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This study discloses the nanoscale silicate platelet-supported nZnO (ZnONSP) applied as novel feed additives in aquaculture. The preparation of the nanohybrid (ZnO/NSP = 15/85, w/w) was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. The effects of ZnONSP on growth, zinc accumulation, stress response, immunity and resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) were \demonstrated. To evaluate the safety of ZnONSP, shrimps (2.0 ± 0.3 g) were fed with ZnONSP containing diets (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) for 56 days. Dietary ZnONSP did not affect the weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, survival rate, zinc accumulation, and the expression of heat shock protein 70 in tested shrimps. To examine the immunomodulatory effect of ZnONSP, shrimps (16.6 ± 2.4 g) were fed with the same experimental diets for 28 days. Dietary ZnONSP improved the immune responses of haemocyte in tested shrimps, including phagocytic rate, phagocytic index, respiratory burst, and phenoloxidase activity, and upregulated the expression of several genes, including lipopolysaccharide, ß-1,3-glucan binding protein, peroxinectin, penaeidin 2/3/4, lysozyme, crustin, anti-lipopolysaccharide factor, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, clotting protein and α-2-macroglobulin. In the challenge experiment, shrimps (17.2 ± 1.8 g) were fed with ZnONSP containing diets (400 and 800 mg/kg) for 7 days and then infected with Vibrio alginolyticus. Notably, white shrimps that received ZnONSP (800 mg/kg) showed significantly improved Vibrio resistance, with a survival rate of 71.4 % at the end of 7-day observation. In conclusion, this study discovers that ZnONSP is a new type of immunomodulatory supplement that are effective on enhancing innate cellular and humoral immunities, and disease resistance in white shrimp.
Assuntos
Imunidade Inata , Penaeidae , Animais , Suplementos Nutricionais , Dieta/veterinária , Resistência à Doença , Vibrio alginolyticus/fisiologia , Zinco/farmacologiaRESUMO
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum), a commercially important marine fish, has been used to develop a novel gill cell line, designated CG, for the first time. The CG cell line was cultured in Leibovitz's-15 medium with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and successfully sub-cultured more than 110 passages. It underwent verification through sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Optimal growth rate was achieved when the CG cell line was cultured in a medium supplemented with 5% FBS, 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S), and 5 parts per thousand (ppt) of coral sea salt water, maintained at a temperature of 27 °C. The addition of 5 ppt of salt in the growth medium suggests that this cell line could be a viable in vitro tool for marine ecosystem toxicological studies or for culturing marine parasitic microorganisms. The CG cell line was also successfully transfected using the pTurbo-GFP plasmids, showing an 18% efficiency, with observable GFP expression. Furthermore, the cell line has been effectively cryopreserved. Gene expression analysis indicated that the CG cell line exhibits responsive regulation of immune gene expression when exposured to various stimulants, highlighting its potential as an in vitro platform for immune response studies. This makes it suitable for exploring dynamic immune signaling pathways and host-pathogen interactions, thereby offering valuable insights for therapeutic development.
Assuntos
Brânquias , Perciformes , Animais , Ecossistema , Perciformes/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , ImunidadeRESUMO
Plantago asiatica seeds (PS) are commonly used as a medicinal plant. This study investigates the efficacy of PS against heavy metal toxicity in white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). After feeding PS diet (5 g/kg) or basal diet (control group) for 7 days, shrimps were exposed to sublethal concentrations of heavy metals in seawater (As: 12 mg/L, Pb: 250 mg/L, Hg: 0.4 mg/L). The 7-day survival observation showed that the survival in groups fed with PS were significantly higher than that in the control group, revealing that dietary PS had the efficacy to mitigate heavy metal toxicity in white shrimp. Under the same feeding condition, white shrimps were exposed to safety dose of heavy metals (1/10 of sublethal concentrations) to understand the mechanism of mitigation. The metal accumulations in haemolymph, gills, hepatopancreas, and muscle tissues as well as the immune, anti-oxidative, stress related gene expressions in haemocytes, gills and hepatopancreas were measured for 14 days. The As accumulation in gills and hepatopancreas of groups fed with PS were significantly lower than those of control group on day 7 and 14, respectively; The Pb concentration in haemolymph of group fed with PS was significantly lower than that of control group on day 7 and 14; The Hg concentration in hepatopancreas of the group fed with PS was significantly lower than that of control group on day 7. Dietary PS could mitigate heavy metal-induced immune suppression, oxidative stress, and stress response by positively regulating immune (proPO I, Toll, IMD), antioxidant (SOD, GST, Trx), and negatively regulating stress response genes (HSP70, MT). The present study demonstrated that dietary PS could protect white shrimp against metal toxicity by reducing metal accumulations and regulating the immune, antioxidant, and stress response gene expressions in specific tissue. Therefore, PS may serve as a beneficial feed additive in the aquaculture.
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This study investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate derived from barramundi on growth performance, muscle composition, immune response, disease resistance, histology and gene expression in white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). In vitro studies demonstrated FPH enhanced mRNA expressions of key immune-related genes and stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phagocytic activity in shrimp hemocytes. To evaluate the effects of substituting fish meal with FPH in vivo, four isoproteic (43 %), isolipidic (6 %), and isoenergetic diets (489 kcal/100 g) were formulated with fish meal substitution levels of 0 % (control), 30 % (FPH30), 65 % (FPH65), and 100 % (FPH100). After 8-week feeding, the growth performance of FPH65 and FPH100 were significantly lower than that of control and FPH30 (p < 0.05). Similarly, the midgut histological examination revealed the wall thickness and villi height of FPH100 were significantly lower than those of control (p < 0.05). The shrimps were received the challenge of AHPND + Vibrio parahaemolyticus at week 4 and 8. All FPH-fed groups significantly enhanced resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus at week 4 (p < 0.05). However, this protective effect diminished after long-period feeding. No significant difference of survival rate was observed among all groups at week 8 (p > 0.05). The expressions of immune-related genes were analyzed at week 4 before and after challenge. In control group, V. parahaemolyticus significantly elevated SOD in hepatopancreas and Muc 19, trypsin, Midline-fas, and GPx in foregut (p < 0.05). Moreover, hepatopancreatic SOD of FPH65 and FPH100 were significantly higher than that of control before challenge (p < 0.05). Immune parameters were measured at week 8. Compared with control, the phagocytic index of FPH 30 was significantly higher (p < 0.05). However, dietary FPH did not alter ROS production, phenoloxidase activity, phagocytic rate, and total hemocyte count (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that FPH30 holds promise as a feed without adverse impacts on growth performance while enhancing the immunological response of white shrimp.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Dieta , Imunidade Inata , Penaeidae , Hidrolisados de Proteína , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Animais , Penaeidae/imunologia , Penaeidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Hidrolisados de Proteína/administração & dosagem , Resistência à Doença , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologiaRESUMO
This study aims to develop an alternative aquafeed derived from insect meal for Lates calcarifer juveniles, with the objectives of exploring the physiological performance, biological parameters, and economic analysis of substituting fishmeal (FM) with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) as part of the diet of L. calcarifer juveniles. Five practical diets were formulated to include 0% (BSFL0, serves as control group), 5% (BSFL5), 10% (BSFL10), 15% (BSFL15), and 20% (BSFL20) of BSFL meal, partially or fully replacing FM, respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 fish (10.70 ± 0.07 g) per tank (300 L). The fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation. A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the impacts of defatted BSFL meal replacing FM on the growth performance, feed efficiency, composition analysis of fish muscle, cumulative mortality rate challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and economic returns of L. calcarifer. These results show that differences in weight gain and specific growth rate among the different treatments were statistically significant (p < 0.05), except for the absence of significant variation (p < 0.05) between BSFL0 and BSFL5, and followed by BSFL10 > BSFL0 > BSFL5 > BSFL15 > BSFL20. However, the feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio showed the opposite trend as above. Although the diets experienced a decline in crude protein content and an increase in crude fat content with the increasing proportion of BSFL substituting FM, the crude protein and fat content of fish muscle were only slightly influenced. It is worth mentioning that levels of nonessential amino acids, delicious amino acids, saturated fatty acids, omega-6, omega-9 in BSFL10 group all showed an increase compared with the control group. After a 7-day challenge test with V. parahaemolyticus, the cumulative mortality rates of the BSFL5 and BSFL10 groups, respectively, dropped to 5.20%, 5.28% compared to the control group's 16.88%; however, the mortality rates of BSFL15 (34.67%) and BSFL20 (41.77%) groups were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) increased. From an economic perspective, the incidence cost for each experimental group showed a trend as BSFL10 < BSFL0 < BSFL5 < BSFL15 < BSFL20, whereas the profit index in each treatment exhibited the opposite trend as above. It was concluded that low (5%) or moderate (10%) levels of BSFL substituting FM in aquaculture feed could improve the physiological performances, disease resistance, and economic returns of L. calcarifer. However, excessive substitution (>15%) leads to a negative effect. From an economic point of view, 10% inclusion of BSFL in practical diets is recommended for L. calcarifer juveniles.
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White shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) is an important culture species in Taiwan but often encounters disease infection by Vibrio parahaemolyticus that cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). This study investigates the effects of dietary supplementation of Leuconostoc mesenteroide B4 and its fermentate (dextran) on the immune response, intestinal morphology, disease resistance, and immune-related gene expression in white shrimp. In comparison to the control group, the shrimp fed with a diet containing B4+dextran (107 CFU B4/g feed and 0.05% dextran) for 14, 28, 42 and 56 days had a significantly higher feed efficiency, weight gain and specific growth rate. A significantly higher villus height in the intestine and higher survival rate after challenging with V. parahaemolyticus was recorded for the B4+dextran group. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the group that had ingested B4+dextran had a higher total hemocyte count and a higher proportion of semi-granulocytes, but a lower percentage of granulocytes compared to the control group. The shotgun metagenomic results in the midgut revealed that Leuco. mesenteroides was barely found in the midgut of the shrimp, suggesting that this microbe and its transient presence in the midgut is not the direct mechanism underlying the improved shrimp growth in the treated sample. Instead, dextran, a key ingredient in the B4 fermentate, on the dynamic of the microbial populations in shrimp, possibly promoting the diversity of gut microbes, especially the beneficial microbes, and thereby rendering protection against AHPND. In terms of comparing the gene expression between the control and synbiotic groups, pre- and post-bacterial challenge, a higher expression level of immune genes was mostly found in the B4+dextran group after challenging it with V. parahaemolyticus (group B4+dextran-VP) in the hepatopancreas and hemocyte. In contrast, the transcript level of immune-related genes was found to be higher in the B4+dextran group than other combinations in the midgut. Taken together, this study found that dietary addition of synbiotic Leuco. mesenteroides B4 and dextran can improve the growth performance, intestinal morphology and microbiome, regulation of immune genes and disease resistance against V. parahaemolyticus infection in white shrimp.
Assuntos
Leuconostoc mesenteroides , Penaeidae , Simbióticos , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Animais , Resistência à Doença , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/fisiologia , Dextranos/farmacologia , Imunidade Inata/genéticaRESUMO
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the major food fish worldwide. The farming business, on the other hand, has faced considerable obstacles, such as disease infestations. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important function in the activation of the innate immune system in response to infections. Unc-93 homolog B1 (UNC93B1) is a key regulator of nucleic acid (NA)-sensing TLRs. Here the UNC93B1 gene, which was cloned from Nile tilapia tissue for this investigation, had the same genetic structure as a homologous gene in humans and mice. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Nile tilapia UNC93B1 clustered with UNC93B1 from other species and separately from the UNC93A clade. The gene structure of the Nile tilapia UNC93B1 was found to be identical to that of human UNC93B1. Our gene expression studies revealed that Nile tilapia UNC93B1 was highly expressed in the spleen, followed by other immune-related tissues such as the head kidney, gills, and intestine. Moreover, Nile tilapia UNC93B1 mRNA transcripts were up-regulated in vivo in the head kidney and spleen tissues from poly I:C and Streptococcus agalactiae injected Nile tilapia, as well as in vitro in LPS stimulated Tilapia head kidney (THK) cells. The Nile tilapia UNC93B1-GFP protein signal was detected in the cytosol of THK cells and was co-localized with endoplasmic reticulum and lysosome but not with mitochondria. Moreover, the results of a co-immunoprecipitation and immunostaining analysis showed that Nile tilapia UNC93B1 can be pulled down with fish-specific TLRs such as TLR18 and TLR25 from Nile tilapia, and was found to be co-localized with these fish-specific TLRs in the THK cells. Overall, our findings highlight the potential role of UNC93B1 as an accessory protein in fish-specific TLR signaling.
Assuntos
Ciclídeos , Doenças dos Peixes , Infecções Estreptocócicas , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Filogenia , Proteínas de Peixes/química , Receptores Toll-Like/genética , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismo , Fagocitose , Streptococcus agalactiae/fisiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Imunidade Inata/genética , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genéticaRESUMO
In this study, the immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity of fermented Caulerpa microphysa byproduct (FCMB) by Bacillus subtilis was evaluated, and its potential as a feed additive for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was explored. In vitro experiments showed that the FCMB supernatant contained polysaccharides, polyphenols and flavonoids, and exhibited antioxidant properties as assessed by various antioxidant assays. Additionally, the FCMB supernatant was found to increase the production rate of reactive oxygen species and the activity of phenoloxidase in hemocytes in vitro. Furthermore, the results of the in vivo feeding trial showed that dietary 5 g kg-1 FCMB significantly improved the weight gain and specific growth rate of white shrimp after 56 days of feeding. Although there were no significant differences in total hemocyte count, phagocytosis, superoxide anion production rate, and phenoloxidase activity among the experimental groups, upregulation of immune-related genes was observed, particularly in the hepatopancreas and hemocytes of shrimps fed with 5 g or 50 g FCMB per kg feed, respectively. In the pathogen challenge assay, white shrimp fed with 5 % FCMB exhibited a higher survival rate compared to the control group following Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. Therefore, it is concluded that the fermented byproduct of C. microphysa, FCMB, holds potential as a feed additive for enhancing the growth performance and disease resistance against V. parahaemolyticus in white shrimp.
Assuntos
Caulerpa , Penaeidae , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Animais , Bacillus subtilis , Resistência à Doença , Antioxidantes , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase , Dieta/veterinária , Imunidade InataRESUMO
Several genetic defects on thick ascending limb (TAL) of Henle loop were reported to cause Bartter syndrome (BS) characterized by metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and normal or low blood pressure. Among them, defective basolateral calcium sensing receptors (CaSR) on TAL could result in type V BS that not only presents typical characteristics of BS but also hypocalcemia. Herein we report a 54 years old female patient with a novel mutation of CaSR that leads to type V BS. A sequencing of CaSR gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and urine stem cells both disclosed a heterozygous substitution of thymine for guanine (NM_001178065.1:c.2570T > G) in exon 7 at codon 857 resulting in substitution of isoleucine for serine (p.I857S). We performed functional tests of the mutant CaSR gene in vitro using urine stem cells to determine whether this mutation is responsible for the clinical presentations. Urine stem cells expressing abundant CaSR on flow cytometry of this patient and a normal subject were obtained for in vitro functional studies, including intracellular calcium and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate concentrations in response to increasing concentrations of extracellular calcium. The results show all of their responses to extracellular calcium are extremely sensitive in urine stem cells of the case as compared to those of the normal subject, indicating a prominent gain-of-function mutation. A novel mutation I857S in transmembrane domain 7 of CaSR in our patient would be added to the list of mutations leading to type V BS.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Bartter , Receptores de Detecção de Cálcio , Síndrome de Bartter/genética , Cálcio/metabolismo , Códon , Feminino , Humanos , Isoleucina/genética , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Receptores de Detecção de Cálcio/genética , Serina/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HPP) is a rare channelopathy characterized by episodic attacks of acute muscle weakness concomitant with hypokalemia. The etiology of hypokalemia is the shift of potassium into the cells, and the clinical symptoms resolve when potassium starts to leak back to the serum. Most of the time, the underlying ion channel defects are well compensated, and an additional trigger is often required to initiate an attack. Well-known trigger factors include carbohydrate-rich meals, exercise followed by rest, stress, cold weather, and alcohol consumption. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we present the case of a 26-year-old Asian man who suffered from an acute onset of bilateral lower limb weakness with hypokalemia following dexamethasone injection. He was diagnosed with HPP. CONCLUSIONS: We would like to remind physicians to think of steroids as an unusual precipitating factor while managing patients with HPP, per results of this case study.
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Hipopotassemia , Paralisia Periódica Hipopotassêmica , Masculino , Humanos , Adulto , Paralisia Periódica Hipopotassêmica/induzido quimicamente , Paralisia Periódica Hipopotassêmica/diagnóstico , Hipopotassemia/induzido quimicamente , Hipopotassemia/diagnóstico , Hipopotassemia/complicações , Potássio , Debilidade Muscular/complicações , EsteroidesRESUMO
Background and Objectives: Treatment for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) must deal with immunosuppression, as well as infections associated with a compromised immune system, such as tuberculosis (TB). Our aim was to examine the risk of incidental TB after diagnosis of AAV. Materials and Methods: This retrospective population-based cohort study was based on the data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Patients with newly diagnosed granulomatous polyangiitis or microscopic polyangiitis were identified between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2012. The primary outcome was risk of incidental TB. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the association between AAV and incidental TB. Results: A total of 2257 patients with AAV and a propensity-score matched cohort of 9028 patients were studied. Overall, patients with AAV were at a 1.48× higher risk of contracting incidental TB than the patients in the matched cohort (adjusted HR 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.15). Note that the highest risk of contracting incidental TB was in the first two years following a diagnosis of AAV, with a nearly 1-fold increase in risk (adjusted HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.01-3.60). Female AAV patients were 3.24× more likely than females without AAV to develop TB (adjusted HR 3.24; 95% CI, 1.85-5.67). Conclusions: Patients with AAV exhibit a 48% elevated TB risk, notably, a 91% increase within the first two years postdiagnosis. Female AAV patients face a 3.24 times higher TB risk compared to females without AAV. This study is limited by potential misclassification and overestimation of AAV cases. Clinicians should closely monitor TB risk in AAV patients, especially in females and the initial two years following diagnosis.
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Vasculite Associada a Anticorpo Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos , Granulomatose com Poliangiite , Tuberculose , Humanos , Feminino , Granulomatose com Poliangiite/diagnóstico , Anticorpos Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos de Coortes , Vasculite Associada a Anticorpo Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos/complicações , Vasculite Associada a Anticorpo Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/epidemiologiaRESUMO
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Aegle marmelos fruit (AMF) extract on the growth performance, biochemical parameters, immune response, antioxidative capacity, and digestive enzyme activity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish were fed a diet supplemented with AMF at concentrations of 0 (AMF0; control), 5 (AMF5), 10 (AMF10), 15 (AMF15), or 20 (AMF20) g/kg for 8 weeks. The results show that the final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio were significantly higher in fish fed AMF15 and AMF20 compared to those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Moreover, significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activities and non-specific immune responses were observed in groups fed AMF15 and AMF20. Interestingly, the level of cholesterol decreased with increasing AMF concentrations in the diet. As dietary AMF levels increased, digestive enzyme activities significantly improved. After the feeding trial, fish were injected intraperitoneally with Streptococcus agalactiae, and the 14-day cumulative mortality was calculated. A high survival rate after challenge with S. agalactiae was observed in all groups that received AMF-supplemented feed. Therefore, the present study suggests that supplementing the diet of Nile tilapia with AMF at a concentration of 20 g/kg could encourage their growth, improve their immunity and antioxidant status, and provide strong protection against S. agalactiae.
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Aegle , Ciclídeos , Dieta , Doenças dos Peixes , Extratos Vegetais , Infecções Estreptocócicas , Aegle/química , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Antioxidantes , Ciclídeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ciclídeos/imunologia , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Resistência à Doença , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Frutas/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais/química , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus agalactiaeRESUMO
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important food fish species that is mainly cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. However, microbial diseases have created various difficulties for this industry. The fundamental prerequisite for tackling disease outbreak prevention and disease resistance is to know how hosts' immune responses against invading microbes are initiated. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital pattern recognition receptors and play pivotal roles in the cellular innate immunity defense that is able to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In this study, Oreochromis niloticus TLR23 (OnTLR23) was cloned and bioinformatic analyses revealed that OnTLR23 is not an ortholog of mammalian TLR13 as previously suggested. The basal transcript level of OnTLR23 was found to be higher in the immune-related organs and was upregulated in the spleen and/or head kidney following Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae or poly I:C injections, and increased in the melanomacrophage-like tilapia head kidney (THK) cell line after LPS and zymosan stimulation. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time that OnTLR23 locates mainly in the intracellular region in fish cells and the constitutively active form of OnTLR23 promotes the expression of molecules related to antigen presentation, proinflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and type I interferon in THK cells. A co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that OnTLR23 can interact with both OnMyD88 and OnTRIF, but not with OnTIRAP. A luciferase assay showed that the NF-κB activity was not elevated in the OnTLR23 overexpressed THK cells after treatment with ligand for TLR13 as well as other known purified bacterial-derived ligands of TLRs. Taken together, OnTLR23 is likely to recruit OnMyD88 and OnTRIF as adaptors to induce the expression of various effectors in melanomacrophages, but its corresponding ligand is an issue awaiting further investigation.
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Ciclídeos , Doenças dos Peixes , Infecções Estreptocócicas , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular , Animais , Resistência à Doença , Proteínas de Peixes/química , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Imunidade Inata/genética , Ligantes , Mamíferos/metabolismo , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/genética , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/metabolismo , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus agalactiae/fisiologiaRESUMO
Trivalent arsenic (As (III)) contamination in the marine environment can produce adverse effects in crustaceans. The present study investigated the chronic toxicity of As (III) in white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) by analyzing the tissue bioaccumulation and non-specific immune responses. Shrimps were exposed to 0 (control), 50, 500, and 2500 µg/L of As (III) for 21 days. The results showed that the hepatopancreas was the main tissue of arsenic accumulation in white shrimp. The cumulative concentration of total arsenic and inorganic arsenic but not arsenobetaine was positively correlated with the exposure concentration. In vitro As (III) treatment (0-2500 µg/L) with haemocytes isolated from healthy shrimp did not cause the cytotoxicity, but this arsenic treatments inhibited the phagocytic rate and O2- production. Moreover, the decrease of total haemocyte count and the inhibition of phagocytic rate, phagocytic index, O2- production and phenoloxidase activity were observed in white shrimp under the exposure of As (III) over a period of 21 days. This study revealed that chronic As (III) stress could disturb arsenic metabolism and immune responses in P. vannamei.
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Arsênio , Penaeidae , Animais , Arsênio/toxicidade , Bioacumulação , Hemócitos , Hepatopâncreas , Imunidade InataRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients with idiopathic minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) undergoing immunosuppressive therapy are susceptible to infectious complications. Study specifically focusing on adult population's infectious complications is lacking. METHODS: We retrospectively collected 101 adult patients with biopsy-proven idiopathic MCNS and analysed for the infectious complications. Published literatures were also reviewed aiming to evaluate the feasibility of prophylactic antibiotic treatment. RESULTS: Infectious complications developed in 17 of 101 (16.8%) patients, with pneumonia (n = 4), cellulitis/fasciitis (n = 4) and urinary tract infection (UTI) (n = 4) being the dominant diseases, and Gram-negative bacilli the main cause. AKI stage ≥2 (Hazard ratio = 6.1; 95% CI: 1.2-31.9, p = 0.031) and non-remission by treatment (Hazard ratio = 4.4; 95% CI: 1.2-15.6, p = .023) were the two independent risk factors relevant to developing infectious complications. Review of 16 published literatures and our data showed that even no prophylactic antibiotic therapy, only one case of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia developed among the 1787 accumulative cases of MCNS. In contrast, 16 (44%) of acute flare cases were reported among the 36 patients with positive hepatitis B surface antigen that did not receive antiviral prophylactic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced acute kidney injury and non-remission by treatment are the risk factors toward developing infectious complications in adult MCNS undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. It appears unnecessary to use prophylactic antibiotic for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia or other bacterial infections, while screening and prophylactic therapy for hepatitis B and latent tuberculosis are critical for patients in prevalent area.
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Injúria Renal Aguda , Nefrose Lipoide , Síndrome Nefrótica , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis , Adulto , Humanos , Nefrose Lipoide/complicações , Nefrose Lipoide/tratamento farmacológico , Nefrose Lipoide/diagnóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/complicações , Injúria Renal Aguda/complicações , Terapia de Imunossupressão , Síndrome Nefrótica/etiologiaRESUMO
This study investigated the effects of guava leaf extract (GLE) on immune responses, growth performance, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). To examine the effect of GLE on the immune response of white shrimps, they were treated with various concentrations of GLE on hemocyte (in vitro) and were orally administered (in vivo) feed containing various concentrations of 0, 1, 5, and 10 g kg-1 GLE (control, GLE1, GLE5, and GLE10, respectively) for 28 days. Furthermore, their growth performance was evaluated for 56 days. In a separate experiment, the shrimps were challenged with V. parahaemolyticus injection after 7 days of culture. In vitro experiments indicated that GLE is nontoxic and can activate immune response. In vivo experiments revealed that the GLE5 led to the highest total hemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, phagocytic activity, and superoxide anion production and the highest upregulation of lipopolysaccharide, ß-1,3-glucan-binding protein, peroxinectin, lysozyme, crustin, penaeidin 2, penaeidin 3, clotting protein, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, better growth performance was observed in the GLE groups, with GLE5 exhibiting the highest specific growth rate, weight gain, and feed conversion rate. In addition, GLE5 enhanced resistance to V. parahaemolyticus, with a survival rate of 72.27%. In conclusion, GLE was found to be effective in enhancing nonspecific immune response and growth performance and in reducing V. parahaemolyticus infection in white shrimp.
Assuntos
Penaeidae , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Psidium , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Animais , Imunidade Inata , Penaeidae/microbiologiaRESUMO
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play a crucial role in innate immune systems recognition of conserved pathogen-related molecular samples (PAMPs). We identified and characterized TLR18 from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), OnTLR18, to elucidate its role in tissue expression patterns, modulation of gene expression after microbial challenge and TLR ligands, subcellular localization in fish and human cells, and the possible effectors TLR18 induces in a melanomacrophage-like cell line (tilapia head kidney (THK) cells). OnTLR18 expression was detected in all tissues examined, with the highest levels in the intestine and the lowest in the liver. OnTLR18 transcript was up-regulated in immune-related organs after bacterial and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) challenges and in the THK cells after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. In transfected THK and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, OnTLR18 localizes in the intracellular compartment. OnMyD88 and OnTRIF, but not OnTIRAP, were co-immunoprecipitated with OnTLR18, suggesting that the former two molecules are recruited by OnTLR18 as adaptors. The constitutively active form of OnTLR18 induced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, type I interferon (IFN), and antimicrobial peptides such as tumor necrosis factor α, interferon (IFN) d2.13, tilapia piscidin (TP)2, TP3, TP4, and hepcidin in THK cells. Our results suggest that OnTLR18 plays an important role in innate immunity through initiating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and IFN signaling pathways via OnMyD88 and OnTRIF and induces the production of various effectors in melanomacrophages.
Assuntos
Ciclídeos , Doenças dos Peixes , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular , Animais , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos , Ciclídeos/genética , Ciclídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/genética , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Poli I-C/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Prophylactic hemodialysis after coronary angiography in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevents contrast nephropathy; however, the one-year outcomes are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the one-year outcomes of prophylactic hemodialysis against standard treatment in patients with CKD who underwent coronary angiography. METHODS: A cohort study of 359 patients with CKD, coronary artery disease (CAD), and serum creatinine levels of 176.8-530.4 µmol/L, who were referred for elective coronary angiography was conducted. Propensity score matching identified 118 patient pairs for outcome comparisons. The hemodialysis group underwent prophylactic hemodialysis after coronary angiography, whereas the control group received standard treatment. The study's primary outcome was free from dialysis was considered the primary outcome, whereas the secondary outcome was overall survival. Unadjusted estimates of the probability of free from dialysis and overall survival were computed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank tests. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used in determining the risk factors associated with ESRD and mortality. RESULTS: During a mean 9.3 months follow-up duration, the hemodialysis group had significantly better free from dialysis (85.6% vs. 64.4%; P = 0.002) and overall survival (85.4% vs. 78.5%; P = 0.008) rates than the control group. Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses of the propensity score-matched patients showed that the hemodialysis group had reduced risks for ESRD and mortality (hazard ratios, 0.32 and 0.48, respectively). CONCLUSION: Prophylactic Hemodialysis following coronary angiography was associated with reduced ESRD and mortality risks in CKD patients with CAD, who did not routinely undergo dialysis.
Assuntos
Falência Renal Crônica , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Estudos de Coortes , Angiografia Coronária , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Diálise Renal , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is common in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and impairs health and quality of life significantly. However, the optimal treatment of RLS in ESRD patients is uncertain and less studied compared with idiopathic RLS patients. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and acceptability of treatments for RLS in ESRD patients. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) by February 2019 in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and ClinicalTrials.gov were reviewed. RLS severity reduction was treated as treatment efficacy, and adverse events were treated as acceptable. Both outcomes were appraised using a random effects model expressed as standardized mean differences and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), respectively, and were ranked using surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) probabilities to obtain a hierarchy of interventions. RESULTS: A total of 12 RCTs were included, comprising 9 interventions and 498 participants. All the interventions significantly improved RLS severity without critical side effects compared with placebo. Gabapentin achieved the greatest decrease of RLS severity [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.95, 95% CI 0.81-3.09 (SUCRA: 79.3%)], despite its frequent adverse events [SMD = 0.18, 95% CI 0.02-1.50 (19.9%)]. The combination therapy of exercise plus dopamine agonist had better efficacy [SMD = 1.60, 95% CI 0.08-3.12 (59.8%)] and acceptability [SMD = 1.41, 95% CI 0.01-142.53 (63.9%)] compared with that of vitamin C plus vitamin E [SMD = 1.50, 95% CI 0.47-2.54 (56.6%); SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.04-2.86 (32.5%)]. CONCLUSIONS: This network meta-analysis supports that gabapentin is the most effective treatment for RLS in ESRD patients. Exercise plus dopamine agonist is a favorable combination therapy concerning side effects. Future large RCTs with long-term treatment outcomes are necessary.
Assuntos
Agonistas de Dopamina/uso terapêutico , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Qualidade de Vida , Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas/etiologia , Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas/patologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
We investigated the antimicrobial properties and the effects of Rheum officinale extract (ROE) on nonspecific immune parameters of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro analysis was conducted by treating grouper primary head kidney leukocytes with various concentrations of ROE. The phagocytic rate of the leukocytes was elevated in a dose-dependent manner from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/ml, but decreased with higher concentrations of ROE (0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was strongly enhanced in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with ROE doses of 0.1-10.0 mg/ml. However, morphological changes (e.g., rounding and shrinkage of cells, chromatin condensation, fragmentation, and appearance of apoptotic bodies) were observed in the leukocytes after incubation with higher concentrations of ROE (1.0 and 10.0 mg/ml). A 28-day feeding trial was performed to assess the impact of dietary administration of ROE on grouper innate immunity parameters. Fish were fed with feed supplemented with 0, 0.1, 1.0, or 5.0 g ROE per kg of feed. The phagocytic activity of the animals' leukocytes was significantly elevated in all ROE-fed groups on day 1 and in groups fed with ROE at 0.1 or 1.0 g/kg on day 14. Production of ROS was substantially increased on day 1 in fish fed with ROE at 1.0 and 5.0 g/kg, but decreased steadily later on. The ability to generate ROS increased steadily until day 7 in fish fed the lowest concentration of ROE (0.1 mg/ml), but decreased thereafter. ROE showed excellent antibacterial activity against six pathogens of aquatic animals: Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, V. carchariae, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Edwardsiella tarda. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of measured ROE-derived anthraquinones were 10.57-84.53 µg/ml and 10.57-169.05 µg/ml, respectively.