Investigating the temporal dynamics of sub-micron particles and particle-bound transition metals in indoor air of a metropolitan city.

The present study portrays an association between particle-bound transition metals and children's health. The indoor air quality of the urban metropolitan city households was monitored for four PM sizes, namely PM1.0-2.5, PM0.50-1.0, PM0.25-0.50 and PM<0.25, in major seasons observed in the city; summer and winter. Further transition/heavy metals, viz. Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, were analysed in PM1-2.5 samples. In order to evaluate the effect, health risk assessment was performed using mathematical and computational model for assessing dermal exposure and dose estimation (multiple path particle dosimetry model version3.0). The study principally targeted the children aged 2-15 years for the health risk assessment. According to the results, for the largest particle size i.e. PM1.0-2.5 the highest deposition was in the head region (49.1%) followed by pulmonary (43.6%) and tracheobronchial region (7.2%), whereas, for the smallest particle size i.e. PM<0.25 the highest deposition was obtained in the pulmonary region (73.0%) followed by the head (13.6%) and TB region (13.2%). Also, the most imperilled group of children with highest dose accumulation was found to be children aged 8-9 years for all particle sizes. Moreover, the dermal exposure dose as evaluated was found to be preeminent for Ni, Zn and Pb. Besides, seasonal variation gesticulated towards elevated concentrations in winter relative to the summer season. Altogether, the study will provide a conception to the researchers in the fields mounting season-specific guidelines and mitigation approaches. Conclusively, the study commends future work focussing on defining the effects of other chemical components on particles and associated transition metal composition along with proper extenuation of the same.

Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from Sow Farm Lagoons across Climates Zones.

Hydrogen sulfide (HS) emissions were measured periodically over the course of 2 yr at three sow waste lagoons representing humid mesothermal (North Carolina, NC), humid microthermal (Indiana, IN), and semiarid (Oklahoma, OK) climates. Emissions were determined using a backward Lagrangian stochastic model in conjunction with line-sampled HS concentrations and measured turbulence. The median annual sow-specific (area-specific) lagoon emissions at the OK farm were approximately 1.6 g head [hd] d (5880 µg m s), whereas those at the IN and NC sow farms were 0.035 g hd d (130 µg m s), and 0.041 g hd d (260 µg m s), respectively. Hydrogen sulfide emissions generally increased with wind speed. The daily HS emissions from the OK lagoon were greatest during the first half of the year and decreased as the year progressed. Emissions were episodic at the NC and IN lagoons. The generally low emissions at the NC and IN lagoons were probably a result of significant populations of purple sulfur bacteria maintained in the humid mesothermal and humid microthermal climates. Most of the large HS emission events at the NC and IN lagoons appeared to be a result of either precipitation events or liquid pump-out events. The high emissions at the OK lagoon in a semiarid climate were largely a result of high wind speeds enhancing both lagoon and air boundary layer mixing. The climate (air temperature, winds, and precipitation) appeared to influence the HS emissions from lagoons.

Assessment of indoor air quality and their inter-association in hospitals of northern India-a cross-sectional study.

This study was commenced to evaluate the indoor and outdoor air quality concentrations of PM2.5, sub-micron particles (PM>2.5, PM1.0-2.5, PM0.50 -1.0, PM0.25-0.50, and PM<0.25), heavy metals, and microbial contaminants along with their identification in three different hospitals of Lucknow City. The study was conducted from February 2022 to April 2022 in hospitals situated in the commercial, residential, and industrial belts of the city. The indoor concentration trend of particulate matter as observed during the study suggested that most of the highest concentrations belonged to the hospital situated in an industrial area. The highest obtained indoor and outdoor concentrations for PM1.0-2.5, PM0.50-1.0, PM0.25-0.50, and PM<0.25 are 40.44 µg/m3, 56.08 µg/m3, 67.20 µg/m3, 74.50 µg/m3, 61.9 µg/m3, 79.3 µg/m3, 82.0 µg/m3, and 93.9 µg/m3, respectively, which belonged to hospital C situated in the industrial belt. However, for PM>2.5, the highest indoor concentration obtained belonged to hospital B, i.e., 30.7 µg/m3, which is situated in the residential belt of the city. Regarding PM2.5, the highest indoor and outdoor concentrations obtained are 149.41 µg/m3 and 227.45 µg/m3, which were recorded at hospital A and hospital C, respectively. The present study also observed that a high bacterial load of 1389.21 CFU/m3 is recorded in hospital B, and the fungi load was highest in hospital C with 786.34 CFU/m3. Henceforth, the present study offers thorough information on the various air pollutants in a crucial indoor setting, which will further aid the researchers in the field to identify and mitigate the same more precisely.

Withdrawal Notice: Computational Druglikeness Assessment, Synthesis, Characterization and In vitro Biological Activity Evaluation of some Novel Mixed Metal Complexes of 2-(butan-2-ylidene) Hydrazinecarbothioamide

The article has been withdrawn at the request of the authors of the journal Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening. Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused. The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://benthamscience.com/editorial-policies-main.php BENTHAM SCIENCE DISCLAIMER: It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.

Computational Drug Designing and Prediction Of Important Parameters Using in silico Methods- A Review.

BACKGROUND: Computational or in silico studies are undertaken to assess the drug like properties of lead compounds. These studies help in fast prediction of relevant properties. OBJECTIVE: Through this review, an effort is made to encapsulate some of the important parameters which should be met by a compound for it to be considered as a potential drug candidate along with an overview of automated softwares which can be used for making various predictions. METHODS: Drug uptake, its absorption, evacuation and associated hazardous effects are important factors for consideration in drug designing and should be known in early stages of drug development. Several important physicochemical properties like molecular weight, polar surface area (PSA), molecular flexibility etc. have to be taken into consideration in drug designing. Toxicological assessment is another important aspect of drug discovery which predicts the safety and adverse effects of a drug. RESULTS: Additionally, bioactivity scores of probable drug leads against various human receptors can also be predicted to evaluate the probability of them to act as a potential drug candidate. The in vivo biological targets of a molecule can also be efficiently predicted by molecular docking studies. CONCLUSION: Some important software like iGEMDOCK, AutoDock, OSIRIS property explorer, Molinspiration, MetaPrint2D, admetSAR and their working methodology and principle of working have been summarized in this review.

The Role of Biomarkers to Diagnose Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis. A Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To systematically review the value of serum inflammatory markers to diagnose diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO). STUDY SELECTION: Studies to diagnose DFO using biomarkers erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukins (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF.) were retrieved from EMBASE and PubMed with no language restrictions through July 2014. DATA EXTRACTION: We summarized clinical characteristics of the studies and used bivariate random effects models and summary receiver operating characteristic curves to estimate sensitivity and specificity for each marker. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 8 qualifying studies were included in our meta-analysis. Bivariate pooled sensitivity and specificity of the 6 studies examining ESR were 0.81 (95% CI 0.71-0.88) and 0.90 (95% CI 0.75-0.96) respectively. Due to the paucity of data, models did not converge for the other biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: From the inflammatory markers, ESR appears to be the best laboratory test to identify patients with DFO.

Urban air pollution & its assessment in Lucknow City--the second largest city of North India.

Investigations were carried out during the summer season (March-June 2012) to observe the quality of indoor air by monitoring the levels of some selected air pollutants at 15 different houses covering the urban areas of Lucknow City. Concentrations of CO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 were monitored indoors and outdoors simultaneously and I/O ratios were calculated. Regression analysis for I/O relationship was performed to assess the contribution of outdoor sources to indoor air quality. Air Quality Index (AQI) for indoor air was also calculated to have an idea about the quality of indoor air and their health effects. In collaboration with the medical college doctors of the city, we surveyed 197 persons to find out different diseases/symptoms being faced due to indoor air pollution. Results of the study revealed that the average levels of PM10 and PM2.5 were above the permissible limits laid by WHO at densely populated and roadside sites with 189 µg/m(3) (PM2.5 76 µg/m(3)) and 226 µg/m(3) (PM2.5 91 µg/m(3)) respectively. Correlation analysis showed positive results. At sites like Alambagh and Chowk, the indoor AQI range was alarming with the values of 302 and 209. Survey results also showed that 46% of urban people suffered from acute respiratory infections like bronchial asthma, headache, depression and dizziness and these people were mostly from Roadside colonies.

Investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil at Agra, India--a case study.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are released into the environment from anthropogenic sources, such as combustion of fossil fuels, refused burning, industrial processes and motor vehicle exhausts. The concentration of PAHs in roadside soil was measured at St. John's crossing, which lies in the centre of Agra city and exposed to heavy traffic. The samples were extracted with hexane by ultrasonic agitation. The extracts were then fractioned on a silica-gel column and the aromatic fraction was subjected to HPLC for analysis of 16 priority PAH pollutants specified by environment protection agency (EPA). Total mean concentration of PAHs was found to be 15.29 microg g(-1) and it ranged from 6.72-25.91 microg g(-1). Fluoranthene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(ghi)perylene were found to be the most abundant PAHs at this location.