Early EEG hyperexcitability is associated with decreased survival in newly diagnosed IDH-wildtype glioma.

PURPOSE: The relationship between peritumoral neuronal activity, early onset clinical seizures, and glioma survival outcomes remains poorly understood. Hyperexcitability on continuous EEG in the peri-operative period was studied as a prognostic biomarker in patients with newly diagnosed IDH-wildtype diffuse glioma. METHODS: A retrospective observational cohort study was performed including adults with newly diagnosed diffuse glioma, absence of IDH1/2 mutations, and continuous EEG monitoring prior to chemoradiation and within 1 month of initial resection. EEG hyperexcitability was defined by the presence of lateralized periodic discharges and/or electrographic seizures. The primary outcome of overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between groups using multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: There were 424 patients without continuous EEG and 32 with continuous EEG, of whom lateralized periodic discharges and/or electrographic seizures were seen in 17 (53%). Peri-operative EEG hyperexcitability was associated with decreased overall survival in multivariate analysis (median 12.5 [95% CI 6.2-25.6] months with hyperexcitability versus median 19.9 [95% CI 8.9-53.5] months without hyperexcitability, p = 0.043). Compared to patients without continuous EEG, overall survival was decreased in patients with hyperexcitability (p < 0.0001) and similar in patients without hyperexcitability (p = 0.193). Patients with and without hyperexcitability had similar rates of exposure to anti-seizure medication at baseline, and in long-term follow-up had no difference in number of medications required for seizure control. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate the potential prognostic value of a clinical EEG biomarker of glioma aggressiveness prior to the initiation of chemoradiation.

Glioma genetic profiles associated with electrophysiologic hyperexcitability.

BACKGROUND: Distinct genetic alterations determine glioma aggressiveness, however, the diversity of somatic mutations contributing to peritumoral hyperexcitability and seizures over the course of the disease is uncertain. This study aimed to identify tumor somatic mutation profiles associated with clinically significant hyperexcitability. METHODS: A single center cohort of adults with WHO grades 1-4 glioma and targeted exome sequencing (n = 1716) was analyzed and cross-referenced with a validated EEG database to identify the subset of individuals who underwent continuous EEG monitoring (n = 206). Hyperexcitability was defined by the presence of lateralized periodic discharges and/or electrographic seizures. Cross-validated discriminant analysis models trained exclusively on recurrent somatic mutations were used to identify variants associated with hyperexcitability. RESULTS: The distribution of WHO grades and tumor mutational burdens were similar between patients with and without hyperexcitability. Discriminant analysis models classified the presence or absence of EEG hyperexcitability with an overall accuracy of 70.9%, regardless of IDH1 R132H inclusion. Predictive variants included nonsense mutations in ATRX and TP53, indel mutations in RBBP8 and CREBBP, and nonsynonymous missense mutations with predicted damaging consequences in EGFR, KRAS, PIK3CA, TP53, and USP28. This profile improved estimates of hyperexcitability in a multivariate analysis controlling for age, sex, tumor location, integrated pathologic diagnosis, recurrence status, and preoperative epilepsy. Predicted somatic mutation variants were over-represented in patients with hyperexcitability compared to individuals without hyperexcitability and those who did not undergo continuous EEG. CONCLUSION: These findings implicate diverse glioma somatic mutations in cancer genes associated with peritumoral hyperexcitability. Tumor genetic profiling may facilitate glioma-related epilepsy prognostication and management.

Pilot trial of perampanel on peritumoral hyperexcitability and clinical outcomes in newly diagnosed high-grade glioma.

Background: Glutamatergic neuron-glioma synaptogenesis and peritumoral hyperexcitability promote glioma growth in a positive feedback loop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and estimated effect sizes of the AMPA-R antagonist, perampanel, on intraoperative electrophysiologic hyperexcitability and clinical outcomes. Methods: An open-label trial was performed comparing perampanel to standard of care (SOC) in patients undergoing resection of newly-diagnosed radiologic high-grade glioma. Perampanel was administered as a pre-operative loading dose followed by maintenance therapy until progressive disease or up to 12-months. SOC treatment involved levetiracetam for 7-days or as clinically indicated. The primary outcome of hyperexcitability was defined by intra-operative electrocorticography high frequency oscillation (HFO) rates. Seizure-freedom and overall survival (OS) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Tissue concentrations of perampanel, levetiracetam, and metabolites were measured by mass spectrometry. Results: HFO rates were similar between perampanel-treated and SOC cohorts. The trial was terminated early after interim analysis for futility, and outcomes assessed in 11 patients (7 perampanel-treated, 4 SOC). Over a median 281 days of post-enrollment follow-up, 27% of patients had seizures, including 14% treated with perampanel and 50% treated with SOC. OS in perampanel-treated patients was similar to a glioblastoma reference cohort (p=0.81). Glutamate concentrations in surface biopsies were positively correlated with HFO rates in adjacent electrode contacts and were not significantly associated with treatment assignment or drug concentrations. Conclusions: A peri-operative loading regimen of perampanel was safe and well-tolerated, with similar peritumoral hyperexcitability as in levetiracetam-treated patients. Maintenance anti-glutamatergic therapy was not observed to impact survival outcomes.

Glioma genetic profiles associated with electrophysiologic hyperexcitability.

Distinct genetic alterations determine glioma aggressiveness, however the diversity of somatic mutations contributing to peritumoral hyperexcitability and seizures is uncertain. In a large cohort of patients with sequenced gliomas (n=1716), we used discriminant analysis models to identify somatic mutation variants associated with electrographic hyperexcitability in a subset with continuous EEG recording (n=206). Overall tumor mutational burdens were similar between patients with and without hyperexcitability. A cross-validated model trained exclusively on somatic mutations classified the presence or absence of hyperexcitability with an overall accuracy of 70.9%, and improved estimates of hyperexcitability and anti-seizure medication failure in multivariate analysis incorporating traditional demographic factors and tumor molecular classifications. Somatic mutation variants of interest were also over-represented in patients with hyperexcitability compared to internal and external reference cohorts. These findings implicate diverse mutations in cancer genes associated with the development of hyperexcitability and response to treatment.

CaMKII binds both substrates and activators at the active site.

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a signaling protein required for long-term memory. When activated by Ca2+/CaM, it sustains activity even after the Ca2+ dissipates. In addition to the well-known autophosphorylation-mediated mechanism, interaction with specific binding partners also persistently activates CaMKII. A long-standing model invokes two distinct S and T sites. If an interactor binds at the T-site, then it will preclude autoinhibition and allow substrates to be phosphorylated at the S site. Here, we specifically test this model with X-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics simulations, and biochemistry. Our data are inconsistent with this model. Co-crystal structures of four different activators or substrates show that they all bind to a single continuous site across the kinase domain. We propose a mechanistic model where persistent CaMKII activity is facilitated by high-affinity binding partners that kinetically compete with autoinhibition by the regulatory segment to allow substrate phosphorylation.

Effect of PIK3CA variants on glioma-related epilepsy and response to treatment.

Upregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has been implicated in glioma-related epileptogenesis. In this retrospective analysis, epilepsy characteristics and response to treatment were evaluated in patients with gliomas harboring somatic mutation variants in PIK3CA. A cohort of 134 patients with 150 PIK3CA variants was extracted from previously validated databases. Patients with the hotspot H1047R, R88Q, E542K, and G118D variants comprised a subset (n = 41) for epilepsy phenotyping. In multivariate analysis, the presence of H1047R (n = 15) was associated with worse seizure control (p = 0.026). These results support preclinical findings and suggest that glioma PIK3CA variation may have promise as a biomarker for epilepsy severity and response to treatment.

Characterization of CaMKIIα holoenzyme stability.

Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a Ser/Thr kinase necessary for long-term memory formation and other Ca2+ -dependent signaling cascades such as fertilization. Here, we investigated the stability of CaMKIIα using a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray crystallography, and mass photometry (MP). The kinase domain has a low thermal stability (apparent Tm = 36°C), which is slightly stabilized by ATP/MgCl2 binding (apparent Tm = 40°C) and significantly stabilized by regulatory segment binding (apparent Tm = 60°C). We crystallized the kinase domain of CaMKII bound to p-coumaric acid in the active site. This structure reveals solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues in the substrate-binding pocket, which are normally buried in the autoinhibited structure when the regulatory segment is present. This likely accounts for the large stabilization that we observe in DSC measurements comparing the kinase alone with the kinase plus regulatory segment. The hub domain alone is extremely stable (apparent Tm ~ 90°C), and the holoenzyme structure has multiple unfolding transitions ranging from ~60°C to 100°C. Using MP, we compared a CaMKIIα holoenzyme with different variable linker regions and determined that the dissociation of both these holoenzymes occurs at a higher concentration (is less stable) compared with the hub domain alone. We conclude that within the context of the holoenzyme structure, the kinase domain is stabilized, whereas the hub domain is destabilized. These data support a model where domains within the holoenzyme interact.