percentage and glomerular filtration rate (GFR); measurements were conducted during a shock micro-cycle. The lipid profile variables had no statistical significance when compared on day 1 with day 14. Except for TNFα, the other biomarkers compared with day one had progressive increments until day seven, with a subsequent reduction on day 14; however, none of the biomarkers returned to baseline values despite this decrease. The data shown herein suggest the need to research these biomarkers in distinct types of mesocycles, exercise, intensity, load, and duration to diminish fatigue and improve athlete performance.

Arylesterase activity of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) on HDL3 and HDL2: Relationship with Q192R, C-108T, and L55M polymorphisms.

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists regarding the role of the subfractions of high-density lipoproteins (HDL2 and HDL3) in cardiovascular disease. The functionality of these particles, and their protective role, is due in part to the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) presence in them. The polymorphisms rs662 (Q192R, A/G), rs854560 (L55 M, T/A), and rs705379 (C-108T) of the PON1 gene have been related to enzyme activity and, with the anti-oxidative capacity of the HDL. The objective was to determine the arylesterase PON1 activity in HDL3 and HDL2 and its relationship with the polymorphisms mentioned, in a young population. METHODS: The polymorphisms were determined through mini-sequencing (SnaPshot). The HDL subpopulations were separated via ionic precipitation, cholesterol was measured with enzymatic methods, and PON1 activity was measured through spectrophotometry. RESULTS: The results show that the PON1 polymorphisms do not influence the cholesterol in the HDL. A variation between 40.02 and 43.9 mg/dL was in all the polymorphisms without significant differences. Additionally, PON1 activity in the HDL3 subfractions was greater (62.83 ± 20 kU/L) than with HDL2 (35.8 ± 20.8 kU/L) in the whole population and in all the polymorphisms (p < 0.001), and it was independent of the polymorphism and differential arylesterase activity in the Q192R polymorphism (QQ > QR > RR). Thus, 115.90 ± 30.7, 88.78 ± 21.3, 65.29 ± 10.2, respectively, for total HDL, with identical behavior for HDL3 and HDL2. CONCLUSIONS: PON1 polymorphisms do not influence the HDL-c, and the PON activity is greater in the HDL3 than in the HDL2, independent of the polymorphism, but it is necessary to delve into the functionality of these findings in different populations.

Modulación por Passiflora edulis de triglicéridos y colesterol intracelulares en líneas celulares de cáncer colorrectal SW480 y sus derivadas metastásicas (SW620) / Modulation by Passiflora edulis of intracellular triglycerides and cholesterol in SW480 col orectal cancer cell lines and their metastatic derivatives (SW620)

Cancer cells modify lipid metabolism to proliferate, Passiflora edulis ( P. edulis ) fruit juice (ZuFru) has antitumor activity, but whether a mechanism is through modulation of cell lipids is unknown. T o establish if ZuFru modifies cholesterol and triglycerides in SW480 and SW620. ZuFru composition was studied by phytochemical march; antiproliferative activity by sulforhodamine B, cholesterol , and triglycerides by Folch method. Z ufru contains anthocyanins, flavonoids, alkaloids , and tannins. Cell lines showed differences in their growth rate ( p =0.049). At 39.6 µg/m L of ZuFru, cell viability was decreased: SW480 (45.6%) and SW620 (45.1%). In SW480, cholesterol (44.6%) and triglycerides (46.5%) decreased; In SW620, cholesterol decreased 14.8% and triglycerides increased 7%, with significant differences for both lines. A ntiproliferative activity of ZuFru could be associated with the inhibition of intracellular biosynthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides in SW480. Action mechanisms need to be further investigated.

Las células cancerosas modifican el metabolismo lipídico para proliferar; el zumo de fruta (ZuFru) de Passiflora edulis ( P. edulis ) tiene activida d antitumoral, sin embargo, se desconoce si se involucran los lípidos celulares. E stablecer si ZuFru modifica colesterol y triglicéridos en células SW480 y SW620. C omposición del ZuFru, actividad antiproliferativa, colesterol y triglicéridos. Se encontraro n antocianinas, flavonoides, alcaloides y taninos. Las líneas celulares mostraron diferencias en su tasa de crecimiento ( p =0 . 049); ZuFru 39,6 µg/ml se disminuyó la viabilidad celular; SW480 (45,6%) y SW620 (45,1%); en SW480 colesterol (44,6%) y triglicérid os (46,5%) en SW620, colesterol (14,8%) y los triglicéridos aumentaron 7%, con diferencias significativas para ambas líneas. La actividad antiproliferativa del ZuFru podría estar asociada a la inhibición de la biosíntesis intracelular de colesterol y de tr iglicéridos en SW480, pero no en SW620. Estos mecanismos de acción deben ser fuertemente investigados.

Chemical Composition of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Fruit: Nutritional and Phytochemical Compounds.

Mango fruit has a high nutritional value and health benefits due to important components. The present manuscript is a comprehensive update on the composition of mango fruit, including nutritional and phytochemical compounds, and the changes of these during development and postharvest. Mango components can be grouped into macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, fatty, and organic acids), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and phytochemicals (phenolic, polyphenol, pigments, and volatile constituents). Mango fruit also contains structural carbohydrates such as pectins and cellulose. The major amino acids include lysine, leucine, cysteine, valine, arginine, phenylalanine, and methionine. The lipid composition increases during ripening, particularly the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The most important pigments of mango fruit include chlorophylls (a and b) and carotenoids. The most important organic acids include malic and citric acids, and they confer the fruit acidity. The volatile constituents are a heterogeneous group with different chemical functions that contribute to the aromatic profile of the fruit. During development and maturity stages occur important biochemical, physiological, and structural changes affecting mainly the nutritional and phytochemical composition, producing softening, and modifying aroma, flavor, and antioxidant capacity. In addition, postharvest handling practices influence total content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity, and organoleptic properties.

[Pesticides and hypothyroidism in farmers of plantain and coffee growing areas in Quindio, Colombia]. / Plaguicidas e hipotiroidismo en agricultores en zonas de cultivo de plátano y café, en Quindío, Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the correlation between hypothyroidism and blood pesticide levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study in agricultural workers and their permanent partners in plantain and coffee producing municipalities as reference population. A representative sample was estimated and thyroid function tests were performed using ELISA Stat Fax 303/Plus reader, at a wavelength of 450 nm. Organochlorine pesticide residuality was determined, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) assisted by sonication was implemented, and a gas chromatography-micro-electron capture detector (GC-pECD) was used for the analysis. RESULTS: 819 participants, 58.7% men and 41.3% women were included; their average age was 48.1 years. Prevalence of symptomatic hypothyroidism (1.2%) and subclinical hypothyroidism (6.7%) was observed, with a higher prevalence in people older than 60 years (2.6% and 8.9%, respectively). Non-causal association was found between subclinical hypothyroidism and the organochlorine pesticides 4,4'-DDE (sig.0,006), Heptachlor (sig.0,04), and Endosulfan I (sig.0,02). Antiperoxidase (Anti TPO) antibodies ≥60 lU/ml were associated with subclinical hypothyroidism (OR 2.6). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the studied population is similar to that reported in the literature, and lower than in urban areas. In turn, the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is higher and positive anti-TPO values are related to risk of progression to frank hypothyroidism, which is why follow-up is required in these patients. Three organochlorine pesticides were associated with subclinical hypothyroidism. TSH screening is recommended in people aged 40 and over, especially if they are exposed to the aforementioned agrochemicals.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar relación entre hipotiroidismo y plaguicidas en sangre. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio de corte transversal, en agricultores y sus compañeros(as) permanentes en municipios productores de plátano y café. Se calculó muestra representativa. Se realizaron pruebas de función tiroidea, se utilizó un lector de ELISA Stat Fax 303/Plus, en una longitud de onda 450 nm. Se determinó la residualidad de plaguicidas organoclorados, se implementó un método de microextracción dispersiva en fase líquida (DLLME) asistida por sonicación, y se empleó cromatografía de gases con detector de micro captura de electrones (GC-µECD) para el análisis. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 819 participantes, 58,7% hombres y 41,3% mujeres; promedio de edad 48,1 años. Prevalencia de hipotiroidismo manifiesto 1,2% y de hipotiroidismo subclínico 6,7%, mayor prevalencia en personas mayores de 60 años (2,6% y 8,9% respectivamente). Se encontró asociación no causal de hipotiroidismo subclínico con plaguicidas organoclorados 4,4'-DDE (sig.0,006), Heptacloro (sig.0,04), y Endosulfán I (sig.0,02). Los anticuerpos antiperoxidasa (Anti TPO) ≥ 60 lU/ml se asociaron con h. subclínico, OR 2,6. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo hallada es similar a lo referido en la literatura, es menor que en áreas urbanas; la prevalencia de hipotiroidismo subclínico es mayor y con riesgo de progresión a hipotiroidismo franco cuando se relaciona con Anti-TPO positivos, razón por la cual se requiere seguimiento en estos pacientes. Se asociaron a h. subclínico 3 plaguicidas organoclorados. Se recomienda tamizaje de TSH en personas de 40 y más años sobre todo si están expuestas a los agroquímicos mencionados.

Estrés oxidativo e ingesta de Passiflora edulis en voleibolistas hombres / Oxidative stress and intake of Passiflora edulis in men's volleyball players

Introducción: El estrés oxidativo, puede disminuir el rendimiento deportivo, generando una posible sobrecarga muscular. Una adecuada alimentación contribuye a disminuir los productos derivados del estrés oxidativo; un alimento antiestrés oxidativo es el fruto de la Passiflora edulis, ya que se ha comprobado in-vitro su alto contenido polifenólico. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del consumo de Passiflora edulis sobre marcadores de estrés oxidativo en voleibolistas durante un microciclo de choque. Metodología: Voluntariamente participaron 14 voleibolistas; aleatoriamente fueron divididos en grupo experimental (GE) y grupo placebo (GP), ambos grupos entraron al microciclo de choque. Durante los siete días del microciclo, GE consumió 2 ml/día de zumo de Passiflora edulis (1mg/ml) y GP recibió 2 ml de placebo. Se tomaron 4 muestras sanguíneas durante los días 1(D1), 4(D4), 7(D7) y 14(D14). Se determinó catalasa (CAT), superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y las sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Resultados: Durante el microciclo, SOD incremento en ambos grupos, en D4 con respecto al D1, y disminuyó del D14 con respecto al D7 ambos significativamente. La CAT no presentó diferencias estadísticas entre los días evaluados. Las diferencias estadísticas con respecto a TBARS únicamente se presentaron en GE y fueron en el incremento del D4 con respecto al D1, y en el descenso del D14 con respecto al D7. No hubo diferencias significativas al comparar las mediciones realizadas entre el GE y el GP. Conclusión: No se encontró efecto significativo del consumo de P. edulis sobre los marcadores de estrés oxidativo evaluados, es necesario evaluar diferentes concentraciones del zumo.

Introduction: Oxidative stress can decrease sports performance, generating a possible muscle overload. An adequate diet contributes to reducing the products derived from oxidative stress; an oxidative anti-stress food is the fruit of Passiflora edulis, as has been verified in-vitro its high polyphenolic content. Objective: to determine the effect of Passiflora edulis consumption on oxidative stress markers in volleyball players during a shock microcycle. Methodology: 14 volleyball players participated voluntarily; They were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) and a placebo group (PG), both groups entered the shock microcycle. During the seven days of the microcycle, GE consumed 2 ml / day of Passiflora edulis juice (1mg/ml) and PG received 2 ml of placebo. Four blood samples were taken on days 1(D1), 4(D4), 7(D7) and 14(D14). Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined. Results: During the microcycle, SOD increased in both groups, in D4 compared to D1, and decreased significantly in D14 compared to D7. The CAT did not present statistical differences between the days evaluated. The statistical differences with respect to TBARS only appeared in GE and were in the increase of D4 with respect to D1, and in the decrease of D14 with respect to D7. There were no significant differences when comparing the measurements made between the EG and the GP. Conclusion: No significant effect of the consumption of Passiflora edulis was found on the oxidative stress markers evaluated, it is necessary to evaluate different concentrations of the juice.

Bioinformatic Analysis of the Human Recombinant Iduronate 2-Sulfate Sulfatase.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II is a human recessive disease linked to the X chromosome caused by deficiency of lysosomal enzyme Iduronate 2-Sulfate Sulfatase (IDS), which leads to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in tissues and organs. The human enzyme has been expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris in attempt to develop more successful expression systems that allow the production of recombinant IDS for Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT). However, the preservation of native signal peptide in the sequence has caused conflicts in processing and recognition in the past, which led to problems in expression and enzyme activity. With the main object being the improvement of the expression system, we eliminate the native signal peptide of human recombinant IDS. The resulting sequence showed two modified codons, thus, our study aimed to analyze computationally the nucleotide sequence of the IDSnh without signal peptide in order to determine the 3D structure and other biochemical properties to compare them with the native human IDS (IDSnh). Results showed that there are no significant differences between both molecules in spite of the two-codon modifications detected in the recombinant DNA sequence.

Telomerase activity associated with progression of cervical lesions in a group of Colombian patients.

PURPOSE To analyze the relation between the cytological findings and telomerase activity (TA). METHODS Cervical samples were evaluated and classified according to the Bethesda System. Telomerase activity was measured total product generated values (TPG) using the TRAP assay (telomeric repeat amplification protocol); data were analyzed statistically using the χ2 test, with the level of significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS The study was conducted on 102 patients. Of these, 3.9% showed normal cytological findings, 8.8% showed cervicitis; 2% showed Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS); 67.6% showed Low Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LSIL); 11.8% showed High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (H-SIL) and 5.9% showed Squamous Carcinoma. Among telomerase-positive samples, the TPG values were cervicitis

Modelos celulares hepáticos para el estudio del metabolismo de los lípidos. Revisión de literatura / Liver cell models for studying lipid metabolism. Literature review

Resumen Introducción. El hígado juega un papel importante en la homeostasis lipídica, especialmente en la síntesis de ácidos grasos y triglicéridos. Una amplia variedad de modelos celulares ha sido utilizada para investigar el metabolismo lipídico hepático y para elucidar detalles específicos de los mecanismos bioquímicos del desarrollo y progresión de enfermedades relacionadas, brindando información para tratamientos que reduzcan su impacto. Los modelos celulares hepáticos poseen un alto potencial en la investigación del metabolismo de lípidos y de agentes farmacológicos o principios activos que permiten la reducción de la acumulación de lípidos. Objetivo. Comparar algunos modelos celulares hepáticos utilizados para el estudio del metabolismo lipídico, sus características y los resultados más relevantes de investigación en ellos. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos sobre los modelos celulares hepáticos de mayor uso para el estudio del metabolismo de lípidos. Resultados. Se exponen los cinco modelos celulares más utilizados para este tipo de investigaciones, destacando su origen, aplicación, ventajas y desventajas al momento de estimular el metabolismo lipídico. Conclusión. Para seleccionar el modelo celular, el investigador debe tener en cuenta cuáles son los requerimientos y el proceso que desea evidenciar, sin olvidar que los resultados obtenidos solo serán aproximaciones de lo que en realidad podría suceder a nivel del hígado como órgano.

Abstract Introduction: The liver plays an important role in lipid homeostasis, especially in the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides. A wide variety of cell models have been used to investigate liver lipid metabolism and to elucidate specific details of the biochemical mechanisms involved in the development and progression of related diseases, providing information for treatments that reduce their impact. Liver cell models have a high potential for the investigation of lipid metabolism, as well as pharmacological agents or active principles that allow the reduction of lipid accumulation. Objective: To compare some liver cell models used for studying lipid metabolism, their characteristics and the most relevant research results. Materials and methods: A systematic search of databases was performed on the most commonly used liver cell models for the study of lipid metabolism. Results: The five most commonly used cell models for this type of research are presented in this paper, highlighting their origin, application, advantages and disadvantages when stimulating lipid metabolism. Conclusion: In order to select a cell model, researchers should take into account the requirements and the process they wish to demonstrate, without forgetting that the results obtained will only be approximations of what could actually happen in the liver as an organ.

Dyslipidemia and its relationship with thyroid disease in farmers in the coffee-growing zone / Dislipidemia y relación con enfermedad tiroidea en agricultores de la zona cafetera

Abstract Introduction: Free thyroxine (T4), free triiodothyronine thyroid (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are recognized as regulators of lipid synthesis, mobilization and degradation. Objective: To find a relationship between dyslipidemia and thyroid disease in an adult population. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 819 individuals. TSH, free T4, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured. Results: The general population showed normal TC, normal LDL-C, low HDL-C, and elevated TG. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was as follows: elevated TC 31.9%, HDL-C <40 mg/dL 57.9%, elevated LDL-C 24.3% and TG ≥200 mg/dL 26%. The prevalence of TSH ≥4.6 mIU/L was 8.1%. The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was 1.2%, and that of subclinical hypothyroidism was 6.7%. The prevalences of elevated TC in individuals with overt hypothyroidism and normal thyroid levels were 50.0% and 31.6%, respectively. However, in those with subclinical hypothyroidism, the prevalences were 43.6% and 31.0% (p=0.04) for elevated TC and 40.0% and 23.2% (p=0.006) for elevated LDL-C. A significant relationship was found between TSH ≥4.6 mIU/L and elevated TC (OR=1.9, p=0.01) and elevated LDL-C (OR=2.5, p=0.001); the frequency of elevated LDL-C was 2.2 times greater in people with subclinical hypothyroidism than in people with normal TSH levels. Conclusion: Given agricultural workers' particular socioeconomic conditions and access to the health system, it is important to design screening programs for biomarkers that allow early detection of changes in thyroid hormones, TSH and lipid profiles to provide this population with preventive interventions to reduce morbimortality due to cardiovascular events (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2019.1094).

Resumen Introducción: tiroxina libre (T4L), triyodo tironina libre (T3L) y hormona estimulante del tiroides (TSH), se reconocen como reguladoras de síntesis, movilización y degradación de lípidos. Objetivo: encontrar una relación entre dislipidemias y enfermedad tiroidea en una población adulta. Métodos: este fue un estudio de corte transversal, en 819 individuos. Se midieron TSH, T4L, colesterol total (CT), colesterol en lipoproteínas de baja densidad (C-LDL), colesterol en lipopro-teínas de alta densidad (C-HDL) y triglicéridos (TG). Resultados: la población general mostró CT, C-LDL normales, C-HDL bajo y TG elevados. La prevalencia de dislipidemia fue: CT elevado 31.9%, C-HDL < 40 mg/dL 57.9%. C-LDL alto 24.3% y TG ≥200 mg/dL, 26%. La frecuencia de TSH ≥ 4.6 mIU/L fue 8.1%. La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo manifiesto fue de 1.2% y la de hipotiroidismo subclínico de 6.7%. La prevalencia de CT elevado en individuos con hipotiroidismo manifiesto y en normales fue de 50.0% y 31.6% respectivamente. Mientras en hipotiroidismo subclínico fue de 43.6% y 31.0% p: 0.04 para CT (elevado); 40.0% y 23.2% p: 0.006 para C-LDL elevado. Se encontró relación significativa entre TSH ≥4.6 mIU/L con CT elevado (OR 1.9 p 0.01) y C-LDL elevada (OR 2.5 p: 0.001); la frecuencia de C-LDL elevado fue de 2.2 veces en personas con hipotiroidismo subclínico con relación a personas con niveles normales de TSH. Conclusión: en los trabajadores del agro, por sus particulares condiciones socioeconómicas y de acceso al sistema de salud, es importante diseñar programas de tamizaje de biomarcadores que permitan avizorar de manera precoz cambios en las hormonas tiroideas, TSH y perfil lipídico, para realizar intervenciones de prevención secundaria que contribuyan a la disminución de la morbimortalidad por eventos cardiovasculares. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2019.1094).

[Effect of exercise on high density lipoprotein subpopulations and blood pressure]. / Efecto del ejercicio en subpoblaciones de lipoproteínas de alta densidad y en la presión arterial.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the relationship of exercise with serum levels of apoA-I and HDL2 and HDL3, subpopulations in hypertensive individuals from the city of Armenia - Quindío. METHODS: The interventions were two months of exercise. Blood pressure was taken with the recommendations of the Ministry of Health of Colombia. HDL subpopulations were measured with the method of precipitate ionic and the apoA-I was measured using nephelometry of Bindig site. RESULTS: Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. A total of 160 patients of whom 125 remained until the end of the project were gathered, that is, there was a 78.12 % retention, 28 % did the exercise. The analysis showed a highly significant reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, higher in people who did exercise. The HDL were below normal before exercise, significantly increased with exercise but still remained below the reference values, the HDL2 increased significantly, while HDL3 decreased with normal levels of apoA-I. CONCLUSION: This study shows that exercise increases the total HDL, but the most important is that exercise modified the HDL subpopulations in a relationship that favors those which seem to have ateroprotective properties. The evidence of the interrelationship between protective factors provides new arguments for public health actions against the cardiovascular risk and hypertension.

NIVELES DE ESTRADIOL EN NIÑOS Y JÓVENES Y SU RELACIÓN CON GÉNERO, EDAD, PRESIÓN ARTERIAL, LÍPIDOS PLASMÁTICOS Y POLIMORFISMO XbaI DEL RECEPTOR DE ESTRÓGENOS / ESTRADIOL LEVELS IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADOLESCENTS AND ITS RELATION WITH GENDER, AGE, BLOOD PRESSURE, PLASMATIC LIPIDS AND POLYMORPHISM XbaI OF ESTROGENS RECEPTOR

RESUMEN Introducción: La identificación de factores de riesgo para las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) puede ayudar a prevenir su desarrollo. Las hormonas esteroides a través de sus receptores y las variaciones genéticas influyen sobre el metabolismo de los lípidos y la presión arterial, entre otras funciones. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo realizado en niños y adolescentes entre 8 y 18 años de edad. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de estradiol y su relación con género, edad, presión arterial, lípidos plasmáticos y polimorfismo XbaI del receptor de estrógenos. Resultados: No se encontró relación estadística entre el polimorfismo XbaI y las concentraciones de estradiol, pero sí entre el polimorfismo y el perfil lipídico, de igual manera entre las concentraciones de esta hormona con triglicéridos y c-VLDL. Conclusión: Este trabajo evidencia la relación entre niveles de estrógenos, edad, presión sanguínea y lípidos plasmáticos, de igual forma demuestra una relación entre polimorfismo XbaI del ESR1 y los niveles de lípidos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The identification of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), can help to prevent their development. The steroid hormones, through their receptors and genetic variations, influence the lipids metabolism and blood pressure among other functions. Methods: a descriptive study carried out with children and adolescents between 8 and 18 years old. Objective: To determine levels of estradiol and its relationship with gender, age, blood pressure, plasmatic lipids and polymorphism XbaI of the estrogens receptor. Results: No statistical relationship between polymorphism XbaI and concentrations of estradiol was found, but it was found between polymorphism and lipid profile and, in the same way, between the concentrations of the hormone and triglycerides and VLDL-c. Conclusion: This work shows a relationship between estrogen levels, age, blood pressure and plasma lipids as well as it shows a relationship between XbaI polymorphism of ESR1 and lipid levels.

Plaguicidas e hipotiroidismo en agricultores en zonas de cultivo de plátano y café, en Quindío, Colombia / Pesticides and hypothyroidism in farmers of plantain and coffee growing areas in Quindio, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar relación entre hipotiroidismo y plaguicidas en sangre. Metodología Estudio de corte transversal, en agricultores y sus compañeros(as) permanentes en municipios productores de plátano y café. Se calculó muestra representativa. Se realizaron pruebas de función tiroidea, se utilizó un lector de ELISA Stat Fax 303/Plus, en una longitud de onda 450 nm. Se determinó la residualidad de plaguicidas organoclorados, se implementó un método de microextracción dispersiva en fase líquida (DLLME) asistida por sonicación, y se empleó cromatografía de gases con detector de micro captura de electrones (GC-µECD) para el análisis. Resultados Se incluyeron 819 participantes, 58,7% hombres y 41,3% mujeres; promedio de edad 48,1 años. Prevalencia de hipotiroidismo manifiesto 1,2% y de hipotiroidismo subclínico 6,7%, mayor prevalencia en personas mayores de 60 años (2,6% y 8,9% respectivamente). Se encontró asociación no causal de hipotiroidismo subclínico con plaguicidas organoclorados 4,4'-DDE (sig.0,006), Heptacloro (sig.0,04), y Endosulfán I (sig.0,02). Los anticuerpos antiperoxidasa (Anti TPO) ≥ 60 lU/ml se asociaron con h. subclínico, OR 2,6. Conclusiones La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo hallada es similar a lo referido en la literatura, es menor que en áreas urbanas; la prevalencia de hipotiroidismo subclínico es mayor y con riesgo de progresión a hipotiroidismo franco cuando se relaciona con Anti-TPO positivos, razón por la cual se requiere seguimiento en estos pacientes. Se asociaron a h. subclínico 3 plaguicidas organoclorados. Se recomienda tamizaje de TSH en personas de 40 y más años sobre todo si están expuestas a los agroquímicos mencionados.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives To establish the correlation between hypothyroidism and blood pesticide levels. Materials and Methods Cross-sectional study in agricultural workers and their permanent partners in plantain and coffee producing municipalities as reference population. A representative sample was estimated and thyroid function tests were performed using ELISA Stat Fax 303/Plus reader, at a wavelength of 450 nm. Organochlorine pesticide residuality was determined, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) assisted by sonication was implemented, and a gas chromatography-micro-electron capture detector (GC-pECD) was used for the analysis. Results 819 participants, 58.7% men and 41.3% women were included; their average age was 48.1 years. Prevalence of symptomatic hypothyroidism (1.2%) and subclinical hypothyroidism (6.7%) was observed, with a higher prevalence in people older than 60 years (2.6% and 8.9%, respectively). Non-causal association was found between subclinical hypothyroidism and the organochlorine pesticides 4,4'-DDE (sig.0,006), Heptachlor (sig.0,04), and Endosulfan I (sig.0,02). Antiperoxidase (Anti TPO) antibodies ≥60 lU/ml were associated with subclinical hypothyroidism (OR 2.6). Conclusions The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the studied population is similar to that reported in the literature, and lower than in urban areas. In turn, the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is higher and positive anti-TPO values are related to risk of progression to frank hypothyroidism, which is why follow-up is required in these patients. Three organochlorine pesticides were associated with subclinical hypothyroidism. TSH screening is recommended in people aged 40 and over, especially if they are exposed to the aforementioned agrochemicals.(AU)

Low-scale expression and purification of an active putative iduronate 2-sulfate sulfatase-Like enzyme from Escherichia coli K12.

The sulfatase family involves a group of enzymes with a large degree of similarity. Until now, sixteen human sulfatases have been identified, most of them found in lysosomes. Human deficiency of sulfatases generates various genetic disorders characterized by abnormal accumulation of sulfated intermediate compounds. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II is characterized by the deficiency of iduronate 2-sulfate sulfatase (IDS), causing the lysosomal accumulation of heparan and dermatan sulfates. Currently, there are several cases of genetic diseases treated with enzyme replacement therapy, which have generated a great interest in the development of systems for recombinant protein expression. In this work we expressed the human recombinant IDS-Like enzyme (hrIDS-Like) in Escherichia coli DH5α. The enzyme concentration revealed by ELISA varied from 78.13 to 94.35 ng/ml and the specific activity varied from 34.20 to 25.97 nmol/h/mg. Western blotting done after affinity chromatography purification showed a single band of approximately 40 kDa, which was recognized by an IgY polyclonal antibody that was developed against the specific peptide of the native protein. Our 100 ml-shake-flask assays allowed us to improve the enzyme activity seven fold, compared to the E. coli JM109/pUC13-hrIDS-Like system. Additionally, the results obtained in the present study were equal to those obtained with the Pichia pastoris GS1115/pPIC-9-hrIDS-Like system (3 L bioreactor scale). The system used in this work (E. coli DH5α/pGEX-3X-hrIDS-Like) emerges as a strategy for improving protein expression and purification, aimed at recombinant protein chemical characterization, future laboratory assays for enzyme replacement therapy, and as new evidence of active putative sulfatase production in E. coli.

[Hypothyroidism prevalence and its relationship to high levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies and urinary iodine in a population aged 35 and over from Armenia, 2009-2010]. / Prevalencia de hipotiroidismo y relación con niveles elevados de anticuerpos antiperoxidasa y yoduria en población de 35 y más años en Armenia. 2009-2010.

OBJECTIVES: Determining the prevalence of hypothyroidism and its interrelationship with peroxidase antibodies and high urinary iodine levels as a means for devising a set of recommendations for health authorities regarding the consumption of iodised salt and the early detection of thyroid disease. METHODS: 437 people in the municipality of Armenia (Quindío) participated in the study. ELISA tests were performed for free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid peroxidase antibodies; a photocolorimetric analysis was carried out to determine urinary iodine levels. RESULTS: Hypothyroidism prevalence was 18.5%. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies were positive in 28.9% of the study population, with significantly higher prevalence amongst those with levels > 10 mIU/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone compared to 5.1 to 10 mIU/mL in those without it (OR 3.2) and smokers (O.R 3,4). Free thyroxine was normal in 98.2% of participants (> 5 mIU/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone levels) and 92% in those in whom > 10 mIU/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were found. The average iodine level was 565.1; levels above 300 µg/L were obtained in 81.8% of the participants. CONCLUSIONS: Increased positive thyroid peroxidase antibody prevalence with increasing thyroid-stimulating hormone values could demonstrate a high risk of developing autoimmune hypothyroidism in Armenia; despite high iodine levels, a relationship with thyroid peroxidase antibodies or thyroid-stimulating hormone levels could not be established.

Efecto del ejercicio sobre las subpoblaciones HDL, la enzima lecitina-colesterol acil-transferasa y la proteína transportadora de ésteres de colesterol en estudiantes de Medicina / Effect of exercise in HDL subpopulations, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase enzyme (LCAT) and ester transfer proteincholesterol (CETP) in medical students

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del ejercicio físico sobre los niveles de las subpoblaciones HDL, enzima lecitina-colesterol acil-transferasa y la proteína transportadora de ésteres de colesterol en estudiantes de Medicina. Método: La población se dividió de manera voluntaria en 2 grupos: ejercicio y no ejercicio. Se midieron perímetro abdominal e índice de masa corporal, subfracciones de HDL2 y HDL3 por precipitación iónica, y enzima lecitina-colesterol acil-transferasa y proteína transportadora de ésteres de colesterol mediante Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Resultados: El perfil lipídico de riesgo aumentó en ambos grupos: las HDL, HDL3 y HDL2 disminuyeron en ambos grupos, pero solo las HDL2 lo hicieron de forma significativa en el grupo que realizó ejercicio. La lecitina-colesterol acil-transferasa y la proteína transportadora de ésteres de colesterol permanecieron sin cambios significativos. Sin embargo, en el grupo que hizo ejercicio hubo disminución estadísticamente significativa de HDL2 y lecitina-colesterol acil-transferasa, en las mujeres. Conclusiones: El ejercicio logra modificar algunas variables como el perímetro abdominal, el índice de masa corporal y las HDL3. Estas modificaciones son dependientes del género, pero, a pesar de la intervención de 3 meses con un programa de ejercicio, este no logra reducir los factores de riesgo lipídico en esta población de estudiantes de Medicina, debido a que su entorno hace muy compleja la respuesta metabólica al ejercicio.

Objective: To evaluate exercise effect on HDL subpopulations, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase enzyme and ester transfer protein cholesterol levels in medical students. Method: Population was divided voluntarily into 2 groups, exercise and no exercise. Waist circumference and body mass index were measured; subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 by ion precipitation and LCAT and CETP enzymes Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: Lipidrisk profile increased in both groups; HDL, HDL2 and HDL3 decreased in both groups, but only the HDL2 decreased significantly in students who exercised. LCAT and CETP remained without significant changes, however, in the exercise group, there was statistically significant decrease in HDL2 and LCAT in women. Conclusions: This study shows that exercise does alter some variables such as waist circumference, body mass index and HDL3. These changes are dependent on gender, but despite the intervention of 3 months with an exercise program, it fails reducing lipid risk factors in this medical student populations, given their environment, which complicates their metabolic response to exercise.

Ejercicio y redes fisiológicas y bioquímicas en la hipertensión / Exercise training and functional networks of physiological and biochemical variables in hipertensión / Treinamento físico e redes funcionais de variáveis bioquímicas fisiológicas em hipertensão

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del ejercicio sobre varios biomarcadores. Por primera vez se investigaron los cambios causados por el ejercicio en algunas variables bioquímicas y fisiológicas utilizando un análisis estructural. Los pacientes hipertensos fueron divididos en grupo de ejercicio (EXG) y grupo de no ejercicio (NoEXG). Se determinaron el perfil lipídico, subpoblacionesde HDL, apoAI, MMP-2 y MMP-9, al inicio del estudio y después de 8 semanas de intervención. Los datos muestran una variación significativa relacionada con el ejercicio en HDL3 (p=0,0236) y la presión sistólica (p=0,0448). También muestran que antes de hacer ejercicio las variables bioquímicas y fisiológicas estaban compartimentalizadas e independientes, mientras que después del ejercicio se establecieron relaciones entre ellas. Este estudio demuestra que un programa de entrenamiento regula la presión arterial y las HDL3, HDL2 y MMP-2. Pero la principal conclusión es que el ejercicio físico es eficaz en la generación o restauración de la red de relaciones entre las variables fisiológicas y las variables bioquímicas tales como presión sanguínea MMP-2, MMP-9, apoA-I, HDL2 y HDL3.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise on several biomarkers. For the first time, the changes caused by exercise training in physiological relationships were investigated using structural analysis. Hypertensive patients were divided into exercise group (EXG) and not exercise group (NEXG)). Lipid profile, HDL subpopulations, apoAI, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention. Data show a significant exercise-related variation in HDL3 (p=0.0236) and SBP (p=0.0448). The results showed that, before exercise, biochemical and physiological variables were compartmentalized and independent; while after exercise these variables were able to establish relationships. This study demonstrates that an exercise training program significantly reduces systemic BP and HDL3 and increases HDL2 and MMP-2. But the main finding is that physical exercise is effective in generating or restoring a network of relationships between physiological variables loke BP and biochemical variables like MMP-2, MMP9, apoA-I, HDL2 and HDL3.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do exercício físico sobre vários biomarcadores. Pela primeira vez, as alterações causadas pelo exercício físico em algumas variáveis bioquímicas e fisiológicas foram investigadas através de uma análise estrutural. Os pacientes hipertensosforam divididos em grupo de exercício (EXG) e grupo de não-exercício (NãoEXG). Perfil lipídico, subpopulações de HDL, apoAI, MMP-2 e MMP-9, foram determinados no início do estudo e após oito (8) semanasde intervenção. Os dados mostram uma variação significativa associada ao exercício em HDL3 (p=0,0236) e pressão sistólica (p=0,0448). Mostram, também, que antes de fazer exercício, variáveis bioquímicas e fisiológicas estavam compartimentadas e independentes, ao passo que após o exercício foram estabelecidas relações entre elas. Este estudo demonstra que um programa de treinamento regula a pressão arterial e HDL3, HDL2 e MMP-2. Mas a principal conclusão é que o exercício físico é eficaz gerando ou restaurando a rede de relações entre variáveis fisiológicas e bioquímicas, tais como a pressão sanguínea MMP-2, MMP-9, apo AI, HDL2 e HDL3.

Telomerase activity associated with progression of cervical lesions in a group of Colombian patients / Associação da atividade da telomerase com a progressão de lesões cervicais em um grupo de pacientes da Colômbia

Abstract PURPOSE To analyze the relation between the cytological findings and telomerase activity (TA). METHODS Cervical samples were evaluated and classified according to the Bethesda System. Telomerase activity was measured total product generated values (TPG) using the TRAP assay (telomeric repeat amplification protocol); data were analyzed statistically using the χ2 test, with the level of significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS The study was conducted on 102 patients. Of these, 3.9% showed normal cytological findings, 8.8% showed cervicitis; 2% showed Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS); 67.6% showed Low Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LSIL); 11.8% showed High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (H-SIL) and 5.9% showed Squamous Carcinoma. Among telomerase-positive samples, the TPG values were cervicitis<normal<ASCUS<L-SIL<H-SIL<Carcinoma. CONCLUSION Results show increased telomerase activity with increasing severity of lesion, supporting the association between TA and type of lesion.

Resumo OBJETIVO Analisar a relação entre os achados citológicos e atividade da telomerase (AT). MÉTODOS Amostras cervicais foram avaliadas e classificadas pelo sistema Bethesda. A AT foi medida como valores de produto total gerado (PTG), utilizando o protocolo de amplificação repetida da telomerase (TRAP); os dados foram analisados estatisticamente usando o teste do χ2, com nível de significância de p<0,05. RESULTADOS Cento e dois pacientes foram analisados: 3,9% com achados citológicos normais, 8,8% com cervicite, 2% com células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado (ASCUS), 67,6% com lesão escamosa intraepitelial baixo grau (LEI-BG), 11,8 % com lesão intraepitelial escamosa alto grau (LEI-AG) e 5,9% com carcinoma escamoso. Valores PTG para amostras positivas AT foram: cervicite<normal<ASCUS<LEI-BG<LEI-AG<Carcinoma. CONCLUSÃO Os resultados mostram um aumento na AT com o aumento da lesão, sustentando a associação entre a AT e o tipo de lesão.