RESUMO
Altered glucose metabolism has been described in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We re-investigated the interaction of the insulin (INS) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) genes in AD risk in the Epistasis Project, including 1,757 AD cases and 6,294 controls. Allele frequencies of both SNPs (PPARA L162V, INS intron 0 A/T) differed between Northern Europeans and Northern Spanish. The PPARA 162LL genotype increased AD risk in Northern Europeans (p = 0.04), but not in Northern Spanish (p = 0.2). There was no association of the INS intron 0 TT genotype with AD. We observed an interaction on AD risk between PPARA 162LL and INS intron 0 TT genotypes in Northern Europeans (Synergy factor 2.5, p = 0.016), but not in Northern Spanish. We suggest that dysregulation of glucose metabolism contributes to the development of AD and might be due in part to genetic variations in INS and PPARA and their interaction especially in Northern Europeans.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Epistasia Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Insulina/genética , PPAR alfa/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Apolipoproteína E4/genética , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Estudos de Associação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The loss of noradrenergic neurones of the locus coeruleus is a major feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dopamine ß-hydroxylase (DBH) catalyses the conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline. Interactions have been reported between the low-activity -1021T allele (rs1611115) of DBH and polymorphisms of the pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, IL1A and IL6, contributing to the risk of AD. We therefore examined the associations with AD of the DBH -1021T allele and of the above interactions in the Epistasis Project, with 1757 cases of AD and 6294 elderly controls. METHODS: We genotyped eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the three genes, DBH, IL1A and IL6. We used logistic regression models and synergy factor analysis to examine potential interactions and associations with AD. RESULTS: We found that the presence of the -1021T allele was associated with AD: odds ratio = 1.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.4, p = 0.005). This association was nearly restricted to men < 75 years old: odds ratio = 2.2 (1.4-3.3, 0.0004). We also found an interaction between the presence of DBH -1021T and the -889TT genotype (rs1800587) of IL1A: synergy factor = 1.9 (1.2-3.1, 0.005). All these results were consistent between North Europe and North Spain. CONCLUSIONS: Extensive, previous evidence (reviewed here) indicates an important role for noradrenaline in the control of inflammation in the brain. Thus, the -1021T allele with presumed low activity may be associated with misregulation of inflammation, which could contribute to the onset of AD. We suggest that such misregulation is the predominant mechanism of the association we report here.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Dopamina beta-Hidroxilase/genética , Epistasia Genética/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Interleucina-1alfa/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Locus Cerúleo/patologia , Masculino , Neurônios/patologia , Razão de Chances , Fatores de Risco , EspanhaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation is a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). An interaction associated with the risk of AD has been reported between polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of the genes for the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6, gene: IL6), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10, gene: IL10). METHODS: We examined this interaction in the Epistasis Project, a collaboration of 7 AD research groups, contributing DNA samples from 1,757 cases of AD and 6,295 controls. RESULTS: We replicated the interaction. For IL6 rs2069837 AA x IL10 rs1800871 CC, the synergy factor (SF) was 1.63 (95% confidence interval: 1.10-2.41, p = 0.01), controlling for centre, age, gender and apolipoprotein E epsilon4 (APOEepsilon4) genotype. Our results are consistent between North Europe (SF = 1.7, p = 0.03) and North Spain (SF = 2.0, p = 0.09). Further replication may require a meta-analysis. However, association due to linkage disequilibrium with other polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of these genes cannot be excluded. CONCLUSION: We suggest that dysregulation of both IL-6 and IL-10 in some elderly people, due in part to genetic variations in the two genes, contributes to the development of AD. Thus, inflammation facilitates the onset of sporadic AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Encefalite/genética , Epistasia Genética/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/imunologia , Doença de Alzheimer/fisiopatologia , Encéfalo/imunologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Química Encefálica/genética , Química Encefálica/imunologia , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Encefalite/imunologia , Encefalite/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Testes Genéticos , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Epistasis between interleukin-10 (IL10) and aromatase gene polymorphisms has previously been reported to modify the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, although the main effects of aromatase variants suggest a sex-specific effect in AD, there has been insufficient power to detect sex-specific epistasis between these genes to date. Here we used the cohort of 1757 AD patients and 6294 controls in the Epistasis Project. We replicated the previously reported main effects of aromatase polymorphisms in AD risk in women, for example, adjusted odds ratio of disease for rs1065778 GG=1.22 (95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.48, P=0.03). We also confirmed a reported epistatic interaction between IL10 rs1800896 and aromatase (CYP19A1) rs1062033, again only in women: adjusted synergy factor=1.94 (1.16-3.25, 0.01). Aromatase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of estrogens, is expressed in AD-relevant brain regions ,and is downregulated during the disease. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Given that estrogens have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities and regulate microglial cytokine production, epistasis is biologically plausible. Diminishing serum estrogen in postmenopausal women, coupled with suboptimal brain estrogen synthesis, may contribute to the inflammatory state, that is a pathological hallmark of AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Aromatase/genética , Interleucina-10/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/enzimologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Epistasia Genética , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Risco , Caracteres SexuaisRESUMO
Despite recent discoveries in the genetics of sporadic Alzheimer's disease, there remains substantial "hidden heritability." It is thought that some of this missing heritability may be because of gene-gene, i.e., epistatic, interactions. We examined potential epistasis between 110 candidate polymorphisms in 1757 cases of Alzheimer's disease and 6294 control subjects of the Epistasis Project, divided between a discovery and a replication dataset. We found an epistatic interaction, between rs7483 in GSTM3 and rs1111875 in the HHEX/IDE/KIF11 gene cluster, with a closely similar, significant result in both datasets. The synergy factor (SF) in the combined dataset was 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35-2.36; p = 0.00004. Consistent interaction was also found in 7 out of the 8 additional subsets that we examined post hoc: i.e., it was shown in both North Europe and North Spain, in both men and women, in both those with and without the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E, and in people older than 75 years (SF, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.60-3.20; p < 0.00001), but not in those younger than 75 years (SF, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.59-1.91; p = 0.84). The association with Alzheimer's disease was purely epistatic with neither polymorphism showing an independent effect: odds ratio, 1.0; p ≥ 0.7. Indeed, each factor was associated with protection in the absence of the other factor, but with risk in its presence. In conclusion, this epistatic interaction showed a high degree of consistency when stratifying by sex, the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E genotype, and geographic region.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Glutationa Transferase/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Insulisina/genética , Cinesinas/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Epistasia Genética/genética , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Loci Gênicos/genética , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/epidemiologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Testes Genéticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Iron overload may contribute to the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the Epistasis Project, with 1757 cases of AD and 6295 controls, we studied 4 variants in 2 genes of iron metabolism: hemochromatosis (HFE) C282Y and H63D, and transferrin (TF) C2 and -2G/A. We replicated the reported interaction between HFE 282Y and TF C2 in the risk of AD: synergy factor, 1.75 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.8, p = 0.02) in Northern Europeans. The synergy factor was 3.1 (1.4-6.9; 0.007) in subjects with the APOEε4 allele. We found another interaction, between HFE 63HH and TF -2AA, markedly modified by age. Both interactions were found mainly or only in Northern Europeans. The interaction between HFE 282Y and TF C2 has now been replicated twice, in altogether 2313 cases of AD and 7065 controls, and has also been associated with increased iron load. We therefore suggest that iron overload may be a causative factor in the development of AD. Treatment for iron overload might thus be protective in some cases.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/etiologia , Epistasia Genética/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/genética , Sobrecarga de Ferro/complicações , Sobrecarga de Ferro/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Transferrina/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Envelhecimento/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/prevenção & controle , Apolipoproteína E4/genética , Feminino , Proteína da Hemocromatose , Humanos , Quelantes de Ferro/uso terapêutico , Sobrecarga de Ferro/terapia , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/genética , RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Variations in genes relevant to inflammation may be candidate genes for AD risk. Whole-genome association studies have identified relevant new and known genes. Their combined effects do not explain 100% of the risk, genetic interactions may contribute. We investigated whether genes involved in inflammation, i.e. PPAR-α, interleukins (IL) IL- 1α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10 may interact to increase AD risk. METHODS: The Epistasis Project identifies interactions that affect the risk of AD. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PPARA, IL1A, IL1B, IL6 and IL10 was performed. Possible associations were analyzed by fitting logistic regression models with AD as outcome, controlling for centre, age, sex and presence of apolipoprotein ε4 allele (APOEε4). Adjusted synergy factors were derived from interaction terms (p<0.05 two-sided). RESULTS: We observed four significant interactions between different SNPs in PPARA and in interleukins IL1A, IL1B, IL10 that may affect AD risk. There were no significant interactions between PPARA and IL6. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to an association of the PPARA L162V polymorphism with the AD risk, we observed four significant interactions between SNPs in PPARA and SNPs in IL1A, IL1B and IL10 affecting AD risk. We prove that gene-gene interactions explain part of the heritability of AD and are to be considered when assessing the genetic risk. Necessary replications will require between 1450 and 2950 of both cases and controls, depending on the prevalence of the SNP, to have 80% power to detect the observed synergy factors.