Use of psychotropic drugs and pregnancy outcome.

This study reports the use of psychotropic drugs and pregnancy outcome in a prospective survey carried out in northern Finland in 1985-1986, consisting of 7933 pregnant women and their 8030 births. Of the mothers, 120 (1.5%) used psychotropic drugs during pregnancy and of them 26 (0.3% of the total) used these drugs before and during the pregnancy. According to the logistic regression analysis, the biological and social background variables associating significantly with the use of these drugs were maternal advanced age and multiparity (> 35 years and > 4 parous), overweight (body mass index > the 90th percentile), smoking, alcohol use, belonging to social class IV, and failure to ensure contraception. The users needed hospital observation significantly more often during pregnancy (regular users, 80.8%; occasional users, 38.3; nonusers, 27.4%) and the adjustment of the background variables did not change this result. Of the pregnancy complications bleeding was significantly more common among users than nonusers (23.3 vs. 13.2%) and this difference was not explained by difference in background variables. The mean birth weight of infants of the regular users was significantly lower (255 g) when background variables were standardized by linear regression analysis. No association of increased number of birth defects was found with usage of psychotropic drugs.

Somatizing frequent attenders in primary health care.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the association of somatization with frequent attendance in primary health care. METHODS: Frequent attenders in a health center (FAs) (N=112) and age- and sex-matched controls (COs) (N=105) constituted the study series. Data were collected from annual statistics, medical records, postal questionnaires and personal interviews. Psychological distress was assessed using Symptom Checklist-36 (SCL-36), alexithymia was measured with Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) and hypochondriasis was screened with Whiteley Index (WI). RESULTS: About one-third of FAs were somatizers when a cut-off point of eight symptoms on the SCL-36 somatization subscale was used as a criterion. The significant association of somatization with frequent attendance disappeared in multivariate analyses when adjusted for age, sex and chronic somatic illnesses. Hypochondriacal beliefs and psychiatric comorbidity were connected with FAs' somatization. Hypochondriacal beliefs explained somatizers' frequent attendance. A significant interaction effect between somatization and hypochondriacal beliefs was found when explaining frequent attendance. CONCLUSION: The results emphasize the need to use a comprehensive approach of somatization, including hypochondriacal beliefs, when treating somatizing FA patients in primary health care.

The patient-centred interview: the key to biopsychosocial diagnosis and treatment.

The article reports on some ideas and experiences gained from a holistic approach to working with patients and introduces a viewpoint that includes opinions on how postmodernism, the biopsychosocial model and a patient-centred interviewing style can change traditional, biomedical-oriented medicine. During the past 10 years, we have been instructing medical students in the use of this patient-centred interviewing model and have trained experienced general practitioners (GPs) in adopting it in 2-year family-oriented continuing medical education courses. We believe that doctors and other health care providers, particularly in primary care settings, need a comprehensive concept of human health and illness, and that skill in patient-centred interviewing is the product of a deep learning process. In conclusion, we have learned that a successful patient-centred interview helps the GP to better understand the patient and helps to explain the data that the patient presents. Patient-centred orientation and interviewing also change the communication between doctor and patient in a direction which supports the patient's and his/her family members' own resources in the healing process.

Frequent attenders in a Finnish health centre: morbidity and reasons for encounter.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the proportion of frequent attenders among primary health care patients and their sociodemographic characteristics, morbidity and reasons for encounter. DESIGN: A cross-sectional case-control study. SETTING: A municipal health centre in Oulainen, a small rural town in northern Finland. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred and four frequent attenders (eight or more visits to health centre physicians (GPs) during the year 1994) and 304 age- and sex-matched controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sociodemographic characteristics, numbers of encounters, chronic diseases classified by ICD-9 and reasons for encounter coded by the International Classification of Primary Care chapter codes (ICPC). RESULTS: 4.7% of the population aged 15 years or older and 6.8% of the annual patients were frequent attenders and they made 23.5% of all encounters with GPs. The frequent attenders had lower basic education and there were more people on disability pension among them. They had significantly more mental disorders and diseases of the musculoskeletal and digestive systems than the controls. The frequent attenders' most common reasons for encounter were musculoskeletal problems, and they had significantly more musculoskeletal, digestive system and psychiatric reasons for encounters than the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent attenders express more somatic and less psychiatric reasons for encounter than can be assumed according to their morbidity. The role of somatization is discussed.

Alexithymia, hypochondriacal beliefs, and psychological distress among frequent attenders in primary health care.

Frequent use of health services has been associated with such concepts as alexithymia, hypochondriasis, and psychological distress. The aim of this case-control study was firstly to assess whether alexithymia, hypochondriasis, and psychological distress are associated with frequent attendance and secondly to assess the gender differences of these associations in a primary health care setting. A sample of 304 frequent attenders (eight or more visits during 1 year), including all of the frequent attenders during 1994, and 304 randomly selected age- and sex-matched controls were selected. Half of the sample (every second individual selected in date-of-birth order) was invited for an interview, 113 frequent attenders and 107 controls completed a questionnaire during the interview. Alexithymia was measured with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), hypochondriasis was screened with the Whiteley Index (WI), and Symptom Checklist-36 (SCL-36) was used to determine psychological distress. We found a distinct gender difference in the associations of these characteristics with frequent attending. Significant associations of alexithymia, hypochondriasis, and psychological distress with frequent attending were found among men, but not among women. Alexithymia, hypochondriasis, and psychological distress should be considered when treating frequent attenders, especially males.