RESUMO
Some phylogenetic problems remain unresolved even when large amounts of sequence data are analyzed and methods that accommodate processes such as incomplete lineage sorting are employed. In addition to investigating biological sources of phylogenetic incongruence, it is also important to reduce noise in the phylogenomic dataset by using appropriate filtering approach that addresses gene tree estimation errors. We present the results of a case study in manakins, focusing on the very difficult clade comprising the genera Antilophia and Chiroxiphia. Previous studies suggest that Antilophia is nested within Chiroxiphia, though relationships among Antilophia+Chiroxiphia species have been highly unstable. We extracted more than 11,000 loci (ultra-conserved elements and introns) from whole genomes and conducted analyses using concatenation and multispecies coalescent methods. Topologies resulting from analyses using all loci differed depending on the data type and analytical method, with 2 clades (Antilophia+Chiroxiphia and Manacus+Pipra+Machaeopterus) in the manakin tree showing incongruent results. We hypothesized that gene trees that conflicted with a long coalescent branch (e.g., the branch uniting Antilophia+Chiroxiphia) might be enriched for cases of gene tree estimation error, so we conducted analyses that either constrained those gene trees to include monophyly of Antilophia+Chiroxiphia or excluded these loci. While constraining trees reduced some incongruence, excluding the trees led to completely congruent species trees, regardless of the data type or model of sequence evolution used. We found that a suite of gene metrics (most importantly the number of informative sites and likelihood of intralocus recombination) collectively explained the loci that resulted in non-monophyly of Antilophia+Chiroxiphia. We also found evidence for introgression that may have contributed to the discordant topologies we observe in Antilophia+Chiroxiphia and led to deviations from expectations given the multispecies coalescent model. Our study highlights the importance of identifying factors that can obscure phylogenetic signal when dealing with recalcitrant phylogenetic problems, such as gene tree estimation error, incomplete lineage sorting, and reticulation events. [Birds; c-gene; data type; gene estimation error; model fit; multispecies coalescent; phylogenomics; reticulation].
Assuntos
Passeriformes , Animais , Filogenia , Íntrons , ProbabilidadeRESUMO
The red palm mite Raoiella indica Hirst, 1924 (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is an important pest of the coconut palm Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) and has caused problems in coconut production worldwide. Research has been carried out aiming at controlling the mite through chemical, biological, alternative, and host plant resistance methods. Identifying coconut palm cultivars resistant to R. indica is important to reduce the problems caused to plantations. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of R. indica in six dwarf coconut palm cultivars, to identify sources of resistance. The cultivars of the sub-varieties green, red, and yellow evaluated were Brazilian Green Dwarf-Jiqui (BGDJ), Brazilian Red Dwarf-Gramame (BRDG), Cameroon Red Dwarf (CRD), Malayan Red Dwarf (MRD), Brazilian Yellow Dwarf-Gramame (BYDG), and Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD). Confinement and free choice tests of R. indica on the cultivars were performed, in which biological parameters and preference were evaluated. Mite performance was different in the cultivars evaluated. In the confinement bioassay, R. indica had the worst performance in the cultivar BGDJ, the best performance in CRD, MRD, and BRDG, and intermediate performance in BYDG and MYD. In the free choice test, the cultivars MRD and MYD were preferred in relation to BGDJ, and CRD was less preferred in relation to BGDJ. Therefore, we considered that the cultivar BGDJ is the most resistant to R. indica, by antibiosis and antixenosis; CRD has resistance by antixenosis; and MRD, BRDG, BYDG, and MYD are susceptible.
Assuntos
Arecaceae , Ácaros , Trombiculidae , Animais , Cocos , BrasilRESUMO
This study explored ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic impacted adolescents' diabetes management and psychosocial functioning, and how adolescents, parents, and providers viewed telemedicine. We present data from three studies: (1) a comparison of psychosocial functioning and glycemic levels before and after pandemic onset (n = 120 adolescents; 89% with type 1 diabetes), (2) an online survey of parents about pandemic-related stressors (n = 141), and (3) qualitative interviews with adolescents, parents, and medical providers about the pandemic's impacts on adolescents' diabetes care and mental health (n = 13 parent-adolescent dyads; 7 medical providers). Results suggested some adverse effects, including disrupting routines related to health behaviors and psychosocial functioning and impairing adolescents' quality of life. Despite these challenges, most participants did not endorse significant impacts. Some even noted benefits, such as increased parental supervision of diabetes management that can be leveraged beyond the pandemic. Furthermore, telemedicine offers benefits to continuity of diabetes care but presents challenges to care quality. These findings underscore the varied and unique impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents with diabetes.
RESUMO
Rhizoctonia solani compromises the production of lima bean, an alternative and low-input food source in many tropical regions. Inoculation of bacterial strains has been used, but research on their biocontrol and growth promotion potential on lima bean is scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation with rhizobacterial strains of the genera Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium in combination or not with N2-fixing Rhizobium tropici on the control of damping-off disease and growth promotion in lima bean plants. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the inoculation with bacterial strains with biocontrol potential in combination or not with R. tropici in substrate infected with R. solani CML 1846. Growth promotion of these strains was also assessed. Strains of Brevibacillus (UFLA 02-286), Pseudomonas (UFLA 02-281 and UFLA 04-885), Rhizobium (UFLA 04-195), and Burkholderia (UFLA 04-227) co-inoculated with the strain CIAT 899 (Rhizobium tropici) were the most effective in controlling R. solani, reducing the disease incidence in 47-60% on lima bean. The promising strains used in the biocontrol assays were also responsive in promoting growth of lima bean under disease and sterile conditions. A positive synergistic effect of co-inoculation of different genera contributed to plant growth, and these outcomes are important first steps to improve lima bean production.
Assuntos
Bacillus , Phaseolus , Rhizobium tropici , Rhizobium , Phaseolus/microbiologia , Plantas , PseudomonasRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic presented both serious health threats and economic hardships, which were reflected in increased rates of mood and anxiety symptoms. We examined two separate distress domains, health worries and work distress, as predictors of mood and anxiety symptoms. Additionally, we considered whether these two domains might be uniquely associated with the development of dysfunctional beliefs, as a proposed mechanism to account for increased symptoms during the pandemic. Two separate models were considered to examine if associations remained stable through the first year of the pandemic. METHODS: Participants (N = 2152) were a representative sample of Florida adults. They completed online surveys at three waves: Wave 1 (April-May 2020), Wave 2 (May-June 2020), and Wave 3 (December-February 2021). Participants completed measures of COVID-19 health worry and work distress, anxiety, and depression. They also reported their level of hopelessness and helplessness (indices of dysfunctional beliefs). RESULTS: In an early pandemic model (Wave 1-Wave 2), health worry directly and indirectly predicted anxiety and depression via dysfunctional beliefs. In contrast, work distress only indirectly predicted both outcomes. In a longer-term model (Wave 2-Wave 3), health worry had direct and indirect effects on downstream anxiety but not depression. Pandemic work distress had no effect on depression or dysfunctional beliefs; however, it was associated with less anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Although health worry and work distress predicted later symptoms of anxiety and depression, they appeared to operate through different pathways. These findings provide guidance for the development of more effective interventions to reduce the impact of pandemics.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pandemias , Adulto , Humanos , Sintomas Afetivos , Emoções , AnsiedadeRESUMO
Guidelines recommend routinely screening adults with diabetes for psychological concerns, but few diabetes clinics have adopted screening procedures. This study assessed patient and provider perspectives regarding the role of mental health in diabetes care, psychosocial screening procedures, and patients' support needs. Patients with diabetes (n = 15; 73.3% type 2) and their medical providers (n = 11) participated in qualitative interviews. Thematic content analysis was used to categorize results. Participants believed that mental health was important to address within comprehensive diabetes care. Patients expressed positive or neutral opinions about psychosocial screening. Providers had mixed reactions; many thought that screening would be too time-consuming. Both groups emphasized that screening must include referral procedures to direct patients to mental health services. Patients and providers interviewed in this study viewed psychosocial screening as compatible with diabetes care. Including a mental health professional on the treatment team could reduce potential burden on other team members.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Serviços de Saúde Mental , Adulto , Humanos , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Saúde Mental , Encaminhamento e ConsultaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe cardiorespiratory, strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility fitness outcomes in a sample of adolescents who are Hispanic aged 11 to 15 years with overweight or obesity, stratified by age and sex. METHODS: The sample included 280 adolescents (mean age: 13.0 ± 0.83 years, mean body mass index percentile: 94.6). Anthropometric measures included height, weight, body mass index percentile, and waist and hip circumference. Fitness measures included handgrip strength, sit-ups in 60 seconds, sit-and-reach test, and 6-minute walk test. We report mean scores for each fitness outcome measure and correlation coefficients with anthropometric measures. RESULTS: Mean handgrip was 23.7 ± 6.48 kg, sit-and-reach test was 25.3 ± 8.13 cm, average sit-ups in 60 seconds were 19.4 ± 9.28, and 6-minute walk distance was 1960 ± 271 ft. Males outperformed females in all tests except sit-and-reach test. DISCUSSION: Compared with published fitness values of healthy weight adolescents, our sample of adolescents who are Hispanic with overweight/obesity living in southern Florida is unconditioned in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility.
Assuntos
Sobrepeso , Obesidade Infantil , Aptidão Física , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Índice de Massa Corporal , Força da Mão , Hispânico ou Latino , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) frequently experience psychosocial concerns, and mental health screening is becoming increasingly common in routine diabetes care. However, little is known about what adolescents or their caregivers think about the role of mental health screening and intervention within the context of comprehensive diabetes care, or how their diabetes care providers should be involved in navigating mental health concerns. This study used qualitative methods to obtain the perspectives of adolescents with T1D and their caregivers regarding these issues. METHODS: Participants were 13 adolescents with T1D (ages 12-19 years; M = 15.1 years; 53.8% female; 61.5% Hispanic/Latinx White) and 13 mothers, recruited from an outpatient pediatric endocrinology clinic in South Florida, who participated in semi-structured interviews via video teleconference. Thematic content analysis was used to evaluate participants' responses. RESULTS: Adolescents and their mothers reported positive experiences with the clinic's psychosocial screening procedures and appreciated meeting with the psychology team during visits. They wanted the clinic to offer more opportunities for peer support. Mothers highlighted barriers to seeking mental health care outside of the clinic and the importance of mental health professionals understanding diabetes. Mothers also wanted the clinic to offer more on-site therapeutic services. DISCUSSION: Study participants valued psychosocial screening and supported addressing mental health as a routine part of diabetes comprehensive care.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Mães , Adolescente , Adulto , Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , Cuidadores , Criança , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/psicologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/terapia , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Physical inactivity is a major public health issue among older adults and children. This study presents preliminary results that will inform the development of a technology-based physical activity intervention for grandparents and grandchildren (ages 6-12 years old). The authors used an iterative user-centered design framework to gather quantitative data from grandparents (n = 35) and subsequently invited a subset of 12 of them to engage in qualitative interviews. Participants were 63.1 ± 9.8 years old, 80% female, 64% U.S.-born, 43% Hispanic, 66% single, and 40% <$15K income. The majority of grandparents reported mobile device proficiency, very close relationships with their grandchildren, and interest in participating in an intergenerational intervention. Four key themes related to family closeness, dynamics, routines, and technology informed intervention development. Next steps involved a pilot trial using Fitbits and a fully functioning technology-based prototype. Grandparents are uniquely positioned within their families to serve as agents of change in health-promoting interventions.
Assuntos
Avós , Idoso , Criança , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Relação entre Gerações , Masculino , TecnologiaRESUMO
Target capture sequencing effectively generates molecular marker arrays useful for molecular systematics. These extensive data sets are advantageous where previous studies using a few loci have failed to resolve relationships confidently. Moreover, target capture is well-suited to fragmented source DNA, allowing data collection from species that lack fresh tissues. Herein we use target capture to generate data for a phylogeny of the avian family Pipridae (manakins), a group that has been the subject of many behavioral and ecological studies. Most manakin species feature lek mating systems, where males exhibit complex behavioral displays including mechanical and vocal sounds, coordinated movements of multiple males, and high speed movements. We analyzed thousands of ultraconserved element (UCE) loci along with a smaller number of coding exons and their flanking regions from all but one species of Pipridae. We examined three different methods of phylogenetic estimation (concatenation and two multispecies coalescent methods). Phylogenetic inferences using UCE data yielded strongly supported estimates of phylogeny regardless of analytical method. Exon probes had limited capability to capture sequence data and resulted in phylogeny estimates with reduced support and modest topological differences relative to the UCE trees, although these conflicts had limited support. Two genera were paraphyletic among all analyses and data sets, with Antilophia nested within Chiroxiphia and Tyranneutes nested within Neopelma. The Chiroxiphia-Antilophia clade was an exception to the generally high support we observed; the topology of this clade differed among analyses, even those based on UCE data. To further explore relationships within this group, we employed two filtering strategies to remove low-information loci. Those analyses resulted in distinct topologies, suggesting that the relationships we identified within Chiroxiphia-Antilophia should be interpreted with caution. Despite the existence of a few continuing uncertainties, our analyses resulted in a robust phylogenetic hypothesis of the family Pipridae that provides a comparative framework for future ecomorphological and behavioral studies.
Assuntos
Loci Gênicos , Passeriformes/classificação , Passeriformes/genética , Filogenia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Éxons/genética , Funções Verossimilhança , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated inflammatory and immune response to infection. Sepsis involves the combination of exaggerated inflammation and immune suppression. During systemic infection and sepsis, the liver works as a lymphoid organ with key functions in regulating the immune response. Extracellular nucleotides are considered damage-associated molecular patterns and are involved in the control of inflammation. Their levels are finely tuned by the membrane-associated ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase) enzyme family. Although previous studies have addressed the role of NTPDase1 (CD39), the role of the other extracellular NTPDases, NTPDase2, -3, and -8, in sepsis is unclear. In the present studies we identified NTPDase8 as a top downregulated gene in the liver of mice submitted to cecal ligation-induced sepsis. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the decrease of NTPDase8 expression at the protein level. In vitro mechanistic studies using HepG2 hepatoma cells demonstrated that IL-6 but not TNF, IL-1ß, bacteria, or lipopolysaccharide are able to suppress NTPDase8 gene expression. NTPDase8, as well as NTPDase2 and NTPDase3 mRNA was downregulated, whereas NTPDase1 (CD39) mRNA was upregulated in polymorphonuclear leukocytes from both inflamed and septic patients compared to healthy controls. Although the host's inflammatory response of polymicrobial septic NTPDase8 deficient mice was no different from that of wild-type mice, IL-6 levels in NTPDase8 deficient mice were higher than IL-6 levels in wild-type mice with pneumonia. Altogether, the present data indicate that extracellular NTPDases are differentially regulated during sepsis.
Assuntos
Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Leucócitos/metabolismo , Sepse/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfatases/genética , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Sepse/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This paper presents the results of a study developed to inform the design of a multigenerational digital lifestyle intervention for overweight/obese women cancer survivors and their families. We followed the first six phases of the Integrate, Design, Assess, and Share (IDEAS) framework. METHODS: Grandmothers with breast, endometrial, or ovarian cancers (n = 46; 66.1 ± 0.9 years old; 34% Hispanic, 33% non-Hispanic black, 33% non-Hispanic white) self-reported their lifestyle behaviors, family structure, mobile device use, and interest in a family-based lifestyle intervention. A randomly selected subset of 21 participants subsequently completed qualitative interviews to understand their family relationships, weight-related challenges, and feedback on intervention prototypes. RESULTS: Participants reported low fruit intake (0.9 ± 0.1 servings/day), moderate vegetable intake (3.0 ± 0.2 servings/day), and high levels of moderate physical activity (990 ± 234 MET-minutes/week). The majority owned a smartphone (93%) and expressed interest in family-based programs (80%) that focused on weight management (91%). Qualitative data were collapsed into seven intervention considerations, including: capitalizing on existing familial support, involving local family who need lifestyle change, tapping into survivors' internal strengths, validating prior weight loss, overcoming barriers to sustained lifestyle change, providing information on cancer risk, and motivating families through reinforcing activities. CONCLUSIONS: Following the IDEAS framework, our next steps are to develop a fully-functioning prototype and conduct a randomized pilot trial to test the feasibility and effects of a digital intervention that empowers racially/ethnically diverse overweight/obese women cancer survivors to improve their physical activity and dietary intake and to lose weight by encouraging healthy lifestyle behaviors in their children and grandchildren.
Assuntos
Sobreviventes de Câncer/psicologia , Aconselhamento/métodos , Relações Familiares , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Estilo de Vida Saudável , Obesidade/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/complicações , Cooperação do Paciente , Redução de PesoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Phylogeographic research has advanced in South America, with increasing efforts on taxa from the dry diagonal biomes. However, the diversification of endemic fauna from the semiarid Caatinga biome in northeastern Brazil is still poorly known. Here we targeted saxicolous lizards of the Tropidurus semitaeniatus species group to better understand the evolutionary history of these endemic taxa and the Caatinga. We estimated a time-calibrated phylogeny for the species group based on two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes and jointly estimated the species limits and species tree within the group. We also devoted a denser phylogeographic sampling of the T. semitaeniatus complex to explore migration patterns, and the spatiotemporal diffusion history to verify a possible role of the São Francisco River as a promoter of differentiation in this saxicolous group of lizards. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis detected high cryptic genetic diversity, occurrence of unique microendemic lineages associated with older highlands, and a speciation history that took place during the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition. Species delimitation detected five evolutionary entities within the T. semitaeniatus species group, albeit with low support. Thus, additional data are needed for a more accurate definition of species limits and interspecific relationships within this group. Spatiotemporal analyses reconstructed the geographic origin of the T. semitaeniatus species complex to be located north of the present-day course of the São Francisco River, followed by dispersal that expanded its distribution towards the northwest and south. Gene flow estimates showed higher migration rates into the lineages located north of the São Francisco River. CONCLUSIONS: The phylogenetic and population structures are intrinsically associated with stable rock surfaces and landscape rearrangements, such as the establishment of drainage basins located to the northern and southern distribution ranges. The T. semitaeniatus complex preserved high genetic diversity during range expansion, possibly as a result of frequent long-distance dispersal events. Our results indicate that both the current course of the São Francisco River and its paleo-courses had an important role in promoting diversification of the Caatinga endemic T. semitaeniatus species group.
Assuntos
Variação Genética , Lagartos/classificação , Lagartos/genética , Migração Animal , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Brasil , Filogenia , Filogeografia , América do SulRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We investigated how psychosocial and health stressors and related cognitive-affective factors were differentially associated with sleep quality during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS AND MEASURES: Adults living in Florida (n = 2,152) completed a Qualtrics survey in April-May 2020 (Wave 1). Participants (n = 831) were reassessed one month later (Wave 2; May-June 2020). At Wave 1, participants reported their level of physical contact with someone they care about, presence of a pre-existing chronic disease, employment status, loneliness, health worry, and financial distress. At Wave 2, participants rated their quality of sleep and insomnia symptoms. RESULTS: Loneliness, but not health worry or financial distress, directly predicted worse sleep quality. Lack of physical contact was indirectly associated with worse sleep quality via greater levels of loneliness. Further, results showed the presence of a pre-existing chronic disease was associated with both greater health worry and worse sleep quality. CONCLUSION: Loneliness was the sole cognitive-affective predictor of worse sleep quality when controlling for other psychosocial factors. As expected, adults living with a chronic disease reported impaired sleep quality. Understanding the processes influencing sleep quality during a significant time of stress is important for identifying risk factors, informing treatment, and improving sleep health beyond the pandemic.
RESUMO
Objectives: This study examined 1) associations between parent-adolescent acculturation gaps in Americanism and Hispanicism and adolescents' lifestyle behaviors (fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity), and 2) the moderating roles of adolescent- and parent-reported family communication on these associations. Methods: Hispanic adolescents who have overweight or obesity (n=280; 52% female, 13.0±0.8 years old) and their parents (88% female, 44.9±6.5 years old) completed baseline measures on acculturation, family communication, weekly physical activity, and daily fruit and vegetable intake as part of their participation in a family-based health promotion efficacy trial. Acculturation gaps were calculated by taking the product of adolescent and parent scores for each subscale (Americanism and Hispanicism). We conducted multiple linear regression analyses with three-way interaction terms (e.g., parent Americanism x adolescent Americanism x family communication) to assess for moderation. Results: Family communication significantly moderated the association between parent-adolescent acculturation gaps in Americanism and adolescent fruit and vegetable intake. For families with low adolescent-reported family communication, parent-adolescent discrepancies in Americanism were associated with lower adolescent fruit and vegetable intake whereas there were no significant associations for families with high family communication. There were no effects on weekly minutes of physical activity. Acculturation gaps in Hispanicism were not significantly associated with either outcome. Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of parent-adolescent acculturation gaps and family communication on fruit and vegetable intake for Hispanic adolescents. Targeting parent-adolescent acculturation gaps for families with low levels of communication may be important to improve dietary behaviors in Hispanic adolescents, who are already disproportionately affected by obesity.
Objetivos: El siguiente estudio tiene como objetivo examinar 1) las asociaciones de las brechas de aculturación padre-adolescente en americanismo e hispanismo sobre comportamiento en el estilo de vida de los adolescentes (ingesta de frutas y verduras, y actividad física), 2) y el efecto moderador de la comunicación familiar reportada por padres y adolescentes sobre estas asociaciones. Métodos: Como parte de su participación para un estudio de eficacia de una intervención familiar para la promoción a la salud, adolescentes hispanos con sobrepeso u obesidad (n=280; 52% mujeres, 13,0 ± 0,8 años), y sus padres (88% mujeres, 44,9 ± 6,5 años) completaron cuestionarios de aculturación, comunicación familiar, actividad física semanal e ingesta diaria de frutas y verduras como parte de medidas de base.Las brechas de aculturación se calcularon tomando el producto de las puntuaciones de los adolescentes y los padres para cada sub-escala (americanismo e hispanismo). Para evaluar el efecto moderador, se realizaron análisis de regresión lineal múltiple con términos de interacción de tres vías (p. ej., americanismo de los padres x americanismo del adolescente x comunicación familiar). Resultados: La comunicación familiar moderó significativamente la asociación entre las brechas de aculturación entre padres e hijos adolescentes en el americanismo, y el consumo de frutas y verduras por parte de los adolescentes. Para las familias con baja comunicación familiar reportada por los adolescentes, las discrepancias entre padres y adolescentes en el americanismo se asociaron con una menor ingesta de frutas y verduras en los adolescentes, mientras que no hubo asociaciones significativas para las familias con alta comunicación familiar; tampoco se encontró asociación en los efectos sobre los minutos semanales de actividad física. Las brechas de aculturación en el hispanismo no se asociaron significativamente con ninguno de los resultados. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos hacen énfasis a la importancia de las brechas de aculturación entre padres y adolescentes al igual que a la importancia de la comunicación familiar, sobre el consumo de frutas y verduras en los adolescentes hispanos. Impactar en las brechas de aculturación entre padres y adolescentes en familias con bajo nivele de comunicación puede ser importante para mejorar los comportamientos alimentarios en los adolescentes hispanos, que ya, estos, se ven afectados de manera desproporcionada por la obesidad.
RESUMO
Amazonian mammal diversity is exceptionally high, yet new taxonomic discoveries continue to be made and many questions remain for understanding its diversification through time and space. Here we investigate the diversification of spiny rats in the genus Makalata, whose species are strongly associated with seasonally flooded forests, watercourses and flooded islands. We use a biogeographical approach based on a mitochondrial cytochrome b gene through divergence time estimation and reconstruction of ancestral areas and events. Our findings indicate an ancient origin of Makalata for the Guiana Shield and Eastern Amazonia as ancestral area. A first cladogenetic event led to a phylogeographic break into two broader clades of Makalata through dispersal, implying a pattern of western/Eastern Amazonian clades coinciding with the Purus Arch (middle Miocene). Most of subclades we infer originated between the late Pliocene to the early Pleistocene, with few recent exceptions in the early Pliocene through dispersal and vicariant events. The hypothesis of rivers as dispersal barriers is not corroborated for Makalata, as expected for mammalian species associated with seasonally flooded environments. We identify two key events for the expansion and diversification of Makalata species: the presence of geologically stable areas in the Guiana and Brazilian shields and the transition from lacustrine conditions in western Amazonia (Acre system) to a river system, with the establishment of the Amazon River transcontinental system and its tributaries. Our results are congruent with older geological scenarios for the Amazon basin formation (Miocene), but we do not discard the influence of recent dynamics on some speciation events and, mainly, on phylogeographic structuring processes.
Assuntos
DNA Mitocondrial , Roedores , Animais , Ratos , Roedores/genética , Filogenia , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Filogeografia , Especiação GenéticaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Diabetes-related distress is present in a high proportion of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We hypothesized that complexity of the antidiabetic medication regimen is a factor that is associated with diabetes-related distress. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study including a group of 74 patients managed at a tertiary care center. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, steroid-induced diabetes, post-transplant diabetes, and other types of diabetes were excluded. Patients were screened using the Diabetes Distress Scale-2 (DDS-2). A Diabetes Medication Complexity Scoring (DMCS) system was developed to objectively assess the diabetes medication complexity. Based on DMCS, participants were categorized into three groups: low (n=26), moderate (n=22), and high (n=26) medication complexity. RESULTS: Complexity groups were similar in sociodemographic characteristics, diabetes duration, body mass index, and blood pressure as well as the prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and hypoglycemic episodes. However, there were significant differences for HbA1c with higher HbA1c in the high and moderate complexity groups than in the low group (p=0.006). The microvascular complications were also more common in higher complexity groups (p=0.003). The prevalence of diabetes-related distress (DDS-2 ≥6) was 34.6% in the low, 36.4% in the moderate and 69.2% in the high complexity groups (p=0.021). There were significant differences in DDS-2 score among complexity groups (p=0.009), with higher DDS-2 score in the high complexity group compared with the moderate (p=0.008) and low complexity groups (p=0.009). The difference in DDS-2 score remained significant after adjusting for HbA1c (p=0.024) but did not reach statistical significance after controlling for both HbA1c and microvascular complications (p=0.163). CONCLUSIONS: A complex antidiabetic medication regimen may be associated with high levels of diabetes-related distress.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Prevalência , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Commercial off-the-shelf activity trackers (eg, Fitbit) allow users to self-monitor their daily physical activity (PA), including the number of steps, type of PA, amount of sleep, and other features. Fitbits have been used as both measurement and intervention tools. However, it is not clear how they are being incorporated into PA intervention studies, and their use in specific age groups across the life course is not well understood. OBJECTIVE: This narrative review aims to characterize how PA intervention studies across the life course use Fitbit devices by synthesizing and summarizing information on device selection, intended use (intervention vs measurement tool), participant wear instructions, rates of adherence to device wear, strategies used to boost adherence, and the complementary use of other PA measures. This review provides intervention scientists with a synthesis of information that may inform future trials involving Fitbit devices. METHODS: We conducted a search of the Fitabase Fitbit Research Library, a database of studies published between 2012 and 2018. Of the 682 studies available on the Fitabase research library, 60 interventions met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. A supplemental search in PubMed resulted in the inclusion of 15 additional articles published between 2019 and 2020. A total of 75 articles were reviewed, which represented interventions conducted in childhood; adolescence; and early, middle, and older adulthood. RESULTS: There was considerable heterogeneity in the use of Fitbit within and between developmental stages. Interventions for adults typically required longer wear periods, whereas studies on children and adolescents tended to have more limited device wear periods. Most studies used developmentally appropriate behavior change techniques and device wear instructions. Regardless of the developmental stage and intended Fitbit use (ie, measurement vs intervention tool), the most common strategies used to enhance wear time included sending participants reminders through texts or emails and asking participants to log their steps or synchronize their Fitbit data daily. The rates of adherence to the wear time criteria were reported using varying metrics. Most studies supplemented the use of Fitbit with additional objective or self-reported measures for PA. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the heterogeneity in Fitbit use across PA intervention studies reflects its relative novelty in the field of research. As the use of monitoring devices continues to expand in PA research, the lack of uniformity in study protocols and metrics of reported measures represents a major issue for comparability purposes. There is a need for increased transparency in the prospective registration of PA intervention studies. Researchers need to provide a clear rationale for the use of several PA measures and specify the source of their main PA outcome and how additional measures will be used in the context of Fitbit-based interventions.
Assuntos
Monitores de Aptidão Física , Envio de Mensagens de Texto , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , SonoRESUMO
Despite the important role of digesta mean retention time (MRT) on digestive efficiency of ruminants, it is poorly investigated in total gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of growing ruminants, especially in goats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of body weight (BW) and sex on GIT MRT of particles and solutes in growing Saanen goats. A dataset from two studies, comprising 103 individual records of castrated males (nâ =â 36), females (nâ =â 34), and intact males (nâ =â 33) Saanen goats slaughtered at 15, 22, 30, 37, and 45 kg BW, was used. Goats were fed basically with total mixed ration composed by dehydrated corn plant (Zea mays) milled to pass a 10-mm screen, cracked corn grain, and soybean (Glycine max) meal. Variables evaluated were BW, feed intake, feed intake level, composition of ingested diet, wet weight of GIT tissues, wet digesta pool size, digesta composition (dry matter and neutral detergent fiber [NDF]), indigestible NDF:NDF ratio of ingested diet and GIT digesta, MRT of particles (MRTiNDF) and solutes (MRTCr), and reticulorumen selectivity factors (large particles/solutes). Reticulorumen, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, cecum, and colon-rectum segments were evaluated. The dataset was analyzed as mixed models considering sex, BW, and sexâ ×â BW interaction as fixed effects, and study and residual error as random effects. Sex did not affect MRTiNDF in any GIT segments. Females and intact males presented similar reticulorumen MRTCr (5.6 h; Pâ =â 0.92) and they presented lower reticulorumen MRTCr than castrated males (7.0; Pâ ≤â 0.04). Total GIT MRTCr was similar between castrated males and females (15.7 h; Pâ =â 0.11) and between females and intact males (14.2 h; Pâ =â 0.76). Body weight (BW) did not affect MRTiNDF in reticulorumen and colon-rectum and total GIT MRTCr (Pâ ≥â 0.11). Reticulorumen and omasum MRTCr increased as BW increased (Pâ <â 0.01), and abomasum MRTCr decreased as BW increased (Pâ =â 0.02). Feed intake, and wet tissues and wet pool size of all GIT segments increased as BW increased, except abomasum wet pool size (Pâ ≤â 0.01). The mechanism related to sex effect on MRT has to be elucidated. Reticulorumen MRTiNDF and total GIT MRTCr were modulated by intake and capacity of reticulorumen and GIT, respectively. On the other hand, reticulorumen MRTCr seemed to be regulated by reticulo-omasal orifice opening and saliva secretion.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Previous literature has shown a negative relationship between parental stress and youth moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). This study examined (1) the relationship between parental stress and adolescent MVPA, (2) the moderating role of family communication on this relationship, and (3) gender differences in these effects among overweight and obese Hispanic adolescents. METHODS: Hispanic adolescents (N = 280, 52% female, 13.0 [0.8] y old, 44% obese, 12% severely obese) and their parents (88% female, 44.9 [6.5] y old) completed baseline measures for an efficacy trial. Adolescents self-reported MVPA in minutes per week for work, transportation, and recreation using a validated measure. Multiple regression analyses with interaction terms and multigroup methods were conducted. RESULTS: There was a negative effect of parental stress on adolescent MVPA (ß = -0.15, t = -2.018, P ≤ .05). This effect was moderated by family communication (ß = 0.20, t = 2.471, P = .01), such that the association between parental stress and youth MVPA was stronger for adolescents with low levels of family communication. Furthermore, a multiple group model showed that the interaction was significant for boys (ß = 0.27, t = 2.185, P = .03), but not for girls. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide support that addressing parental stress and family communication may help facilitate MVPA among Hispanic boys, the most at-risk group for pediatric obesity.