Correction: Sarwer et al. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Myrsine africana Leaf Extract for Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Phytotoxic Activities. Molecules 2022, 27, 7612.

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...].

Chemical Insights into Oxidative and Nitrative Modifications of DNA.

This review focuses on DNA damage caused by a variety of oxidizing, alkylating, and nitrating species, and it may play an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammation, cancer, and degenerative diseases. Infection and chronic inflammation have been recognized as important factors in carcinogenesis. Under inflammatory conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated from inflammatory and epithelial cells, and result in the formation of oxidative and nitrative DNA lesions, such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-nitroguanine. Cellular DNA is continuously exposed to a very high level of genotoxic stress caused by physical, chemical, and biological agents, with an estimated 10,000 modifications occurring every hour in the genetic material of each of our cells. This review highlights recent developments in the chemical biology and toxicology of 2'-deoxyribose oxidation products in DNA.

Chlorine Dioxide: Friend or Foe for Cell Biomolecules? A Chemical Approach.

This review examines the role of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on inorganic compounds and cell biomolecules. As a disinfectant also present in drinking water, ClO2 helps to destroy bacteria, viruses, and some parasites. The Environmental Protection Agency EPA regulates the maximum concentration of chlorine dioxide in drinking water to be no more than 0.8 ppm. In any case, human consumption must be strictly regulated since, given its highly reactive nature, it can react with and oxidize many of the inorganic compounds found in natural waters. Simultaneously, chlorine dioxide reacts with natural organic matter in water, including humic and fulvic acids, forming oxidized organic compounds such as aldehydes and carboxylic acids, and rapidly oxidizes phenolic compounds, amines, amino acids, peptides, and proteins, as well as the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH, responsible for electron and proton exchange and energy production in all cells. The influence of ClO2 on biomolecules is derived from its interference with redox processes, modifying the electrochemical balances in mitochondrial and cell membranes. This discourages its use on an individual basis and without specialized monitoring by health professionals.

Expression of immunoregulatory genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of European wild boar immunized with BCG.

The objective of this study was to analyze the expression of immunoregulatory genes in European wild boar (Sus scrofa) immunized with BCG. Eighteen immunoregulatory genes were selected for expression analysis based on their role in host immune response during tuberculosis and/or for their association with resistance to bovine tuberculosis in European wild boar populations. Initially, mRNA levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in spleen samples from Mycobacterium bovis-infected (N=18) and uninfected (N=22) European wild boar. Statistical analysis of qRT-PCR data revealed that four genes, complement component C3, IFN-gamma, IL-4 and RANTES were downregulated in infected animals (P<0.05). These genes were selected for analysis of mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from seven wild boar experimentally immunized with BCG and seven non-immunized controls. Blood was collected at 0, 5, 13 and 25 weeks post-immunization (wpi). The mRNA levels of IFN-gamma and C3 showed a peak (>15-fold increase) at 5 wpi, whereas transcripts for RANTES and IL-4 showed a peak (>2-fold increase) at 13 wpi in BCG-immunized animals when compared to non-immunized controls. The pattern of expression of these genes over the time provides the first description of BCG specific immune response in European wild boar. These results provide new insights into the molecular basis of wild boar response to M. bovis infection and BCG vaccination and may be used to monitor BCG vaccination in this species.