Benthic invaders control the phosphorus cycle in the world's largest freshwater ecosystem.

The productivity of aquatic ecosystems depends on the supply of limiting nutrients. The invasion of the Laurentian Great Lakes, the world's largest freshwater ecosystem, by dreissenid (zebra and quagga) mussels has dramatically altered the ecology of these lakes. A key open question is how dreissenids affect the cycling of phosphorus (P), the nutrient that limits productivity in the Great Lakes. We show that a single species, the quagga mussel, is now the primary regulator of P cycling in the lower four Great Lakes. By virtue of their enormous biomass, quagga mussels sequester large quantities of P in their tissues and dramatically intensify benthic P exchanges. Mass balance analysis reveals a previously unrecognized sensitivity of the Great Lakes ecosystem, where P availability is now regulated by the dynamics of mussel populations while the role of the external inputs of phosphorus is suppressed. Our results show that a single invasive species can have dramatic consequences for geochemical cycles even in the world's largest aquatic ecosystems. The ongoing spread of dreissenids across a multitude of lakes in North America and Europe is likely to affect carbon and nutrient cycling in these systems for many decades, with important implications for water quality management.

DeepLearnMOR: a deep-learning framework for fluorescence image-based classification of organelle morphology.

The proper biogenesis, morphogenesis, and dynamics of subcellular organelles are essential to their metabolic functions. Conventional techniques for identifying, classifying, and quantifying abnormalities in organelle morphology are largely manual and time-consuming, and require specific expertise. Deep learning has the potential to revolutionize image-based screens by greatly improving their scope, speed, and efficiency. Here, we used transfer learning and a convolutional neural network (CNN) to analyze over 47,000 confocal microscopy images from Arabidopsis wild-type and mutant plants with abnormal division of one of three essential energy organelles: chloroplasts, mitochondria, or peroxisomes. We have built a deep-learning framework, DeepLearnMOR (Deep Learning of the Morphology of Organelles), which can rapidly classify image categories and identify abnormalities in organelle morphology with over 97% accuracy. Feature visualization analysis identified important features used by the CNN to predict morphological abnormalities, and visual clues helped to better understand the decision-making process, thereby validating the reliability and interpretability of the neural network. This framework establishes a foundation for future larger-scale research with broader scopes and greater data set diversity and heterogeneity.

Copper-Catalyzed [4 + 1] Annulation of Enaminothiones with Indoline-Based Diazo Compounds.

A concise synthetic route to spiroindoline-fused S-heterocycles was developed through copper-catalyzed [4 + 1] annulation using enaminothiones as donor-acceptor synthons. Both 3-diazoindolin-2-imines and 3-diazooxindoles were amenable to work as effective C1 building blocks. The reaction proceeds via a copper-catalyzed cascade process involving the in situ generation of copper(I) carbene and C-S/C-C bond formation. This synthetic protocol features the use of readily available substrates, diverse substituent tolerance, and good to excellent yields.

Correlational research on facial and clinical characteristics of adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: The neurodevelopmental model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggests that the neurodevelopmental changes in the ventral striatal circuit of the prefrontal lobe are associated with the initial symptoms of OCD. Facial morphology is one of the most consistent anatomical phenotypes of neurodevelopmental disorders, which can reflect brain structure and function. Facial deformity, an easily measured index of brain malformation, can reflect abnormal brain structure and function. Therefore, this study aims to explore the relationship between clinical features and neurodevelopment of adolescents with OCD through facial morphology. METHODS: The enrolled study sample comprised 40 adolescents diagnosed with OCD using the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) and 38 healthy controls (HCs). Facial photos, 21 facial diameters, and 9 facial angles were collected using image software. RESULTS: In males, lower lip red height was significantly lower in OCD patients than in HCs (P < 0.025); no significant differences were observed in other facial indicators (all P > 0.025). In females, the nasolabial angle was smaller in OCD patients than in HCs (P < 0.025); no significant differences were observed in other facial indicators (all P > 0.025). The difference in lower lip red height between the OCD group and HC group was positively correlated with neutralizing symptoms (r = 0.401, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Male OCD patients had a thinner lower lip and female OCD patients had smaller nasolabial angles. The facial features of adolescents with OCD were positively correlated with lower lip redness and neutralizing symptoms.

Photometric screens identified Arabidopsis peroxisome proteins that impact photosynthesis under dynamic light conditions.

Plant peroxisomes function collaboratively with other subcellular organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, in several metabolic processes. To comprehensively investigate the impact of peroxisomal function on photosynthesis, especially under conditions that are more relevant to natural environments, a systematic screen of over 150 Arabidopsis mutants of genes encoding peroxisomal proteins was conducted using the automated Dynamic Environment Photosynthesis Imager (DEPI). Dynamic and high-light (HL) conditions triggered significant photosynthetic defects in a subset of the mutants, including those of photorespiration (PR) and other peroxisomal processes, some of which may also be related to PR. Further analysis of the PR mutants revealed activation of cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I and higher accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) under HL conditions. We hypothesize that impaired PR disturbs the balance of ATP and NADPH, leading to the accumulation of H2 O2 that activates CEF to produce ATP to compensate for the imbalance of reducing equivalents. The identification of peroxisomal mutants involved in PR and other peroxisomal functions in the photometric screen will enable further investigation of regulatory links between photosynthesis and PR and interorganellar interaction at the mechanistic level.

A Cytosolic Bypass and G6P Shunt in Plants Lacking Peroxisomal Hydroxypyruvate Reductase.

The oxygenation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate by Rubisco is the first step in photorespiration and reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis in C3 plants. Our recent data indicate that mutants in photorespiration have increased rates of photosynthetic cyclic electron flow around photosystem I. We investigated mutant lines lacking peroxisomal hydroxypyruvate reductase to determine if there are connections between 2-phosphoglycolate accumulation and cyclic electron flow in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found that 2-phosphoglycolate is a competitive inhibitor of triose phosphate isomerase, an enzyme in the Calvin-Benson cycle that converts glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This block in metabolism could be overcome if glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is exported to the cytosol, where cytosolic triose phosphate isomerase could convert it to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. We found evidence that carbon is reimported as glucose-6-phosphate, forming a cytosolic bypass around the block of stromal triose phosphate isomerase. However, this also stimulates a glucose-6-phosphate shunt, which consumes ATP, which can be compensated by higher rates of cyclic electron flow.

Dynamic polyphosphate metabolism in cyanobacteria responding to phosphorus availability.

Despite the crucial role of polyphosphate (polyP) in aquatic environments, its metabolism in cyanobacteria responding to nutrients is poorly understood. We investigate polyP in three cyanobacteria species, specifically unicellular picocyanobacteria, under various nutritional conditions. Our experiments show that the accumulation of polyP in cyanobacteria is strongly dynamic, depending on phosphate levels and growth stages. 'Overplus' uptake of phosphorus (P) during the lag phase leads to the rapid accumulation of polyP, followed by lower polyP quotas during the exponential growth stage as a result of competing 'luxury' P uptake and polyP utilization to support rapid cell division. Cyanobacteria are capable of P deficiency responses that preferentially maintain polyP. However, preferential utilization of polyP occurs under severe P stress, suggesting the crucial role of polyP as P reserve to support cellular survival. Strong variability was observed among different species of cyanobacteria in their ability to accumulate polyP, and likely in the threshold P levels at which preferential polyP degradation occurs. This suggests that some cyanobacteria may be more adaptive to P-stressed or P-fluctuating conditions. Our results explain and provide important insights into the variability of polyP observed in aquatic environments where picocyanobacteria are the dominant primary producers.

Proteome analysis of peroxisomes from etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings identifies a peroxisomal protease involved in ß-oxidation and development.

Plant peroxisomes are highly dynamic organelles that mediate a suite of metabolic processes crucial to development. Peroxisomes in seeds/dark-grown seedlings and in photosynthetic tissues constitute two major subtypes of plant peroxisomes, which had been postulated to contain distinct primary biochemical properties. Multiple in-depth proteomic analyses had been performed on leaf peroxisomes, yet the major makeup of peroxisomes in seeds or dark-grown seedlings remained unclear. To compare the metabolic pathways of the two dominant plant peroxisomal subtypes and discover new peroxisomal proteins that function specifically during seed germination, we performed proteomic analysis of peroxisomes from etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. The detection of 77 peroxisomal proteins allowed us to perform comparative analysis with the peroxisomal proteome of green leaves, which revealed a large overlap between these two primary peroxisomal variants. Subcellular targeting analysis by fluorescence microscopy validated around 10 new peroxisomal proteins in Arabidopsis. Mutant analysis suggested the role of the cysteine protease RESPONSE TO DROUGHT21A-LIKE1 in ß-oxidation, seed germination, and growth. This work provides a much-needed road map of a major type of plant peroxisome and has established a basis for future investigations of peroxisomal proteolytic processes to understand their roles in development and in plant interaction with the environment.

Magnetic order close to superconductivity in the iron-based layered LaO1-xFxFeAs systems.

Following the discovery of long-range antiferromagnetic order in the parent compounds of high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) copper oxides, there have been efforts to understand the role of magnetism in the superconductivity that occurs when mobile 'electrons' or 'holes' are doped into the antiferromagnetic parent compounds. Superconductivity in the newly discovered rare-earth iron-based oxide systems ROFeAs (R, rare-earth metal) also arises from either electron or hole doping of their non-superconducting parent compounds. The parent material LaOFeAs is metallic but shows anomalies near 150 K in both resistivity and d.c. magnetic susceptibility. Although optical conductivity and theoretical calculations suggest that LaOFeAs exhibits a spin-density-wave (SDW) instability that is suppressed by doping with electrons to induce superconductivity, there has been no direct evidence of SDW order. Here we report neutron-scattering experiments that demonstrate that LaOFeAs undergoes an abrupt structural distortion below 155 K, changing the symmetry from tetragonal (space group P4/nmm) to monoclinic (space group P112/n) at low temperatures, and then, at approximately 137 K, develops long-range SDW-type antiferromagnetic order with a small moment but simple magnetic structure. Doping the system with fluorine suppresses both the magnetic order and the structural distortion in favour of superconductivity. Therefore, like high-T(c) copper oxides, the superconducting regime in these iron-based materials occurs in close proximity to a long-range-ordered antiferromagnetic ground state.

Peroxisomes and photomorphogenesis.

In higher plants, light-grown seedlings exhibit photomorphogenesis, a developmental program controlled by a complex web of interactions between photoreceptors, central repressors, and downstream effectors that leads to changes in gene expression and physiological changes. Light induces peroxisomal proliferation through a phytochrome A-mediated pathway, in which the transcription factor HYH activates the peroxisomal proliferation factor gene PEX11b. Microarray analysis revealed that light activates the expression of a number of peroxisomal genes, especially those involved in photorespiration, a process intimately associated with photosynthesis. In contrast, light represses the expression of genes involved in ß-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle, peroxisomal pathways essential for seedling establishment before photosynthesis begins. Furthermore, the peroxisome is a source of signaling molecules, notably nitric oxide, which promotes photomorphogenesis. Lastly, a gain-of-function mutant of the peroxisomal membrane-tethered RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase PEX2 partially suppresses the phenotype of the photomorphogenic mutant det1. Possible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are discussed.

DeepCBA: a deep learning framework for gene expression prediction in maize based on DNA sequence and chromatin interaction.

Chromatin interactions create spatial proximity between distal regulatory elements and target genes in the genome, which has an important impact on gene expression, transcriptional regulation, and phenotypic traits. To date, several methods have been developed for predicting gene expression. However, existing methods do not take into consideration the impact of chromatin interactions on target gene expression, thus potentially reduces the accuracy of gene expression prediction and mining of important regulatory elements. In this study, a highly accurate deep learning-based gene expression prediction model (DeepCBA) based on maize chromatin interaction data was developed. Compared with existing models, DeepCBA exhibits higher accuracy in expression classification and expression value prediction. The average Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) for predicting gene expression using gene promoter proximal interactions, proximal-distal interactions, and proximal and distal interactions were 0.818, 0.625, and 0.929, respectively, representing an increase of 0.357, 0.16, and 0.469 over the PCC of traditional methods that only use gene proximal sequences. Some important motifs were identified through DeepCBA and were found to be enriched in open chromatin regions and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and have the molecular characteristic of tissue specificity. Importantly, the experimental results of maize flowering-related gene ZmRap2.7 and tillering-related gene ZmTb1 demonstrate the feasibility of DeepCBA in exploring regulatory elements that affect gene expression. Moreover, the promoter editing and verification of two reported genes (ZmCLE7, ZmVTE4) demonstrated new insights of DeepCBA in precise designing of gene expression and even future intelligent breeding. DeepCBA is available at http://www.deepcba.com/ or http://124.220.197.196/.

[Effects of Tongnao Huoluo acupuncture therapy on Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 of rats with acute cerebral infarction].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of Tongnao Huoluo acupuncture therapy (THAT) on Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 rats with acute cerebral infarction (ACI). METHODS: Totally 264 SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, i.e. the THAT group (n =72), the thrombolysis group (n =72), the body acupuncture group (n =72), the ischemia control group (n =24), and the sham-operation group (n =24). Successfully modeled rats were recruited in all groups except the sham-operation group. Rats in the THAT group, the thrombolysis group, and the body acupuncture group were divided into 3 subgroups according to the disease occurrence time, i.e., < or = 1.5 h THAT group, 1.5+ -2 h THAT group, and 2+ -3 h THAT group. The neuroethological scores were assessed at 6, 24, and 72 h after treatment. The expressions of Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 were detected using immunohistochemical staining at 24 and 72 h respectively. RESULTS: In aspect of improving scores of neurological functions: At 6 h after treatment within 2 h after the disease occurrence, the neuroethological scores were lowered more obviously in the thrombolysis group than in the THAT group (P <0.05). There was statistical difference at 24 and 72 h within 2 - 3 h after the,disease occurrence between the THAT group and the thrombolysis group (P <0.05). Compared with before treatment, there was statistical difference at 24 and 72 h within 3 h after the disease occurrence (P <0. 05, P <0.01). In aspect of lowering the expression of Caspase-3 and elevating the expression of Bcl-2: There was statistical difference in lowering the expression of Caspase-3 and elevating the expression of Bcl-2 between the THAT group and the thrombolysis group at 72 h within 2 -3 after the disease occurrence (P <0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: THAT showed favorable effects in lowering neuroethological scores, lowering expression of Caspase-3, and elevating the expression of Bcl-2 of ACI rats.

Reduced chemosymbiont genome in the methane seep thyasirid and the cooperated metabolisms in the holobiont under anaerobic sediment.

Previous studies have deciphered the genomic basis of host-symbiont metabolic complementarity in vestimentiferans, bathymodioline mussels, vesicomyid clams and Alviniconcha snails, yet little is known about the chemosynthetic symbiosis in Thyasiridae-a family of Bivalvia regarded as an excellent model in chemosymbiosis research due to their wide distribution in both deep-sea and shallow-water habitats. We report the first circular thyasirid symbiont genome, named Candidatus Ruthturnera sp. Tsphm01, with a size of 1.53 Mb, 1521 coding genes and 100% completeness. Compared to its free-living relatives, Ca. Ruthturnera sp. Tsphm01 genome is reduced, lacking components for chemotaxis, citric acid cycle and de novo biosynthesis of small molecules (e.g. amino acids and cofactors), indicating it is likely an obligate intracellular symbiont. Nevertheless, the symbiont retains complete genomic components of sulphur oxidation and assimilation of inorganic carbon, and these systems were highly and actively expressed. Moreover, the symbiont appears well-adapted to anoxic environment, including capable of anaerobic respiration (i.e. reductions of DMSO and nitrate) and possession of a low oxygen-adapted type of cytochrome c oxidase. Analysis of the host transcriptome revealed its metabolic complementarity to the incomplete metabolic pathways of the symbiont and the acquisition of nutrients from the symbiont via phagocytosis and exosome. By providing the first complete genome of reduced size in a thyasirid symbiont, this study enhances our understanding of the diversity of symbiosis that has enabled bivalves to thrive in chemosynthetic habitats. The resources will be widely used in phylogenetic, geographic and evolutionary studies of chemosynthetic bacteria and bivalves.

Phosphorus internal loading and sediment diagenesis in a large eutrophic lake (Lake Chaohu, China).

Sediment phosphorus (P) release and retention are important in controlling whole-system P dynamics and budget in eutrophic lakes. Here we combine short- (seasonal) and long-term (years to decades) studies to quantify the internal P loading and P release potential in the sediments of Lake Chaohu and explore their controlling mechanisms. In the west region of the lake, short-term P diffusive fluxes ranged from 0.2 mg/m2·d-1 to 6.69 mg/m2·d-1 (averaged 2.76 mg/m2·d-1) and long-term net P release ranged from 2.25 mg/m2·d-1 to 8.94 mg/m2·d-1 (averaged 5.34 mg/m2·d-1); in the east region, short-term P diffusive fluxes varied from 0.73 mg/m2·d-1 to 1.76 mg/m2·d-1 (averaged 1.05 mg/m2·d-1) and long-term P release ranged from 0.13 mg/m2·d-1 to 4.15 mg/m2·d-1 (averaged 1.3 mg/m2·d-1). Both short- and long-term P releases were in the same order of magnitudes as the external P inputs (3.56 mg/m2·d-1). Comparison of the long-term and short-term sediment P release indicates that while the high summer P release in the east might only represent a snapshot value, the sediments in the west contribute to large P release for years or even decades, impeding water quality recovery under lake management. Mobilization of surface sediment legacy P accounted for 81% of short-term P release. The long-term release was dominated by remobilization of iron bond P (BD-P) (average 52.1%) at all sites, while Aluminium-bound P (NaOH-rP) exhibited partly reactive and potentially mobile, releasing P to the water column in most sites in the west. Our study demonstrates the importance of sediments as P sources in lake Chaohu. The combination of short- and long-term P release studies can help understand the roles of sediments in regulating the water quality and eutrophication.

Characterization of internal phosphorus loading in the sediment of a large eutrophic lake (Lake Taihu, China).

Lake Taihu suffers from severe algal blooms every year, which is attributed primarily to the release of sediment phosphorus (P), namely the internal P loading. However, the overall internal P loading and the P hotspots in sediment have not been fully studied. This paper presents several methods, including sequential P extraction, the use of diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT), and intact core incubation to give a detailed investigation of sediment internal P loading as well as its roles in algal dominated zones (ADZs) and grass dominated zones (GDZs) in Lake Taihu. Sediment microbial composition was also analyzed to investigate its relationship with P fractions. The results indicate that the total P and the mobile P fraction in the ADZ sediments are generally higher than those of the GDZ sediments. The percentage of sediment mobile P to TP is similar to the mobile P in their distributions. In contrast, calcium bound P accounts for most of the TP in GDZ, while mobile P contributes the most to TP in ADZ. Overall, sediment can release 256 tons of TP and 217 tons of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) over a period of six months in the warmer seasons. Similarly, a high concentration of DGT-measured P was observed in ADZs that are recognized as P hotspots in Lake Taihu. Sediments in ADZ and GDZ was dominated by the bacteria Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, respectively and which were closely related with mobile P and calcium bound P in sediment, respectively. GZD seems to be able to retain more P in sediments, thereby reducing its contribution to of internal P loading. These results indicate that the difference in sediment composition between ADZ and GDZ affects their roles in sediment internal P loading, therefore, different management strategies should be used to combat sediment internal P loads in the two zones.

Immunological functional differentiation of two transmembrane variants of Dscam in Chinese mitten crab.

Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam), also called hypervariable Dscam (Dscam-hv), is an important player in arthropod alternative splicing that connects neurons and immune regulation, acting as a pathogen-specific recognition molecule. Dscam-hv has two forms: transmembrane (TM) Dscam (mDscam) and soluble Dscam (sDscam). Herein, we investigated two transmembrane variants of mDscam resulting from alternative splicing of the transmembrane domain, focusing on differences in their immune regulation. We characterized the Dscam[TM1] and Dscam[TM2] genes of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) through bioinformatics analysis. Both genes are expressed in the gill, intestine, and other immune tissues. Following gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria stimulation, EsDscam[TM1] and EsDscam[TM2] mRNA expression levels increased significantly in hemocytes. Sequencing showed that EsDscam[TM1] was more abundant in hemocytes than EsDscam[TM2]. Additionally, the two subtypes differ in their regulation of antimicrobial peptides, the proportion of exon 33 carried, and bacterial phagocytosis.

A Hierarchical SnO2@Ni6MnO8 Composite for High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Semiconductor-based composites are potential anodes for Li-ion batteries, owing to their high theoretical capacity and low cost. However, low stability induced by large volumetric change in cycling restricts the applications of such composites. Here, a hierarchical SnO2@Ni6MnO8 composite comprising Ni6MnO8 nanoflakes growing on the surface of a three-dimensional (3D) SnO2 is developed by a hydrothermal synthesis method, achieving good electrochemical performance as a Li-ion battery anode. The composite provides spaces to buffer volume expansion, its hierarchical profile benefits the fast transport of Li+ ions and electrons, and the Ni6MnO8 coating on SnO2 improves conductivity. Compared to SnO2, the Ni6MnO8 coating significantly enhances the discharge capacity and stability. The SnO2@Ni6MnO8 anode displays 1030 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and exhibits 800 mAh g-1 under 0.5 A g-1, along with high Coulombic efficiency of 95%. Furthermore, stable rate performance can be achieved, indicating promising applications.

[Impacts of tongnao huoluo acupuncture therapy on BI and NIHSS of patients with acute cerebral infarction].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of Tongnao Huoluo Acupuncture (THA) therapy on acute cerebral infarction (ACI). METHODS: Adopting multi-centered, randomized and controlled method, 397 ACI patients from 10 hospitals subjected to the study were treated according to the initiating time (IT) of disease during hospitalization: the 138 patients of stage-1 with IT < or =6 h, were randomly assigned to three groups, treated respectively with THA (Group A), thrombolysis with urokinase (Group B) and Batroxobin (Group C); the 140 patients of stage-2 with IT within 6-48 h, and 119 patients of stage-3 with IT within 48 h-14 d were randomly assigned to three groups, treated respectively with THA (Group D) body acupuncture (Group E), and conventional treatment (Group F). Therapeutic effect was evaluated by NIHSS scores estimated at the day 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90 of treatment, and the Barthel Index (BI) measured at day 14, 28 and 90. RESULTS: Effect in Group A was insignificantly different from that in Group B (P > 0.05), but was different from that in Group C significantly (P < 0.01). At day 90, the percentage of patients with high BI (HBI%, patients with BI >95%) was insignificantly different in Group A vs. B (P > 0.05), but was significantly different in Group A vs. C (P < 0.01). Comparisons between Group D, E and F showed that the therapeutic effect in Group D was equivalent to that in Group E (P < 0.05), but better than that in Group F (P < 0.01), and HBI% in Group D was superior than that in the other two groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: THA therapy shows favorable effects in reducing the crippling rate and improving the living capacity of ACI patients.

Application of deep learning in genomics.

In recent years, deep learning has been widely used in diverse fields of research, such as speech recognition, image classification, autonomous driving and natural language processing. Deep learning has showcased dramatically improved performance in complex classification and regression problems, where the intricate structure in the high-dimensional data is difficult to discover using conventional machine learning algorithms. In biology, applications of deep learning are gaining increasing popularity in predicting the structure and function of genomic elements, such as promoters, enhancers, or gene expression levels. In this review paper, we described the basic concepts in machine learning and artificial neural network, followed by elaboration on the workflow of using convolutional neural network in genomics. Then we provided a concise introduction of deep learning applications in genomics and synthetic biology at the levels of DNA, RNA and protein. Finally, we discussed the current challenges and future perspectives of deep learning in genomics.

Picoplankton accumulate and recycle polyphosphate to support high primary productivity in coastal Lake Ontario.

Phytoplankton can accumulate polyphosphate (polyP) to alleviate limitation of essential nutrient phosphorus (P). Yet polyP metabolisms in aquatic systems and their roles in P biogeochemical cycle remain elusive. Previously reported polyP enrichment in low-phosphorus oligotrophic marine waters contradicts the common view of polyP as a luxury P-storage molecule. Here, we show that in a P-rich eutrophic bay of Lake Ontario, planktonic polyP is controlled by multiple mechanisms and responds strongly to seasonal variations. Plankton accumulate polyP as P storage under high-P conditions via luxury uptake and use it under acute P stress. Low phosphorus also triggers enrichment of polyP that can be preferentially recycled to attenuate P lost. We discover that picoplankton, despite their low production rates, are responsible for the dynamic polyP metabolisms. Picoplankton store and liberate polyP to support the high primary productivity of blooming algae. PolyP mechanisms enable efficient P recycling on ecosystem and even larger scales.