Multiethnic genome-wide association study of differentiated thyroid cancer in the EPITHYR consortium.

Incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) varies considerably between ethnic groups, with particularly high incidence rates in Pacific Islanders. DTC is one of the cancers with the highest familial risk suggesting a major role of genetic risk factors, but only few susceptibility loci were identified so far. In order to assess the contribution of known DTC susceptibility loci and to identify new ones, we conducted a multiethnic genome-wide association study (GWAS) in individuals of European ancestry and of Oceanian ancestry from Pacific Islands. Our study included 1554 cases/1973 controls of European ancestry and 301 cases/348 controls of Oceanian ancestry from seven population-based case-control studies participating to the EPITHYR consortium. All participants were genotyped using the OncoArray-500K Beadchip (Illumina). We confirmed the association with the known DTC susceptibility loci at 2q35, 8p12, 9q22.33 and 14q13.3 in the European ancestry population and suggested two novel signals at 1p31.3 and 16q23.2, which were associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in previous GWAS. We additionally replicated an association with 5p15.33 reported previously in Chinese and European populations. Except at 1p31.3, all associations were in the same direction in the population of Oceanian ancestry. We also observed that the frequencies of risk alleles at 2q35, 5p15.33 and 16q23.2 were significantly higher in Oceanians than in Europeans. However, additional GWAS and epidemiological studies in Oceanian populations are needed to fully understand the highest incidence observed in these populations.

Common variants at the 9q22.33, 14q13.3 and ATM loci, and risk of differentiated thyroid cancer in the Cuban population.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in Cuba is low and the contribution of host genetic factors to DTC in this population has not been investigated so far. Our goal was to assess the role of known risk polymorphisms in DTC cases living in Havana. We genotyped five polymorphisms located at the DTC susceptibility loci on chromosome 14q13.3 near NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1), on chromosome 9q22.33 near Forkhead factor E1 (FOXE1) and within the DNA repair gene Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) in 203 cases and 212 age- and sex- matched controls. Potential interactions between these polymorphisms and other DTC risk factors such as body surface area, body mass index, size, ethnicity, and, for women, the parity were also examined. RESULTS: Significant association with DTC risk was found for rs944289 near NKX2-1 (OR per A allele = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.1), and three polymorphisms near or within FOXE1, namely rs965513 (OR per A allele = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2-2.3), rs1867277 in the promoter region of the gene (OR per A allele = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-1.9) and the poly-alanine tract expansion polymorphism rs71369530 (OR per Long Allele = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3-2.5), only the 2 latter remaining significant when correcting for multiple tests. Overall, no association between DTC and the coding SNP D1853N (rs1801516) in ATM (OR per A Allele = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.7-1.7) was seen. Nevertheless women who had 2 or more pregnancies had a 3.5-fold increase in risk of DTC if they carried the A allele (OR 3.5, 95% CI: 3.2-9.8) as compared to 0.8 (OR 0.8, 95% CI: 0.4-1.6) in those who had fewer than 2. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed in the Cuban population the role of the loci previously associated with DTC susceptibility in European and Japanese populations through genome-wide association studies. Our results on ATM and the number of pregnancies raise interesting questions on the mechanisms by which oestrogens, or other hormones, alter the DNA damage response and DNA repair through the regulation of key effector proteins such as ATM. Due to the small size of our study and to multiple tests, all these results warrant further investigation.

FOXE1 Polymorphism Interacts with Dietary Iodine Intake in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Risk in the Cuban Population.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is low in Cuba, and the contribution of dietary factors to DTC in this population has not been investigated so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dietary iodine intake and DTC with regard to the interaction with environmental factors or some common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), based on a case-control study carried out in Cuba. METHODS: A total of 203 cases and 212 controls from the general population were interviewed face-to-face using the dietary intake questionnaire and the photo booklet from the E3N cohort. A specific food composition table was constructed for this study. For each parameter studied, the odds ratio (OR) was stratified on age group and sex, and further adjusted for dietary energy, smoking status, ethnic group, level of education, number of pregnancies, and body surface area. RESULTS: The risk of DTC was significantly reduced with increasing consumption of fish (p = 0.04), but no association between total dietary iodine intake and DTC risk was evident (p = 0.7). This lack of significant association was true whatever the age, the smoking status, the dietary selenium intake, and the ethnicity (p > 0.05). DTC risk was positively and strongly associated with the number of copies in the minor allele (A) for SNP rs965513 near FOXE1 among people who consumed less iodine than the median (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Overall, the majority of the studied population had an optimal dietary iodine intake. DTC risk was inversely associated with high fish consumption. Furthermore, DTC risk was positively associated with the number of copies in the minor allele (A) of rs965513 among people who consumed less iodine than the median. Because these findings are based on post-diagnostic measures, studies with pre-diagnostic dietary iodine are needed for confirmation.

Recreational Physical Activity and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis of Two Case-Control Studies.

PURPOSE: Physical activity has been hypothesized to influence cancer occurrence through several mechanisms. To date, its relation with thyroid cancer risk has been examined in relatively few studies. We pooled 2 case-control studies conducted in Cuba and Eastern France to assess the relationship between self-reported practice of recreational physical activity since childhood and thyroid cancer risk. METHODS: This pooled study included 1,008 cases of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) matched with 1,088 controls (age range 9-35 and 17-60 years in the French and Cuban studies, respectively). Risk factors associated with the practice of recreational physical activity were estimated using OR and 95% CI. Logistic regressions were stratified by age class, country, and gender and were adjusted for ethnic group, level of education, number of pregnancies for women, height, BMI, and smoking status. RESULTS: Overall, the risk of thyroid cancer was slightly reduced among subjects who reported recreational physical activity (OR = 0.8; 95% CI 0.5-1.0). The weekly frequency (i.e. h/week) seems to be more relevant than the duration (years). CONCLUSION: Long-term recreational physical activity, practiced since childhood, may reduce the DTC risk. However, the mechanisms whereby the DTC risk decreases are not yet entirely clear.

Thyroid volume and its relation to anthropometric measures in a healthy cuban population.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the thyroid volume in healthy adults by ultrasound and to correlate this volume with some anthropometric measures and other differentiated thyroid cancer risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: Thyroid volume and anthropometric measures were recorded in a sample of 100 healthy adults, including 21 men and 79 women aged 18-50 years, living in a non-iodine-deficient area of Havana city. RESULTS: The average thyroid volume was 6.6 ± 0.26 ml; it was higher in men (7.3 ml) than in women (6.4 ml; p = 0.15). In the univariate analysis, thyroid volume was correlated with all anthropometric measures, but in the multivariate analysis, body surface area was found to be the only significant anthropometric parameter. Thyroid volume was also higher in current or former smokers and in persons with blood group AB or B. CONCLUSION: Specific reference values of thyroid volume as a function of body surface area could be used for evaluating thyroid volume in clinical practice. The relation between body surface area and thyroid volume is coherent with what is known about the relation of thyroid volume to thyroid cancer risk, but the same is not true about the relation between thyroid volume and smoking habit.

Environmental, lifestyle, and anthropometric risk factors for differentiated thyroid cancer in cuba: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is low in people of African origin and higher in populations living on islands, but there is no well-established explanation for these differences. Cuba is a multiethnic nation with people of African and Spanish descent. Until now, no study on the risk factors of DTC has focused on the Cuban population. Our aim is to establish the role of environmental and lifestyle factors and to relate anthropometric measurements to the risk of developing DTC in Cuba. METHODS: We performed a case-control study of 203 DTC patients treated in two hospitals in Havana and 212 controls living in the area covered by these hospitals (i.e. parts of Havana and the municipality of Jaruco). Risk factors were analyzed using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: As has been shown by other studies, we found that non-African ethnicity, never smoking, parity, and high body mass index are risk factors significantly associated with DTC, whereas a history of exposure to ionizing radiation and level of education were not significantly related with disease development. Being rhesus factor-positive, having a personal history of benign thyroid disorder, agricultural occupation, and consumption of artesian well water were also associated with a significantly increased risk of developing DTC. CONCLUSIONS: The original findings reported here concern the risk of DTC that was associated with non-African ethnicity, positive rhesus factor, farming, and drinking water from an artesian well.

Tendencia de la mortalidad por càncer en Argentina, Cuba y Uruguay en un período de 15 años / Fifteen-year trends in cancer mortality in Argentina, Cuba and Uruguay

El càncer es la segunda causa de muerte en Argentina, Cuba y Uruguay durante la última década, la mortalidad por càncer ha mostrado una tendencia hacia la disminución en los países màs desarrollados. Objetivos: describir la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad por sitios seleccionados de càncer en Argentina, Cuba y Uruguay durante 1990-2005. Para cada sitio de càncer, sexo y país se calcularon las tasas específicas por grupos de edad y ajustadas por el método directo (a la población mundial). Para identificar los puntos de cambio estadísticamente significativos en la tendencia de las tasas ajustadas se utilizó el anàlisis de regresión lineal segmentada; se estimó el porcentaje de cambio anual. Excepto para Cuba, la mortalidad por todas las causas decreció durante el período. Pulmón: se observó una tendencia decreciente en hombres en Argentina y Uruguay (porcentaje estimado de cambio anual: -2,25 y -1,28 por ciento respectivamente), y creciente en mujeres (porcentaje estimado de cambio anual: 1,75; 2,83 y 3,02) en Argentina, Uruguay y Cuba, respectivamente. Mama: tendencia decreciente en los tres países. Próstata: es el segundo tumor en importancia en Cuba y Uruguay, tercero en Argentina. Un cambio negativo en la tendencia se observó desde 1993 (Cuba) y 1998 (Argentina). Colon/recto: tasas decrecientes en Argentina en ambos sexos y estables en Cuba y Uruguay. Esófago: mortalidad decreciente en Argentina y Uruguay. Útero: en los tres países la mortalidad por Útero no especificado fue similar a cuello, disminuyó para Argentina y Uruguay, mientras aumentó en Cuba. El càncer de cuerpo disminuyó en Argentina. La mortalidad en Cuba refleja un aumento para los tumores tabaco-relacionados. Mayor calidad de la certificación de muerte podría enmascarar una tendencia negativa de la mortalidad por cßncer de cuello de útero. Las tendencias negativas en càncer de próstata podrían ser resultado de avances en ...

Cancer is the second cause of death in Argentina, Cuba and Uruguay during the last decade, cancer mortality has shown a decrease trend in developed countries. Objective To describe mortality trends over time by cancer site in Argentina, Cuba and Uruguay during 1990-2005. For each cancer site, country and gender, age-group specific and standardised (overall) rates were calculated by direct method (using the world standard population). The jointpoint regression analysis was used to identify the best-fitting points were a statistically significant change in the trend occurred and annual percent change was also estimated. Total cancer mortality rates decline during the whole period excepting for Cuba. Lung: a negative tendency was observed in men in Argentina and Uruguay (annual percent change: -2.25 and -1.28 percent respectively), and increased in women (annual percent change: 1,75, 2,83 and 3,02) in Argentina, Uruguay and Cuba respectively. Breast: Negative trends were observed in the three countries. Prostate: it is the second cause of mortality in men in Cuba and Uruguay , and third in Argentina. A negative change in the tendency was observed from 1993 (Cuba) and 1998 (Argentina). Colon/recto: Decreasing rates were shown in Argentina in both sexes whereas not changes were noted in Cuba and Uruguay. Esophagus: Negative trends were detected in Argentina and Uruguay. Uterus: in the three countries mortality for Uterus non-specified was similar to cervix, diminishing for Argentina and Uruguay, while increased in Cuba. Body of uterus mortality diminished in Argentina. Conclusions Mortality trends in Cuba indicate an increasing for the tobacco related-cancer. Enhancing quality of death certification could mask a negative tendency of the mortality for cervix cancer. Negative trends in prostate cancer might be view from the impact of advances in diagnosis and treatment...

Distribución geográfica del cáncer de laringe en Cuba / Geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer in Cuba

Introducción Cuba se encuentra entre los países con más altas tasas de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer de laringe. Objetivos Identificar la distribución geográfica de la incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer de laringe durante el período 1999-2004. Métodos Se tomaron los casos nuevos reportados al Registro Nacional de Cáncer durante el período 1999-2003 y los fallecidos del período 2000-2004. Se estimaron las Razones de Incidencia y Mortalidad promedio Estandarizada por edades para ambas etapas. Como riesgo estándar se tomaron las tasas específicas promedio de incidencia y mortalidad por grupos de edades de Cuba para los períodos respectivos. Se realizó la representación cartográfica del riego estimado. Resultados El riesgo de enfermar y morir fue más alto en hombres que en mujeres. En hombres el riesgo de enfermar fue significativamente más alto en Villa Clara, Matanzas, Ciudad de La Habana e Isla de la Juventud, mientras que el mayor riego de morir se observó en Granma, Ciudad de La Habana, Holguín e Isla de la Juventud. En mujeres el riesgo de enfermar no mostró diferencias regionales significativas mientras que el riesgo de morir fue significativamente más alto en Pinar del Río. Conclusiones Las diferencias regionales de enfermar y morir por cáncer de laringe pueden sugerir diagnósticos más tardíos y tratamientos menos oportunos en algunas provincias. Estos hallazgos deben alertar a las autoridades sanitarias, fundamentalmente en lo que respecta a la revisión del cumplimiento de las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento y al desarrollo de planes de actualización y formación de profesionales.

Introduction Cuba is one of the countries with the highest rates of incidence of and mortality from laryngeal cancer. Objectives To identify the geographical distribution of the incidence of and mortality from laryngeal cancer in the 1999-2004 period. Methods The new cases reported to the National Register of Cancer from 1999 to 2003 as well as the deaths occured in the period of 2000 to 2004 were taken into consideration. Age-standardized average incidence and mortality rations for both periods were estimated. The standard risk was the specific average incidence and mortality rates by age groups in Cuba for the respective periods. The cartographic representation of the estimated risk was made. Results The risk of getting sick and dying was higher in men than in women. Regarding men, the risk of getting sick was significantly higher in Villa Clara, Matanzas, Ciudad de la Habana and Isla de la Juventud whereas the highest risk of dying was observed in Gramma, Ciudad de La Habana, Holguín and Isla de la Juventud. The risk of getting sick for women did not show significant regional differences whereas the risk of dying was substantially higher in Pinar del Río. Conclusions The regional differences in the risk of getting sick and dying from laryngeal cancer may suggest that later diagnosis and less timely therapies in some provinces could have been the causes. These findings should be an alert to the health authorities in terms of the review of the compliance with diagnosis and treatment guidelines and the development of professional formation and updating programs.

Detección precoz del cáncer de laringe en Cuba / Early detection of laryngeal cancer in Cuba

La laringe constituye un órgano anatómicamente complejo. Glotis, supraglotis y subglotis son, en orden de importancia relativa, los sitios más frecuentes de asentamiento de tumores, los cuales se distinguen clínicamente por el modo en que afectan las principales funciones de la laringe: fonación y deglución. Describir la frecuencia, características sociodemográficas y tumorales correspondientes a los casos incidentes de cáncer de laringe en Cuba según subsitio anatómico dentro de la laringe. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo a partir de los casos nuevos de cáncer de laringe reportados al Registro Nacional de Cáncer durante el período 1988-2003. Se analizó información sociodemográfica de los casos y otras variables relacionadas con el diagnóstico y la enfermedad tumoral. Se utilizó la prueba Chi-cuadrado de independencia para determinar asociación entre las variables en estudio con un nivel de significación de 0,05. El cáncer de laringe ocupa una de las primeras causas de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer en Cuba, fundamentalmente en hombres entre 50-74 años de edad. Mientras que el cáncer de subglotis es poco frecuente, el cáncer de glotis es hasta tres veces más frecuente que el de supraglotis. El cáncer de glotis da síntomas tempranamente pudiendo ser detectado mediante un examen relativamente sencillo. Considerando las características del sistema nacional de salud cubano, este hecho puede abrir una expectativa al diagnóstico temprano, por lo que es recomendable evaluar la factibilidad y eficacia del examen otorrinolaringológico -como parte del examen periódico anual- fundamentalmente en hombres de 50 años y más, con historia de tabaquismo o alcoholismo, con el fin de detectar y tratar tempranamente la enfermedad.

Larynx is an anatomically complex organ. Glottis, supraglottis and subglottis are, in order of relative importance, the most frequent tumor locations, which are clinically characterized by the way they affect the main functions of the larynx: phonation and deglutition. Objectives the present paper describes the frequency, socio-demographic and tumorous characteristics of laryngeal cancer cases in Cuba. A descriptive study was conducted, taking the new laryngeal cancer cases reported to the National Register of Cancer from 1988 to 2003 as a basis. Social and demographic information of cases and other variables related to diagnosis and to the tumorous disease were analyzed. Chi-square test of independence determined the association of variables under study, with significance level equal to0,05. Laryngeal cancer is one of the first causes of incidence and mortality due to cancer in Cuba, mainly in males aged 50-74 years. Although subglottis cancer is rare, glottis cancer is up to three times as frequent as that of supraglottis. Glottis cancer shows early symptoms, so it can be detected on a relatively simple examination. Considering the Cuban health system characteristics, this event could open up possibilities for early detection, therefore, it would be advisable to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of the otorhinolaryngology test -as part of the annual systematic examination -mainly in men aged 50 years and more, with history of smoking/alcoholism, in order to detect and treat the disease early.

Tendencia de la incidencia de cáncer de laringe en Cuba, 1988-2003 / Trends of laryngeal cancer incidence in Cuba, 1988-2003

Cuba se encuentra entre los países con más alta tasa de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer de laringe en ambos sexos, ocupa el cuarto lugar en orden de importancia relativa en hombres. Proveer información actualizada y analizar los cambios recientes en la tendencia de la incidencia de cáncer de laringe en Cuba durante el período 1988-2003. Utilizando los datos del Registro Nacional de Cáncer y la población estimada, durante el período estudiado, se aborda el estudio de la tendencia temporal de las tasas de incidencia de cáncer de laringe. Se estiman las tasas crudas, específicas y estandarizadas (global y truncada). Se utiliza el método de regresión lineal segmentada (jointpont regression) para estimar el porcentaje de cambio anual e identificar puntos de cambio en la tendencia. Los datos mostraron que el cáncer de laringe es más frecuente a partir de la sexta y séptima década de la vida, oscilando alrededor de 5-6 hombres por mujer. Entre 1988 y el 2003, la tasa ajustada total por edades varió entre 8,4/100 000 y 10,4/100 000, en hombres, con un incremento anual promedio estadísticamente significativo (p<0,05) de 1,44 por ciento, mientras que en mujeres el cambio no fue estadísticamente significativo. Después de un incremento estadísticamente significativo hacia 1999, se observó una caída incipiente de las tasas de incidencia en hombres, lo que sugiere que podría guardar relación con la disminución de la prevalencia de tabaquismo y alcoholismo entre 1995 y 2001 informada por la encuesta nacional de factores de riesgo y enfermedades transmisibles (I y II). Es necesario seguir insistiendo a todos los niveles, para alcanzar logros importantes en materia de cesación de tabaquismo y alcoholismo y sobretodo de no iniciación por los más jóvenes, principales factores de riesgo putativos de los llamados cánceres de cabeza y cuello.

Cuba is one of the countries with higher laryngeal cancer incidence and mortality rates in both sexes, being the fourth in terms of relative significance for males. Objectives to provide updated information and analyze the recent changes in the tendency of laryngeal cancer incidence rates in Cuba from 1988-2003. Using data from the National Cancer Register and the estimated population during the 1988-2003 period, the time tendency of laryngeal cancer incidence rates was studied. Crude, specific and standardized (global and truncated) rates were estimated. The jointpoint regression method served to estimate the yearly change percentage and to identify points of change in the tendency. Collected data showed that laryngeal cancer was more common after 60 to 70 years of age ranging 5-6 men per woman approximately. From 1988 to 2003, the overall age-adjusted rate varied from 8.4 per 100 000 to 10.4 per 100 000 for men, with a statistically significant (p<0,05) annual average increase of 1.44 percent whereas that change was not statistically significant for females. After a statistically significant rise in 1999, it was observed that incidence rates exhibited an incipient fall in men, which is indicative of a possible relation with a drop in smoking and alcoholism prevalence from 1995 to 2001 according to data from the national survey of risk factors and communicable diseases (I and II). It is necessary to continue working at all levels to achieve substantial accomplishments in ceasing smoking and alcoholism and mainly, in preventing young people from falling into these habits which are fundamental putative risk factors of head and neck cancers.

Repercusiones éticas de los programas de pesquisaje masivo en el control del cáncer / Ethical repercussion of massive screening programs for cancer control

Los programas masivos de pesquisaje para el control del cáncer provocan riesgos de orden biológico, psicológicos y sociales. El presente trabajo pretende reflexionar sobre algunos aspectos éticos actuales relacionados con la implantación de dichos programas. La puesta en marcha de un pesquisaje debe responder a un minucioso análisis de los procedimientos diagnósticos que permitan minimizar sus efectos colaterales. Se requiere que el pesquisaje sea efectivo en función del costo, esto es en sí mismo la justificación para su puesta en marcha. La disminución de la mortalidad entraña una menor carga para la sociedad, sin embargo, la reflexión ética inclina a pensar que el beneficio debe ser esencialmente individual antes que colectivo. La suposición de que el diagnóstico temprano es siempre beneficioso y que el tumor detectado en una etapa temprana produciría los mejores resultados terapéuticos, ha sido objetada para algunos tipos de cánceres. La política de los programas de pesquisaje del cáncer está cambiando en los años recientes. Su baja efectividad, las consecuencias éticas que se derivan del diagnóstico precoz o el alto costo de determinadas estrategias, hacen que se evalúen nuevas formas de abordar esta problemática que permitirá disponer de los recursos para ser utilizados en métodos menos costosos y de menor riesgo. La certeza de que más del 80 por ciento de los cánceres pueden atribuirse a conductas riesgosas tales como el hábito de fumar y las dietas ricas en grasas animales, supone orientar las políticas de salud hacia la promoción de una vida saludable.

Massive screening programs for cancer control imply biological, psychological and social risks. The present paper was aimed at making reflections on some current ethical aspects associated to the implementation of these programs. The performance of a screening program should respond to a thorough analysis of diagnosing procedures that makes it possible to reduce to minimum the side effects. It is required that screening be effective in terms of cost to justify its performance. The decrease of the mortality rate entails a lower burden for the society; however, the ethical reflections makes one inclined to think that the benefit should be fundamentally individual rather than collective. The assumption that early diagnosis is always advantageous and that detection of tumor at early stage brings about better therapeutic results has been called into question by some types of cancer. The policy of cancer screening programs has changed in recent years. Low effectiveness, ethical consequences derived from early diagnosis or the high cost of certain strategies lead to the evaluation of new forms of approaching this issue, which will facilitate to avail of necessary resources to be invested in less costly and risky methods. It is certain that 80 percent of cancers may be attributed to risky behaviours such as smoking and animal fat-rich diets, so this means that health policies should be oriented toward the promotion of healthy lifestyle.

Estudio sobre un pronóstico del nivel de la fecundidad cubana para un año del quinquenio 1986-1990 / Study on the prognosis of cuban fecundity level for year of 1986-1990 quinquennium

El estudio de las tendencias de la fecundidad en Cuba reviste especial significación, debido a las características de la misma en el país y a su creciente disminución en los últimos años. En el presente trabajo se analiza la dinámica de los niveles de fecundidad en Cuba en los últimos 30 años. Se describe el comportamiento por edades de la fecundidad y se identifica su tendencia mediante el indicador tasa bruta de reproducción utilizando para el análisis de la misma, el modelo de regresión lineal simple. Se identifica una tendencia decreciente de la fecundidad y se mencionan algunos factores causales. Se pronostica que el nivel de la fecundidad estimado para 1987, medido por medio de la tasa bruta de reproducción está entre 0,53% y 0,79 hijas por mujer

Riesgo de morir por cancer en Cuba / Risk of dying of cancer in Cuba

Se analizan las provincias con mayor riesgo de morir por cancer total. Las zonas investigadas son la mama y el pulmon (masculino) durante el periodo de 1991 a 1993. Estos resultados fueron comparados con el trienio 1983-1985. En cuanto a todas las localizaciones del cancer, ambos periodos tuvieron un numero similar de provincias con un riesgo mayor que el promedio nacional, pero vario la distribucion de estas y solo coincidieron en Ciudad de La Habana. Tambien en esta provincia se reitera un mayor riesgo de morir por cancer de mama en la mujer, y cancer del pulmon en el hombre, el cual esta presenta tambien en otras provincias de occidente y centro del pais. entre las provincias de menor riesgo no hay ninguna en que este pueda considerarse como bajo

El riesgo de enfermar y morir por cáncer en las diferentes provincias de Cuba / Cancer morbidity and mortality risk in the different provinces of Cuba

El presente trabajo describe la distribución geográfica del riesgo de enmfermar y morir por cáncer en Cuba, de las primeras localizaciones utilizando un indice resumen del trieno 1983-1985, libre del efecto distorsionador de la estructura por edades de la población. Se identifica un mayor riesgo de las provincias de mayor desarrollo socioeconómico con excepción del cáncer cervicouterino y la relación de este comportamiento con factores de riesgo conocidos. Se propone el uso de estos resultados en la gestión administrativa del Programa de Reducción de la Mortalidad por cáncer