Static and dynamic postural control: Comparison between community old adults and people with Parkinson's disease.

AIMS: To compare the static and dynamic postural control of people with Parkinson's disease and community old adults. METHODS: Thirty-five people were in the Parkinson's disease group (PDG; 12 women, 62.4 ± 11.0 years, 77.9 ± 15.6 kg, 166.5 ± 11.0 cm, 27.9 ± 3.8 kg/m2 , 1.9 ± 0.5 Hoehn & Yahr) and 32 were in the old adults group (OAG; 13 women, 69.5 ± 6.0 years, 74.2 ± 12.3 kg, 165.0 ± 8.3 cm, 27.2 ± 4.0 kg/m2 ). The static balance was measured on a force platform, three 30-s trials in four conditions: feet side-by-side (FSBS) and semi-tandem stance (ST) positioning, eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC). The total sway path length (SPL), sway area (SA), anterior-posterior (APSR) and medial-lateral (MLSR) sway range of the centre of pressure were obtained. Dynamic balance was assessed using the timed-up-and-go test (TUG). For comparison between groups and repeated-measures, a mixed-design ANOVA was carried out and the Mann-Whitney U test to compare TUG between groups. The significance level was set at p ≤ .05. RESULTS: Between groups, PDG presented higher mean values for SPL, APSR and SA in feet side-by-side eyes open compared to the OAG, for SPL in feet side-by-side eyes closed, for SPL and SA in STEO. For repeated-measures, both groups had higher mean values in the EC condition compared to EO and MLSR compared to APSR. No significant difference was found between groups for TUG. CONCLUSION: Balance disorders are found early in people with Parkinson's disease compared to healthy older adults. Thus, Parkinson's disease seems to advance the process of alterations in the postural control system.

Association between Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD-like receptor (NLR) polymorphisms and lipid and glucose metabolism.

Recent evidences had shown activation of TLR (toll-like receptors) and NLR (nod-like receptors) in response to imbalance in nutrients intake, such as lipid and glucose. The main aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between 11 SNPs in TLR2, TLR4, NLRC4, CARD8 and NEK7 genes and lipid and glucose metabolism. Sample was composed by healthy children and adolescents (n = 158) and adults (n = 115). DNA extraction was obtained by salting-out and sample genotyping by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry based system. LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, glucose and insulin were measured by standard automated methods. Means were compared by t-test or Mann-Whitney test. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to verify association between polymorphisms and lipid and glucose markers. Seven polymorphisms in 5 genes were associated with lipid and glucose parameters. For lipid parameters, the following associations were found: higher LDL-C levels and C allele of rs1554973 (TLR4) and G allele of rs6671879 (NEK7); higher HDL-cholesterol levels and A allele of rs13105517 (TLR2); higher total cholesterol and TT genotype of rs3804099 (TLR2) and G allele of rs6671879 (NEK7); higher triglycerides levels and G allele of rs455060 (NLRC4). For glucose parameters associations were found between C allele of rs7258674 (CARD8) and higher glucose levels, and between C allele of rs212704 (NLRC4) and G allele of rs455060 (NLRC4) and insulin levels. These findings indicate a relationship between polymorphisms of TLRs and NLRs genes and markers of lipid and glucose metabolism.

12-Week aerobic exercise and nutritional program minimized the presence of the 64Arg allele on insulin resistance.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to investigate the response of 64Arg allele carriers of the ADRB3 gene (Trp64Arg polymorphism) in the anthropometric, cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables in overweight adolescents after a 12-week aerobic exercise and nutritional program. METHODS: A total of 92 overweight adolescents, 10-16 years old and of both genders, participated. Body composition, waist circumference (WC), pubertal stage status, blood pressure, glucose, insulin and lipid profile and direct maximal oxygen uptake were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of a training program. The homeostasis metabolic assessments [homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were determined and the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ADRB3 gene was investigated by Taqman single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assays. Exercise sessions consisted of 100-min aerobic exercise and 20-min stretching, 3 times a week, totalizing 36 sessions. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and effect size were used for variables, with p<0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: In baseline, HOMA-IR was higher in carriers of the 64Arg allele and decreased more after 12 weeks than in non-carriers (p=0.01). The anthropometric, physical fitness and metabolic profiles had similar responses after training in carriers and non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight adolescents present changes in body composition and physical fitness, independent of Trp64Arg genotypes. However, a 12-week aerobic exercise and nutritional program promoted greater reductions in insulin resistance in carriers of the 64Arg allele.

[Influence of polymorphisms of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor on the presence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in adolescents]. / Influência dos polimorfismos no receptor beta 2 adrenérgico na presença de broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício em adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of polymorphisms of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) in triggering exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in adolescents. METHODS: The subjects were divided into two groups: present EIB (EIB+) (n=45) and absent EIB (EIB-) (n=115). The bronchial provocation test with exercise was performed with a protocol that consisted of walking/running for at least eight minutes at high intensity, i.e., >85% of maximum heart rate, considering EIB+ as a 10% decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). The genotyping of the ADRB2 gene was performed by the Taqman method, using the Step One Plus system. Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests, as well as Spearman's correlation coefficient were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Age, body weight, height, FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio were lower in the EIB+ group when compared to EIB- (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the proportion of the allele at position 27 and Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu genotypes between the EIB+ and EIB- groups (p=0.26; p=0.97 and p=0.43, respectively). However, there was a trend towards statistical significance regarding the greater proportion of the Gly16 allele for the EIB+ when compared to the EIB- group (p=0.08). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of polymorphisms associated with the Glu27 allele and Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu genotypes had no influence on EIB. However, the statistical trend towards greater frequency of the Gly16 allele in individuals with EIB+ can be considered evidence of the influence of polymorphisms of the ADBR2 gene on EIB in adolescents.

Effects of a deep-water running program on muscle function and functionality in elderly women community dwelling

AIMS: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of deep-water running on muscle function and functionality in community dwelling old women. METHODS: Older women (n=19) were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: deep-water running (DWR: n=09, 64.33±4.24 years, 75.15±12.53 kg, 160.45±7.52 cm; or control group CG: n=10, 64.40±4.22 years, 74.46±12.39 kg, 158.88±5.48 cm). The DWR group carried out 18 weeks of deep-water running, twice/week 50 min sessions. Dynamic isokinetic strength for the lower limb and functionality was assessed before and after intervention. RESULTS: DWR group increased peak torque, total work and average power of the knee and hip flexors and extensors. Additionally showed better performance on gait speed, timed up and go test, five-times-sit-to-stand-test repetitions from a chair as well as the six-minute walk test. CONCLUSION: The deep-water running program was effective to improve muscle function and functionality.(AU)

Influence of polymorphisms of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor on the presence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in adolescents / Influência dos polimorfismos no receptor beta 2 adrenérgico na presença de broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício em adolescentes

To determine the influence of polymorphisms of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) in triggering exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in adolescents. Methods: The subjects were divided into two groups: present EIB (EIB+) (n=45) and absent EIB (EIB−) (n=115). The bronchial provocation test with exercise was performed with a protocol that consisted of walking/running for at least eight minutes at high intensity, i.e., >85% of maximum heart rate, considering EIB+ as a 10% decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). The genotyping of the ADRB2 gene was performed by the Taqman method, using the Step One Plus system. Independent t-test, Mann–Whitney and Chi-square tests, as well as Spearman's correlation coefficient were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Age, body weight, height, FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio were lower in the EIB+ group when compared to EIB− (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the proportion of the allele at position 27 and Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu genotypes between the EIB+ and EIB− groups (p=0.26; p=0.97 and p=0.43, respectively). However, there was a trend toward statistical significance regarding the greater proportion of the Gly16 allele for the EIB+ when compared to the EIB− group (p=0.08). Conclusions: The presence of polymorphisms associated with the Glu27 allele and Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu genotypes had no influence on EIB. However, the statistical trend toward greater frequency of the Gly16 allele in individuals with EIB+ can be considered evidence of the influence of polymorphisms of the ADBR2 gene on EIB in adolescents.

Determinar a influência dos polimorfismos dos receptores adrenérgicos beta 2 (ADRB2) no desencadeamento de broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício (BIE) em adolescentes. Métodos: Os sujeitos foram divididos em dois grupos: BIE presente (BIE+) (n=45) e BIE ausente (BIE−) (n=115). O teste de broncoprovocação com exercício foi feito com protocolo que consistiu em caminhar/correr durante no mínimo oito minutos em intensidade superior a 85% da frequência cardíaca máxima, considerando como BIE presente uma queda de 10% do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1). A genotipagem do gene ADRB2 foi feita pelo método Taqman por meio do aparelho Step One Plus. Para análise estatística usaram-se os testes t independente, U de Mann-Whitney, qui-quadrado e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Idade, massa corporal, estatura, VEF1, CVF e relação VEF1/CVF foram menores no grupo BIE+ em comparação com o BIE− (p<0,05). Não houve diferenças significativas na proporção do alelo na posição 27 e dos genótipos Arg16Gly e Gln27Glu entre os grupos BIE+ e BIE− (p=0,26; p=0,97 e p=0,43, respectivamente). Entretanto, verificou-se uma tendência à significância estatística na maior proporção do alelo Gly16 para o grupo BIE+ comparado com o BIE− (p=0,08). Conclusões: A presença de polimorfismos associados ao alelo Glu27 e os genótipos Arg16Gly e Gln27Glu não influenciam no BIE. Porém, a tendência estatística observada para uma maior frequência do alelo Gly16 nos indivíduos com a presença de BIE pode ser considerado indício da influência de polimorfismos no gene ADBR2 no BIE em adolescentes.

Beta 2-adrenergic receptor gene association with overweight and asthma in children and adolescents and its relationship with physical fitness / Associação do gene ADRB2 com sobrepeso e asma em crianças e adolescentes e sua relação com a aptidão física

Objective: To investigate the association of Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu polymorphisms of β2-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB2) with the occurrence of asthma and overweight and the gene's influence on anthropometric, clinic, biochemical and physical fitness variables in children and adolescents. Methods: Subjects were evaluated for allelic frequencies of the β2-adrenergic receptor gene, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), BMI Z-score, waist circumference (WC), pubertal stage, resting heart rate (HRres), blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), glucose, insulin, high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), Homeostasis Metabolic Assessment (HOMA2-IR), Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). The participants were divided in four groups: overweight asthmatic (n=39), overweight non-asthmatic (n=115), normal weight asthmatic (n=12), and normal weight non-asthmatic (n=40). Results: Regarding the Gln27Glu polymorphism, higher total cholesterol was observed in usual genotype individuals than in genetic variant carriers (p=0.04). No evidence was found that the evaluated polymorphisms are influencing the physical fitness. The Arg16 allele was found more frequently among the normal weight asthmatic group when compared to the normal weight non-asthmatic group (p=0.02), and the Glu27 allele was more frequently found in the overweight asthmatics group when compared to the normal weight non-asthmatic group (p=0.03). Conclusions: The association of Arg16 allele with the occurrence of asthma and of the Glu27 allele with overweight asthmatic adolescents evidenced the contribution of the β2-adrenergic receptor gene to the development of obesity and asthma.

Objetivo: Investigar a associação dos polimorfismos Arg16Gly e Gln27Glu do gene receptor β2-adrenérgico (ADRB2) com a ocorrência de asma e sobrepeso, bem como a influência do gene sobre variáveis antropométricas, clínicas, bioquímicas e de aptidão física em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Os indivíduos foram avaliados quanto à frequência alélica do gene ADRB2, estatura, peso, índice de massa corporal, IMC-escore Z, circunferência abdominal, estágio puberal, frequência cardíaca de repouso, pressão arterial, colesterol total, glicose, insulina, lipoproteína de alta densidade, lipoproteína de baixa densidade, triglicerídeos, Homeostasis Metabolic Assessment (HOMA2-IR), Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) e consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max). Os participantes foram divididos em quatro grupos: sobrepeso asmático (n=39), sobrepeso não asmático (n=115), peso normal asmático (n=12) e peso normal não asmático (n=40). Resultados: Com relação ao polimorfismo Gln27Glu, foi observado maior valor de colesterol total nos indivíduos do genótipo usual do que naqueles que carregam a variante (p=0,04). Não foi encontrada evidência de que os polimorfismos avaliados influenciem a aptidão física. O alelo Arg16 foi encontrado em maior frequência no grupo de peso normal asmático comparado com o grupo de peso normal não asmático (p=0,02) e o alelo Glu27 foi mais frequentemente encontrado no grupo de sobrepeso asmático comparado com o grupo de peso normal não asmático (p=0,03). Conclusões: A associação do alelo Arg16 com a ocorrência de asma e a associação do alelo Glu27 com adolescentes com sobrepeso asmáticos evidenciam a contribuição do gene ADBR2 para o desenvolvimento da obesidade e da asma.

Análise da qualidade de vida e do nível de atividade física em universitários / Analysis of the quality of life and physical activity level in undergraduate students

O estudo objetivou analisar a qualidade de vida e o nível de atividade física em universitários. Participaram 178 universitários (83 do sexo masculino e 95 do sexo feminino). Mensuraram-se a qualidade de vida, pelo WHOQOL-Bref, e o nível de atividade física, por intermédio do IPAQ. Em relação à qualidade de vida, os indivíduos do sexo masculino apresentaram valores maiores que os das mulheres, mas com diferenças significativas apenas para o domínio físico, psicológico e qualidade de vida geral. Em sua maioria, os participantes foram classificados como ativos e muito ativos (homens=71,1% e mulheres=53,7%), os homens apresentando níveis mais elevados de atividade física. As correlações entre os domínios da qualidade de vida e o nível de atividade física foram fortes e positivas para ambos os sexos. Conclui-se que os domínios da qualidade de vida e o nível de atividade física apresentam diferenças entre os sexos e demonstram fortes relações positivas em universitários.

The study aimed to analyze the quality of life and physical activity level in undergraduate students. Participated in the study 178 undergraduate students (83 males and 95 females). Quality of life was measured by WHOQOL-Bref, and the physical activity level, through the IPAQ. Regarding the quality of life, the male subjects showed higher values for women, however, only with significant differences in the physical domain, psychological domain and overall quality of life. Most participants were classified as active and very active (men=71.1% and women=53.7%), with men showing higher levels of physical activity. The correlations between the quality of life domains and physical activity levels were strong and positive for both genders. We concluded that the domains of quality of life and physical activity level differ between the genders and show positive strong relationships in undergraduate students.

Efeitos de Exercícios Aquáticos e Orientação Nutricional na Composição Corporal de Crianças e Adolescentes Obesos / Effects of aquatic exercise and nutritional guidance on the body composition of obese children and adolescents

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os efeitos de exercícios físicos aquáticos e orientação nutricional sobre a composição corporal em crianças e adolescentes obesos. Foram estudados 30 obesos com índice de massa corporal (IMC) acima do percentil 95, de acordo com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) proposto pela classificação de Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2000), entre 10 e 16 anos, divididos em dois grupos:o primeiro grupo com iniciação e aprendizagem à natação (GNat, n=10) e o segundo com caminhada aquática em suspensão (Gcam =20). Na fase inicial e após 12 semanas, foram avaliados: peso, estatura, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), IMC-Escore Z, gordura relativa e absoluta, massa corporal magra relativa e absoluta. O programa consistiu de 12 encontros para a orientação nutricional (uma vez por semana) e 36 sessões de exercício físico (três vezes por semana). Utilizaram-se MANOVA e Teste Exato Fischer para a análise estatística, com nível de significância p<0,05. Após 12 semanas, o GCam apresentou redução significativa do IMC, IMC-Escore Z, gordura relativa e absoluta e aumento da massa corporal magrarelativa e absoluta. Quando comparados os grupos, houve diferenças significativas para o GCam quanto à redução da gordura corporal (p = 0,014) e aumento da massa magra (p= 0,006) em relação ao GNat. O programa de caminhada aquática em suspensão aliado a um programa nutricional, pode resultar em importantes modificações na composição corporal de crianças e adolescentes obesos pela característica cíclica da atividade em relação ao grupo de aprendizado de natação.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of aquatic exercise and nutritional guidance on the body composition of obese children and adolescents. Thirty obese children aged 10 to 16 years, with a body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile according to the classification proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2000), were divided into two groups: the first group started learning to swim (GSwim, n = 10) and the second group underwent a deep water running program (GDeep, n = 20). Weight, height, BMI, BMI Z-scores, relative and absolute fat, and relative and absolute lean body mass were evaluated atbaseline and after 12 weeks. The program consisted of 12 meetings for nutritional guidance (once a week) and 36 sessions of exercise (three times per week). MANOVA and Fisher?s exact test were used for statistical analysis, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. After 12 weeks, GDeep showed a significant reduction in BMI, BMI Z-scores and relative and absolute fat, and an increase in relative and absolute lean body mass. Significant differences were observed between GDeep and GSwim in terms of the reduction in body fat (p = 0.014) and the increasein lean mass (p = 0.006). A program of deep water running together with nutritional guidance may promote significant changes in the body composition of obese children and adolescents due to the cyclic characteristic of this physical activity.

Avaliação e auto-avaliação puberal em crianças e adolescentes obesos / Evaluation and self-assessment of pubertal stage in overweight children and adolescent

Avaliar a concordância entre a avaliação médica e auto-avaliação puberal em crianças e adolescentes com excesso de peso. Métodos: Participaram 101 indivíduos (55 meninas e 46 meninos)com excesso de peso com idade entre 10 e 17 anos. Classificou-se o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) conforme idade e sexo. O estágio puberal foi avaliado conforme Tanner (1986). Os participantes indicaram as gravuras mais semelhantes com seu estágio atual (auto-avaliação) e após foi realizada a avaliação médica. Analisaram-se os dados paramétricos pelo testes t de student e a concordância entre os métodos pelo índice de Kappa (k), assumindo significância p<0,05. Resultados: Nos meninos a concordância foi regular na avaliação dos pêlos pubianos (k=0.58) e boa nas gônadas (k=0.78). Nas meninas, houve uma ótima concordância nos pêlos pubianos (k=0.84) e boa nas mamas (k=0.78). Conclusão: A auto-avaliação puberal em obesos apresentou maior concordância na avaliação das gônadas para os meninos e pêlos pubianos nas meninas.

Evaluate the agreement among the medical evaluation and self-assessment of pubertal stage in overweight children and adolescents. Methods: This study had the participation one hundred and one overweight subjects (55 girls and 46 boys), aged between 10 and 17 years. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was categorized according to the age and sex. The pubertal stage was evaluated according to Tanner (1986). The participants indicated the most similar drawings with their present pubertal stage (self-assessment) and next the medical evaluation was fulfilled. The parametric data were analyzed by student t test and the agreement between the methods by Kappa index (k), assuming significance at the p<0,05. Results: On boys, the agreement was regular for the pubic hair evaluation (k=0.58) and good for the genitalia (k=0.78). On girls, there was a great concurrence for the pubic hair (k=0.84) and good for breast (k=0.78). Conclusion: The self-assessment of pubertal stage in overweight children reported major agreement in the evaluation of the genitalia stage for boys and pubic hair for girls.