Effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on the management of pain intensity and disability in plantar fasciitis: systematic review and meta-analysis.

To review the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on pain intensity and disability in people with plantar fasciitis (PF) when compared with control conditions, other interventions, and adjunct therapies. Systematic searches were conducted in five database randomized controlled trials (RCT). We only included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adults with PF that compared PBMT to placebo, as well as RCTs that compared PBMT to other interventions; and as an adjunct to other therapies. The methodological quality and certainty were assessed through PEDro Scale and GRADE approach, respectively. The data of comparison were pooled and a meta-analysis was conducted when possible. Nineteen RCTs involving 1089 participants were included in this review. PBMT alone (MD = - 22.02 [- 35.21 to - 8.83]) or with exercise (MD = - 21.84 [- 26.14 to - 17.54]) improved pain intensity in short-term treatment. PBMT was superior to (extracorporeal shock wave therapy) EWST for relief of pain (MD = - 20.94 [- 32.74 to - 9.13]). In the follow-up, PBMT plus exercise had a superior to exercise therapy alone (MD = - 18.42 [- 26.48 to - 10.36]). PBMT may be superior to (ultrasound therapeutic) UST in medium- and long-term follow-ups for disability, but can be not clinically relevant. There is uncertainty that PBMT is capable of promoting improvement in disability. PBMT when used with adjuvant therapy does not enhance outcomes of interest. PBMT improves pain intensity with or without exercise. PBMT has been shown to be superior to ESWT for pain relief, but not superior to other interventions for pain intensity and disability. The evidence does not support PBMT as an adjunct to other electrotherapeutic modalities.

Comparison between cryotherapy and photobiomodulation in muscle recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and cryotherapy (CRT) on muscle recovery outcomes. These searches were performed in PubMed, PEDro, CENTRAL, and VHL (which includes the Lilacs, Medline, and SciELO database) from inception to June 2021. We included randomized clinical trials involved healthy human volunteers (> 18 years) underwent an intervention of PBMT and CRT, when used in both isolated form post-exercise. Standardized mean differences (SMD) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval were calculated and pooled in a meta-analysis for synthesis. The risk of bias and quality of evidence were assessed through Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and GRADE system. Four articles (66 participants) with a high to low risk of bias were included. The certainty of evidence was classified as moderate to very low. PBMT was estimated to improve the muscle strength (SMD = 1.73, CI 95% 1.33 to 2.13, I2 = 27%, p < 0.00001), reduce delayed onset muscle soreness (MD: - 25.69%, CI 95% - 34.42 to - 16.97, I2 = 89%, p < 0.00001), and lower the concentration of biomarkers of muscle damage (SMD = - 1.48, CI 95% - 1.93 to - 1.03, I2 = 76%, p < 0,00,001) when compared with CRT. There was no difference in oxidative stress and inflammatory levels. Based on our findings, the use of PBMT in muscle recovery after high-intensity exercise appears to be beneficial, provides a clinically important effect, and seems to be the best option when compared to CRT.

Post-resistance exercise photobiomodulation therapy has a more effective antioxidant effect than pre-application on muscle oxidative stress.

This study evaluated the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMt) before or after a high-intensity resistance exercise (RE) session on muscle oxidative stress. Female Wistar rats were assigned to one of the following groups: Sham (non-exercised, undergoing placebo-PBMt); NLRE (exercised, undergoing placebo-PBMt); PBMt + RE (pre-exercise PBMt); RE + PBMt (post-exercise PBMt). The RE comprised four climbs bearing the maximum load with a 2 min rest between each climb. An 830-nm aluminum gallium arsenide diode laser (100 mW; 0.028 cm2; 3.57 mW/cm2; 142.8 J/cm2; 4 J; Photon Laser III, DMC, São Paulo, Brazil) was applied 60 s before or after RE in gastrocnemius muscles. Analyses were performed at 24 h after RE: lipoperoxidation using malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein oxidation (OP) on Western blot. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were spectrophotometrically assessed. Nitric oxide (NO) level was determined by the Griess reaction. The MDA and OP levels were significantly higher in the NLRE group. Increased OP was prevented in all PBMt groups; however, increased MDA was prevented only in the RE + PBMT group. The RE + PBMt group had higher SOD activity compared to all other groups. A higher GPx activity was observed only in the PBMT + RE compared to Sham group, and CAT activity was reduced by RE, without PBMt effect. NO levels were unchanged with RE or PBMt. Therefore, PBMt application after a RE section has a more potent antioxidant effect than previous PBMt. Rats submitted to post-RE PBMt illustrated prevention of increased lipoperoxidation and protein oxidation as well as increased SOD activity. The photobiomodulation can attenuate oxidative stress induced by resistance exercise. A more evident benefit shows to be obtained with the application after exercise, in which it has increased the activity of superoxide dismustase.

Phototherapy on Management of Creatine Kinase Activity in General Versus Localized Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The main focus of this systematic review was to determine the efficacy of phototherapy in the management of creatine kinase (CK) activity after exercise and furthermore to identify for which exercise model protocol phototherapy provides the best results. DESIGN: Meta-analysis comparing phototherapy with a control condition. SETTING: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and CENTRAL databases were searched from their earliest records to October 03, 2016. Data were pooled in a meta-analysis and described as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random effects model. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy subjects (no restrictions were applied, eg, age, sex, and exercise level). INTERVENTION: Phototherapy (low-level laser therapy and/or light-emitting diode therapy) before or after exercise and a placebo or control condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Creatine kinase activity (no restriction to any analysis, eg, serum, plasma, or capillary blood). RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included for review. The results revealed that phototherapy has a more positive effect than control condition in management of CK activity [SMD = 0.77, 95% CI (0.32 to 1.22); P = 0.0007; I = 72%]. In exploratory analysis, the results showed that phototherapy was effective only in the exercise protocol with localized exercise with large effect size [localized exercise: SMD = 0.89, 95% CI (0.26 to 1.51); P = 0.0002; I = 76%; general exercise: SMD = 0.61, 95% CI (-0.05 to 1.26); P = 0.07; I = 67%]. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggest that phototherapy has beneficial effects on the management of CK activity and demonstrate a possible relationship based on damage caused by exercise, providing a greater effect in studies that used localized exercise.

Intraoral photobiomodulation diminishes pain and improves functioning in women with temporomandibular disorder: a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind clinical trial : Intraoral photobiomodulation diminishes pain in women with temporomandibular disorder.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of intraoral photobiomodulation involving super-pulsed laser (905 nm) combined with red (640 nm) and infrared (875 nm) light-emitting diodes on pain, mandibular range of motion, and functioning in women with myogenous temporomandibular disorder. A randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind clinical trial was conducted involving 30 women with myogenous temporomandibular disorder diagnosed using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. The participants were randomly allocated to two groups (active and sham photobiomodulation). The evaluations involved this use of the visual analog scale, digital calipers, and a functional scale. Photobiomodulation was administered intraorally in the region of the pterygoid muscles, bilaterally, in all participants for a total of six sessions. Evaluations were performed on five occasions: prior to the intervention, immediately after the first session, 24 h and 48 h after the first session, and after the six sessions. Significant differences between groups were found regarding pain (p ≤ 0.01) and functioning (p ≤ 0.04). However, no statistically significant difference was found regarding range of mandibular motion. The findings demonstrate that intraoral photobiomodulation involving super-pulsed laser (905 nm) combined with red (640 nm) and infrared (875 nm) light-emitting diodes diminishes pain and improves functioning but does not exert an influence on mandibular range of motion in women with temporomandibular disorder.Trial registration: NCT02839967.

Acute effects of photobiomodulation therapy and magnetic field on functional mobility in stroke survivors: a randomized, sham-controlled, triple-blind, crossover, clinical trial.

Identify the optimal energy delivered with a single application of the combination of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) combining different light sources (low-level laser therapy-LLLT and light emitting diode therapy-LEDT) and static magnetic field (sMF) in order to determine the acute effects on functional mobility of stroke survivors. Was conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, triple-blind, clinical trial (RCT). Twelve patients were recruited, however ten concluded the study, they were randomly treated with four PBMT/sMF energies (sham-0 J, 10 J, 30 J, and 50 J per site irradiated), with 1-week interval washout between treatments. PBMT/sMF were administered after the pre-intervention (baseline) evaluation and the total energy delivered per site at each treatment was determined based on the results of the randomization procedure. PBMT/sMF were administered in direct contact with the skin and applied with slight pressure to nine sites on the knee extensors, six sites on the knee flexors, and two sites on the plantar flexors' muscles in both lower limbs (bilaterally). The primary outcome measure was the 6-min walk test (6MWT) and the secondary outcome was the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Significant improvements were found in the 6MWT test using a total energy of 30 J per site compared with sham (0 J) (p < 0.05) and compared with the baseline evaluation (p < 0.01). And in the TUG test significant improvements were also found using a total energy per site of 30 J per site compared to sham (0 J) and baseline (p < 0.05). PBMT with different light sources (laser and LEDs) and wavelengths in combination with sMF with a total energy per site of 30 J has positive acute effects on functional mobility in stroke survivors.

Photobiomodulation therapy before futsal matches improves the staying time of athletes in the court and accelerates post-exercise recovery.

This study aimed to analyze PBMT effects on futsal player's performance and recovery in a non-controlled field environment. It is a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. The research included six professional athletes and in each match phototherapy treatments were performed before matches (40 minutes), blood samples were collected before treatments, and samples immediately after the end of the matches and 48 h after. Furthermore, videos were analyzed to quantify the time athletes spent on the pitch and the distance they covered. PBMT was performed at 17 sites of each lower limb (40 mins before matches), employing a cluster with 12 diodes (4 laser diodes of 905 nm, 4 LEDs of 875 nm, and 4 LEDs of 640 nm, 30 J per site). The performance of the athlete could be quantified considering the time on the pitch and the distance covered; the biochemical markers evaluated were creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, blood lactate, and oxidative damage to lipids and proteins. PBMT significantly increased the time of staying in the pitch and a significant improvement in all the biochemical markers evaluated. No statistically significant difference was found for the distance covered. Pre-exercise PBMT can enhance performance and accelerate recovery of high-level futsal players.

Acute effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) combining laser diodes, light-emitting diodes, and magnetic field in exercise capacity assessed by 6MST in patients with COPD: a crossover, randomized, and triple-blinded clinical trial.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by dyspnea, as well as musculoskeletal and systemic manifestations. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and/or light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) is an electrophysical intervention that has been found to minimize or delay muscle fatigue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effect of PBMT with combined use of lasers diodes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), magnetic field on muscle performance, exercise tolerance, and metabolic variables during the 6-minute stepper test (6MST) in patients with COPD. Twenty-one patients with COPD (FEV1 46.3% predicted) completed the 6MST protocol over 2 weeks, with one session per week. PBMT/magnetic field or placebo (PL) was performed before each 6MST (17 sites on each lower limb, with a dose of 30 J per site, using a cluster of 12 diodes 4 × 905 nm super-pulsed laser diodes, 4 × 875 nm infrared LEDs, and 4 × 640 nm red LEDs; Multi Radiance Medical™, Solon, OH, USA). Patients were randomized into two groups before the test according to the treatment they would receive. Assessments were performed before the start of each protocol. The primary outcomes were oxygen uptake and number of steps, and the secondary outcome was perceived exertion (dyspnea and fatigue in the lower limbs). PBMT/magnetic field applied before 6MST significantly increased the number of steps during the cardiopulmonary exercise test when compared to the results with placebo (129.8 ± 10.6 vs 116.1 ± 11.5, p = 0.000). PBMT/magnetic field treatment also led to a lower score for the perception of breathlessness (3.0 [1.0-7.0] vs 4.0 [2.0-8.0], p = 0.000) and lower limb fatigue (2.0 [0.0-5.0] vs 4.0 [0.0-7.0], p = 0.001) compared to that with placebo treatment. This study showed that the combined application of PBMT and magnetic field increased the number of steps during the 6MST and decreased the sensation of dyspnea and lower limb fatigue in patients with COPD.

Photobiomodulation therapy as a tool to prevent hamstring strain injuries by reducing soccer-induced fatigue on hamstring muscles.

Muscle fatigue is a potential risk factor for hamstring strain injuries in soccer players. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on the hamstrings' muscle fatigue of soccer players during a simulated match. Twelve male amateur soccer players (~ 25 years) participated in this randomized, crossover, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. The volunteers were evaluated in two sessions, with a minimum 7-day interval. At each session, volunteers received either PBMT (300 J per thigh) or placebo treatment on the hamstrings prior to the simulated soccer match. Muscle strength and functional capacity were evaluated through isokinetic dynamometry and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests, respectively, before and immediately after the simulated soccer match. Players had lower reductions on hamstring eccentric peak torque [4.85% (ES = 0.31) vs. 8.72% (ES = 0.50)], hamstring-to-quadriceps torque ratio [3.60% (ES = 0.24) vs. 7.75% (ES = 0.50)], and CMJ height [1.77% (ES = 0.09) vs. 5.47% (ES = 0.32)] when treated with PBMT compared to placebo. Magnitude-based inference supports that PBMT promoted 75%, 69%, and 53% chances for beneficial effects on hamstring eccentric peak torque, hamstring-to-quadriceps torque ratio, and CMJ height, respectively, compared to placebo treatment. In conclusion, PBMT applied before a simulated soccer match proved to be effective in attenuating the hamstrings' muscle fatigue. These findings support PBMT as a promising tool to prevent hamstring strain injury in soccer players.

PBMT and topical diclofenac as single and combined treatment on skeletal muscle injury in diabetic rats: effects on biochemical and functional aspects.

Physical exercise generates several benefits in a short time in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, it can increase the chances of muscle damage, a serious problem for diabetic patients. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to treat these injuries, despite the serious adverse effects. In this way, photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and/or light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) can be used as an alternative in this case. However, its efficacy in tissue repair of trauma injuries in diabetes mellitus until now is unknown, as well as the combination between PBMT and NSAIDs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of NSAIDs and PBMT applied alone or combined on functional and biochemical aspects, in an experimental model of muscle injury through controlled trauma in diabetic rats. Muscle injury was induced by means of a single trauma to the animals' anterior tibialis muscle. After 1 h, the rats were treated with PBMT (830 nm; continuous mode, with a power output of 100 mW; 3.57 W/cm2; 3 J; 107.1 J/cm2, 30 s), diclofenac sodium for topical use (1 g), or combination of them. Our results demonstrated that PBMT + diclofenac, and PBMT alone reduced the gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at all assessed times as compared to the injury and diclofenac groups (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively). The diclofenac alone showed reduced levels of COX-2 only in relation to the injury group (p < 0.05). Prostaglandin E2 levels in blood plasma demonstrated similar results to COX2. In addition, we observed that PBMT + diclofenac and PBMT alone showed significant improvement compared with injury and diclofenac groups in functional analysis at all time points. The results indicate that PBMT alone or in combination with diclofenac reduces levels of inflammatory markers and improves gait of diabetic rats in the acute phase of muscle injury.

Photobiomodulation therapy for the improvement of muscular performance and reduction of muscular fatigue associated with exercise in healthy people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Researches have been performed to investigate the effects of phototherapy on improving performance and reduction of muscular fatigue. However, a great variability in the light parameters and protocols of the trials are a concern to establish the efficacy of this therapy to be used in sports or clinic. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness, moment of application of phototherapy within an exercise protocol, and which are the parameters optimally effective for the improvement of muscular performance and the reduction of muscular fatigue in healthy people. Systematic searches of PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were conducted for randomized clinical trials to March 2017. Analyses of risk of bias and quality of evidence of the included trials were performed, and authors were contacted to obtain any missing or unclear information. We included 39 trials (861 participants). Data were reported descriptively through tables, and 28 trials were included in meta-analysis comparing outcomes to placebo. Meta-analysis was performed for the variables: time until reach exhaustion, number of repetitions, isometric peak torque, and blood lactate levels showing a very low to moderate quality of evidence and some effect in favor to phototherapy. Further investigation is required due the lack of methodological quality, small sample size, great variability of exercise protocols, and phototherapy parameters. In general, positive results were found using both low-level laser therapy and light-emitting diode therapy or combination of both in a wavelength range from 655 to 950 nm. Most of positive results were observed with an energy dose range from 20 to 60 J for small muscular groups and 60 to 300 J for large muscular groups and maximal power output of 200 mW per diode.

When is the best moment to apply photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) when associated to a treadmill endurance-training program? A randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) employing low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and/or light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) has emerged as an electrophysical intervention that could be associated with aerobic training to enhance beneficial effects of aerobic exercise. However, the best moment to perform irradiation with PBMT in aerobic training has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of PBMT applied before and/or after each training session and to evaluate outcomes of the endurance-training program associated with PBMT. Seventy-seven healthy volunteers completed the treadmill-training protocol performed for 12 weeks, with 3 sessions per week. PBMT was performed before and/or after each training session (17 sites on each lower limb, using a cluster of 12 diodes: 4 × 905 nm super-pulsed laser diodes, 4 × 875 nm infrared LEDs, and 4 × 640 nm red LEDs, dose of 30 J per site). Volunteers were randomized in four groups according to the treatment they would receive before and after each training session: PBMT before + PBMT after, PBMT before + placebo after, placebo before + PBMT after, and placebo before + placebo after. Assessments were performed before the start of the protocol and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of training. Primary outcome was time until exhaustion; secondary outcome measures were oxygen uptake and body fat. PBMT applied before and after aerobic exercise training sessions (PBMT before + PBMT after group) significantly increased (p < 0.05) the percentage of change of time until exhaustion and oxygen uptake compared to the group treated with placebo before and after aerobic exercise training sessions (placebo before + placebo after group) at 4th, 8th, and 12th week. PBMT applied before and after aerobic exercise training sessions (PBMT before + PBMT after group) also significantly improved (p < 0.05) the percentage of change of body fat compared to the group treated with placebo before and after aerobic exercise training sessions (placebo before + placebo after group) at 8th and 12th week. PBMT applied before and after sessions of aerobic training during 12 weeks can increase the time-to-exhaustion and oxygen uptake and also decrease the body fat in healthy volunteers when compared to placebo irradiation before and after exercise sessions. Our outcomes show that PBMT applied before and after endurance-training exercise sessions lead to improvement of endurance three times faster than exercise only.

Randomized, blinded, controlled trial on effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy and exercise training in the fibromyalgia treatment.

This study evaluated the role of the phototherapy and exercise training (EXT) as well as the combined treatment in general symptoms, pain, and quality of life in women suffering from fibromyalgia (FM). A total of 160 women were enrolled and measures were carried out in two sets: it was sought to identify the acute effect for a single phototherapy and EXT session (Set 1); long-term effect (10 weeks) of the interventions (Set 2). Phototherapy irradiation was performed at 11 locations in their bodies, employing a cluster with nine diodes (one super-pulsed infrared 905 nm, four light-emitting diodes [LEDs] of 640 nm, and four LEDs of 875 nm, 39.3 J per location). Algometry and VAS instrument were applied to evaluate pain. The FM symptoms were evaluated with Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) instruments. Quality of life was assessed through SF-36 survey. Set 1: pain threshold was improved with the phototherapy, and EXT improved the pain threshold for temporomandibular joint (right and left body side) and occipital site (right body side). Set 2: there was improved pain threshold in several tender points with the phototherapy and EXT. There was an overlap of therapies to reduce the tender point numbers, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep, and difficulty sleeping on FIQ/RDC scores. Moreover, quality of life was improved with both therapies. The phototherapy and EXT improved the pain threshold in FM women. A more substantial effect was noticed for the combined therapy, in which pain relief was accomplished by improving VAS and FIQ scores as well as quality of life.

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on acute pain and inflammation in patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty-a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

When conservative treatments fail, hip osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic degenerative disease characterized by cartilage wear, progressive joint deformity, and loss of function, can result in the need for a total hip arthroplasty (THA). Surgical procedures induced tissue trauma and incite an immune response. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMt) using low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and/or light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) has proven effective in tissue repair by modulating the inflammatory process and promoting pain relief. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the immediate effect of PBMt on inflammation and pain of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. The study consisted of 18 post-surgical hip arthroplasty patients divided into two groups (n = 9 each) placebo and active PBMt who received one of the treatments in a period from 8 to 12 h following THA surgery. PBMt (active or placebo) was applied using a device consisting of nine diodes (one super-pulsed laser of 905 nm, four infrared LEDs of 875 nm, and four red LEDs 640 nm, 40.3 J per point) applied to 5 points along the incision. Visual analog scale (VAS) and blood samples for analysis of the levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 were recorded before and after PBMt application. The values for the visual analog scale as well as those in the analysis of TNF-α and IL-8 serum levels decreased in the active PBMt group compared to placebo-control group (p < 0.05). No decrease was observed for IL-6 levels. We conclude that PBMt is effective in decreasing pain intensity and post-surgery inflammation in patients receiving total hip arthroplasty.

High doses of laser phototherapy can increase proliferation in melanoma stromal connective tissue.

It is well established that laser phototherapy (LP) is contraindicated directly over cancer cells, due to its bio modulatory effects in cell and blood vessel proliferation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of typical low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and high intensity laser therapy (HILT) and an in-between dose of 9 J on collagen fibers and blood vessels content in melanoma tumors (B16F10) implanted in mice. Melanoma tumor cells were injected in male Balb C mice which were distributed in four groups: control (no irradiated) or irradiated by 3, 9, or 21 J (150; 450, or 1050 J/cm2). LP was performed in daily sessions for 3 days with a InGaAlP-660 nm (mean output: 50 mW, spot size: 2 mm2). Tumor volume was analyzed using (1) picrosirius staining to quantify collagen fibers content and (2) Verhoeff's method to quantify blood vessels content. Tumor growth outcome measured in the 3-J group was not significantly different from controls. Nine and 21-J groups, presented significant and dose-dependent increases in tumor volume. Quantitative analysis of the intensity of collagen fibers and their organization in stroma and peri-tumoral microenvironment showed significant differences between irradiated and control group. Blood vessels count of 21-J group outnumbered the other groups. High doses (≥ 9 J) of LP showed a dose-dependent tumor growth, different collagen fibers characteristics, and eventually blood vessel growth, while a typical LLLT dose (3 J) appeared harmless on melanoma cell activity.

Photobiomodulation therapy protects skeletal muscle and improves muscular function of mdx mice in a dose-dependent manner through modulation of dystrophin.

This study aimed to analyze the protective effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with combination of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on skeletal muscle tissue to delay dystrophy progression in mdx mice (DMD mdx ). To this aim, mice were randomly divided into five different experimental groups: wild type (WT), placebo-control (DMD mdx ), PBMT with doses of 1 J (DMD mdx ), 3 J (DMD mdx ), and 10 J (DMD mdx ). PBMT was performed employing a cluster probe with 9 diodes (1 x 905nm super-pulsed laser diode; 4 x 875nm infrared LEDs; and 4 x 640nm red LEDs, manufactured by Multi Radiance Medical®, Solon - OH, USA), 3 times a week for 14 weeks. PBMT was applied on a single point (tibialis anterior muscle-bilaterally). We analyzed functional performance, muscle morphology, and gene and protein expression of dystrophin. PBMT with a 10 J dose significantly improved (p < 0.001) functional performance compared to all other experimental groups. Muscle morphology was improved by all PBMT doses, with better outcomes with the 3 and 10 J doses. Gene expression of dystrophin was significantly increased with 3 J (p < 0.01) and 10 J (p < 0.01) doses when compared to placebo-control group. Regarding protein expression of dystrophin, 3 J (p < 0.001) and 10 J (p < 0.05) doses also significantly showed increase compared to placebo-control group. We conclude that PBMT can mainly preserve muscle morphology and improve muscular function of mdx mice through modulation of gene and protein expression of dystrophin. Furthermore, since PBMT is a non-pharmacological treatment which does not present side effects and is easy to handle, it can be seen as a promising tool for treating Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.

Laser photobiomodulation in pressure ulcer healing of human diabetic patients: gene expression analysis of inflammatory biochemical markers.

Pressure ulcers (PU) are wounds located mainly on bone surfaces where the tissue under pressure suffers ischemia leading to cellular lesion and necrosis , its causes and the healing process depend on several factors. The aim of this study was evaluating the gene expression of inflammatory/reparative factors: IL6, TNF, VEGF, and TGF, which take part in the tissue healing process under effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT). In order to perform lesion area analysis, PUs were photographed and computer analyzed. Biochemical analysis was performed sa.mpling ulcer border tissue obtained through biopsy before and after laser therapy and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The study comprised eight individuals, mean age sixty-two years old, and sacroiliac and calcaneous PU, classified as degree III and IV according to the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP). PUs were irradiated with low-level laser (InGaAIP, 100 mW, 660 nm), energy density 2 J/cm2, once a day, with intervals of 24 h, totaling 12 applications. The lesion area analysis revealed averaged improvement of the granulation tissue size up to 50% from pre- to post-treatment. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that IL6 values were not significantly different before and after treatment, TNF gene expression was reduced, and VEFG and TGF-ß gene expression increased after treatment. After LLLT, wounds presented improvement in gross appearance, with increase in factors VEFG and TGF-ß, and reduction of TNF; despite our promising results, they have to be analyzed carefully as this study did not have a control group.

Protective effects of photobiomodulation against resistance exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation in rats.

We investigated whether low-level laser therapy (LLLT) prior to or post resistance exercise could attenuate muscle damage and inflammation. Female Wistar rats were assigned to non-LLLT or LLLT groups. An 830-nm DMC Laser Photon III was used to irradiate their hind legs with 2J, 4J, and 8J doses. Irradiations were performed prior to or post (4J) resistance exercise bouts. Resistance exercise consisted of four maximum load climbs. The load work during a resistance exercise bout was similar between Control (non-LLLT, 225 ± 10 g), 2J (215 ± 8 g), 4J (210 ± 9 g), and 8J (226 ± 9 g) groups. Prior LLLT did not induce climbing performance improvement, but exposure to 4J irradiation resulted in lower blood lactate levels post-exercise. The 4J dose decreased creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase levels post-exercise regardless of the time of application. Moreover, 4-J irradiation exposure significantly attenuated tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-1ß, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. There was minor macrophage muscle infiltration in 4J-exposed rats. These data indicate that LLLT prior to or post resistance exercise can reduce muscle damage and inflammation, resulting in muscle recovery improvement. We attempted to determine an ideal LLLT dose for suitable results, wherein 4J irradiation exposure showed a significant protective role.

Does photobiomodulation therapy is better than cryotherapy in muscle recovery after a high-intensity exercise? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and cryotherapy, in isolated and combined forms, as muscle recovery techniques after muscle fatigue-inducing protocol. Forty volunteers were randomly divided into five groups: a placebo group (PG); a PBMT group (PBMT); a cryotherapy group (CG); a cryotherapy-PBMT group (CPG); and a PBMT-cryotherapy group (PCG). All subjects performed four sessions at 24-h intervals, during which they submitted to isometric assessment (MVC) and blood collection in the pre-exercise period, and 5 and 60 min post-exercise, while the muscle fatigue induction protocol occurred after the pre-exercise collections. In the remaining sessions performed 24, 48, and 72 h later, only blood collections and MVCs were performed. A single treatment with PBMT and/or cryotherapy was applied after only 2 min of completing the post-5-min MVC test at the first session. In the intragroup comparison, it was found that exercise led to a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the production of MVC in all groups. Comparing the results of MVCs between groups, we observed significant increases in the MVC capacity of the PBMT, CPG, and PCG volunteers in comparison with both PG and CG (p < 0.05). We observed a significant decrease in the concentrations of the biochemical markers of oxidative damage (TBARS and PC) in all groups and muscle damage (creatine kinase-CK) in the PBMT, PCG, and CPG compared with the PG (p < 0.01). The clinical impact of these findings is clear because they demonstrate that the use of phototherapy is more effective than the use of cryotherapy for muscle recovery, additionally cryotherapy decreases PBMT efficacy.

Effects of photobiomodulation therapy, pharmacological therapy, and physical exercise as single and/or combined treatment on the inflammatory response induced by experimental osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) triggers increased levels of inflammatory markers, including prostaglandin (PG) E2 and proinflammatory cytokines. The elevation of cytokine levels is closely associated with increased articular tissue degeneration. Thus, the use of combination therapies may presumably be able to enhance the effects on the modulation of inflammatory markers. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), physical exercise, and topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use on the inflammatory process after they were applied either alone or in different combinations. OA was induced by intra-articular papain injection in the knee of rats. After 21 days, the animals began treatment with a topical NSAID and/or with physical exercise and/or PBMT. Treatments were performed three times a week for eight consecutive weeks, totaling 24 therapy sessions. Analysis of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) gene expression; interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) protein expression; and PGE2 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted. Our results showed that PBMT alone and Exerc + PBMT significantly reduced IL-1ß gene expression (p < 0.05) while no treatment changed both IL-6 and TNF-α gene expression. Treatment with NSAID alone, PBMT alone, Exerc + PBMT, and NSAID + PBMT reduced IL-1ß protein expression (p < 0.05). All therapies significantly reduced IL-6 and TNF-α protein expression (p < 0.05) compared with the OA group. Similarly, all therapies, except Exerc, reduced the levels of PGE2 (p < 0.05) compared with the OA group. The results from the present study indicate that treatment with PBMT is more effective in modulating the inflammatory process underlying OA when compared with the other therapies tested.