Renal CD133(+)/CD73(+) progenitors produce erythropoietin under hypoxia and prolyl hydroxylase inhibition.

The identity of the peritubular population of cells with mesenchymal phenotype thought responsible for producing erythropoietin in humans remains unclear. Here, renal CD133(+)/CD73(+) progenitor cells, isolated from the human renal inner medulla and described as a population of mesenchymal progenitors, released erythropoietin under hypoxic conditions. CD133(-) cells did not synthesize erythropoietin, and CD133(+) progenitor cells stopped producing erythropoietin when they differentiated and acquired an epithelial phenotype. Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylases, using either dimethyloxalylglycine or a small hairpin RNA against prolyl hydroxylase-2, increased both hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) expression and erythropoietin transcription. Moreover, under hypoxic conditions, inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase significantly increased erythropoietin release by CD133(+) progenitors. Finally, blockade of HIF-2α impaired erythropoietin synthesis by CD133(+) progenitors. Taken together, these results suggest that it is the renal CD133(+) progenitor cells that synthesize and release erythropoietin under hypoxia, via the prolyl hydroxylase-HIF-2α axis, in the human kidney. In addition, this study provides rationale for the therapeutic use of prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors in the setting of acute or chronic renal injury.

Protective effect of resin adsorption on septic plasma-induced tubular injury.

INTRODUCTION: A pro-apoptotic effect of circulating mediators on renal tubular epithelial cells has been involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI). Adsorption techniques have been showed to efficiently remove inflammatory cytokines from plasma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the hydrophobic resin Amberchrom CG161 M to adsorb from septic plasma soluble mediators involved in tubular injury. METHODS: We enrolled in the study 10 critically ill patients with sepsis-associated AKI and we evaluated the effects of their plasma on granulocyte adhesion, apoptosis and functional alterations of cultured human kidney tubular epithelial cells. We established an in vitro model of plasma adsorption and we studied the protective effect of unselective removal of soluble mediators by the Amberchrom CG161 M resin on septic plasma-induced tubular cell injury. RESULTS: Plasma from septic patients induced granulocyte adhesion, apoptosis and altered polarity in tubular cells. Plasma adsorption significantly decreased these effects and abated the concentrations of several soluble mediators. The inhibition of granulocyte adhesion to tubular cells was associated with the down-regulation of ICAM-1 and CD40. Resin adsorption inhibited tubular cell apoptosis induced by septic plasma by down-regulating the activation of caspase-3, 8, 9 and of Fas/death receptor-mediated signalling pathways. The alteration of cell polarity, morphogenesis, protein reabsorption and the down-regulation of the tight junction molecule ZO-1, of the sodium transporter NHE3, of the glucose transporter GLUT-2 and of the endocytic receptor megalin all induced by septic plasma were significantly reduced by resin adsorption. CONCLUSIONS: Septic plasma induced a direct injury of tubular cells by favouring granulocyte adhesion, by inducing cell apoptosis and by altering cell polarity and function. All these biological effects are related to the presence of circulating inflammatory mediators that can be efficiently removed by resin adsorption with a consequent limitation of tubular cell injury.

Intrahepatic Administration of Human Liver Stem Cells in Infants with Inherited Neonatal-Onset Hyperammonemia: A Phase I Study.

Previous studies have shown that human liver stem-like cells (HLSCs) may undergo differentiation in vitro into urea producing hepatocytes and in vivo may sustain liver function in models of experimentally induced acute liver injury. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of HLSCs intrahepatic administration in inherited neonatal-onset hyperammonemia. The study was approved by the Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco on favorable opinion of the Italian Institute of Health as an open-label, prospective, uncontrolled, monocentric Phase I study (HLSC 01-11, EudraCT-No. 2012-002120-33). Three patients affected by argininosuccinic aciduria (patient 1) and methylmalonic acidemia (patients 2 and 3) and included in the liver transplantation list were enrolled. In all patients, HLSCs were administered by percutaneous intrahepatic injections (once a week for two consecutive weeks) within the first months of life. The first patient received 125,000 HLSCs x gram of liver/dose while the other two patients received twice this dose. No immunosuppression was administered since HLSCs possess immunomodulatory activities. None of the patients experienced infections, hyperammonemia decompensation, or other adverse events during the whole observation period. No donor specific antibodies (DSA) against HLSCs were detected. Patients were metabolic stable despite an increase (~30%) in protein intake. Two patients underwent liver transplantation after 19 and 11 months respectively, and after explantation, the native livers showed no histological alterations. In conclusion, percutaneous intrahepatic administration of HLSCs was safe in newborn with inherited neonatal-onset hyperammonemia. These data pave the way for Phase II studies in selected inherited and acquired liver disorders.