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BACKGROUND: The WHO grade and Ki-67 index are independent indices used to evaluate the malignant biological behavior of meningioma. This study aims to develop MRI-based machine learning models to predict the malignant biological behavior of meningioma from the perspective of the WHO grade, Ki-67 index, and their combination. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective study included 313 meningioma patients, of which 70 were classified as high-grade (WHO II/III) and 243 as low-grade (WHO I). The Ki-67 expression was classified into low-expression (n = 216) and high-expression (n = 97) groups with a threshold of 5%. Among them, there were 128 patients with malignant biological behavior whose WHO grade or Ki-67 index increased either or both. Data from Center A and B are were utilized for model development, while data from Center C and D were used for external validation. Radiomic features were extracted from the maximum cross-sectional area (2D) region of Interest (ROI) and the whole tumor volume (3D) ROI using different paraments from the T1, T2-weighted, and T1 contrast-enhanced sequences (T1CE), followed by five independent feature selections and eight classifiers. 240 prediction models were constructed to predict the WHO grade, Ki-67 index and their combination respectively. Models were evaluated by cross-validation in training set (n = 224). Suitable models were chosen by comparing the cross-validation (CV) area under the curves (AUC) and their relative standard deviations (RSD). Clinical and radiological features were collected and analyzed; meaningful features were combined with radiomic features to establish the clinical-radiological-radiomic (CRR) models. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate those models in validation set. Radiomic models and CRR models were compared by Delong test. RESULTS: 1218 and 1781 radiomic features were extracted from 2D ROI and 3D ROI of each sequence. The selected grade, Ki-67 index and their combination radiomic models were T1CE-2D-LASSO-LR, T1CE-3D-LASSO-NB, and T1CE-2D-LASSO-LR, with cross-validated AUCs on the training set were 0.857, 0.798, and 0.888, the RSDs were 0.06, 0.09, and 0.05, the validation set AUCs were 0.829, 0.752, and 0.904, respectively. Heterogeneous enhancement was found to be associated with high grade and Ki-67 status, while surrounding invasion was associated with the high grade status, peritumoral edema and cerebrospinal fluid space surrounding tumor were correlated with the high Ki-67 status. The Delong test showed that these significant radiological features did not significantly improve the predictive performance. The AUCs for CRR models predicting grade, Ki-67 index, and their combination in the validation set were 0.821, 0.753, and 0.906, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that MRI-based machine learning models could effectively predict the grade, Ki-67 index of meningioma. Models considering these two indices might be valuable for improving the predictive sensitivity and comprehensiveness of prediction of malignant biological behavior of meningioma.
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Neoplasias Meníngeas , Meningioma , Humanos , Meningioma/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Antígeno Ki-67 , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Aprendizado de Máquina , Neoplasias Meníngeas/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
The potential of the Internet of Body (IoB) to support healthcare systems in the future lies in its ability to enable proactive wellness screening through the early detection and prevention of diseases. One promising technology for facilitating IoB applications is near-field inter-body coupling communication (NF-IBCC), which features lower power consumption and higher data security when compared to conventional radio frequency (RF) communication. However, designing efficient transceivers requires a profound understanding of the channel characteristics of NF-IBCC, which remain unclear due to significant differences in the magnitude and passband characteristics of existing research. In response to this problem, this paper clarifies the physical mechanisms of the differences in the magnitude and passband characteristics of NF-IBCC channel characteristics in existing research work through the core parameters that determine the gain of the NF-IBCC system. The core parameters of NF-IBCC are extracted through the combination of transfer functions, finite element simulations, and physical experiments. The core parameters include the inter-body coupling capacitance (CH), the load impedance (ZL), and the capacitance (Cair), coupled by two floating transceiver grounds. The results illustrate that CH, and particularly Cair, primarily determine the gain magnitude. Moreover, ZL mainly determines the passband characteristics of the NF-IBCC system gain. Based on these findings, we propose a simplified equivalent circuit model containing only core parameters, which can accurately capture the gain characteristics of the NF-IBCC system and help to concisely describe the channel characteristics of the system. This work lays a theoretical foundation for developing efficient and reliable NF-IBCC systems that can support IoB for early disease detection and prevention in healthcare applications. The potential benefits of IoB and NF-IBCC technology can, thus, be fully realized by developing optimized transceiver designs based on a comprehensive understanding of the channel characteristics.
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Comunicação , Internet , Capacitância Elétrica , Impedância ElétricaRESUMO
Cellulose as the most abundant biopolymers on Earth, presents appealing performance in mechanical properties, thermal management, and versatile functionalization. Developing fabrication methods to design functional materials and open new application areas. However, cellulose is hard to be dissolved or melt due to its recalcitrant property. Herein, the recent progress of fabricating cellulose is summarized. First, the unique hierarchical structure of cellulose is fully investigated and the resulted processability is analysed in directions of down to nanocellulose, dissolution, and thermoplastic processing. Then, the reported fabrication methods are summarized in three aspects: (1) self-assembly from nano/micro cellulose suspensions, especially the formation of cellulose nanocrystals; (2) dissolution-regeneration-drying, covering spinning and solvent infusion processing; and (3) thermoplastic processing, focusing on the setup and the morphology changes of the prepared products. In each aspect, the flowchart of the fabrication method, the mechanism, fabricated products, and effects of processing parameters are explored. Finally, this review provides a perspective on the further direction of fabricating cellulose, especially the challenges toward mass production.
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Celulose , Nanopartículas , Celulose/química , Nanopartículas/química , Solventes , SuspensõesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To preparethe poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres and PLGA-chitosan microspheres containing Helicobacter pylori recombinant protein, namely the BIB protein, and to explore their optimal preparation parameters and in vitro release performance in gastric and intestinal fluids. METHODS: Double emulsions (water-in-oil-in-water, or W1/O/W2) solvent evaporation method was used to prepare the BIB-PLGA microspheres and the BIB-PLGA-chitosan microspheres. Univariate analysis was done to study the impact of the water-to-oil ratio (W1/O), PLGA mass fraction and PVA concentration on the morphology, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), encapsulation efficiency (EE), and drug loading (DL) so as to identify the optimal parameters. Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay was used to determine the protein concentration and the release efficiency of BIB. RESULTS: The optimal preparation parameters identified in the study were as follows: W1/O at 1â¶2, PLGA mass fraction at 5%, and PVA mass fraction at 0.2%. The BIB-PLGA microspheres were found to be (2.11±0.08) µm in particle size, 0.35±0.18 in PDI, (78.20±1.73)% in EE and (10.58±0.23)% in DL. The BIB-PLGA-chitosan microspheres were (2.28±0.52) µm in particle size, 0.39±0.54 in PDI, and (78.87±1.30)% and (15.50±0.25)% in EE and DL, respectively. Both BIB-PLGA microspheres and BIB-PLGA-chitosan microspheres showed slow-release property in gastric and intestinal fluids in vitro, with BIB-PLGA-chitosan microspheres showing better slow-release performance. CONCLUSION: The BIB-PLGA microspheres and BIB-PLGA-chitosan microspheres prepared with the double emulsions solvent evaporation method showed high DL and EE, controllable particle sizes, dispersive appearance, and slow-release property in gastric and intestinal fluids in vitro.
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Quitosana , Helicobacter pylori , Glicóis , Ácido Láctico , Microesferas , Ácido Poliglicólico , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico e Ácido Poliglicólico , Proteínas RecombinantesRESUMO
In the past few decades, great attention has been paid to the development of IV-VI semiconductor colloidal quantum dots, such as PbSe, PbS and PbSSe, in infrared (IR) photodetectors due to their high photosensitivity, solution-processing and low cost fabrication. IR photodetectors based on field-effect transistors (FETs) showed high detectivity since the transconductance can magnify the drain-source current under certain applied gate voltages. However, traditional lateral FETs usually suffer from low photosensitivity and slow responsivity, which restricts their widespread commercial applications. In this work, therefore, novel vertical FET (VFET) based photodetectors are presented, in which the active layer is sandwiched between porous source electrode and planar drain electrode, resulting to ultrashort channel length. In this way, enhanced photoresponsivity and specific detectivity of 291 A W-1 and 1.84 × 1014 Jones, respectively, can be obtained at low drain-source voltage (V DS) of -1 V and gate voltage (V g) of -2 V under 100 µW cm-2 illumination intensity, which was better than that of the traditional lateral FET based photodetectors. Therefore, it is promising to fabricate broadband photodetectors with high performance and good stability by this easy approach.
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Recently, great attention has been paid to IV-VI colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) for their high photosensitivity, solution processability and low cost. Also, metal halide perovskites are very promising materials to realize the high-performance solution-processed visible-light photodetectors due to their cost-effective manufacturing, tunable absorption and photoluminescence in whole visible spectrum. In this paper, we present solution-processed CQDs-based tandem broadband photodetectors with low dark-current and high-sensitivity by inserting dielectric Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) interlayer between two sub-detectors. Our experimental data showed that the tandem broadband photodetector ITO/PEDOT:PSS/CsPbBr3:PbS0.4Se0.6/ZnO/PVK/CsPbBr3:PbS0.4Se0.6/ZnO/Au showed a maximum specific detectivity of 6.8 × 1013 Jones with a responsivity of 27 A W-1 under 57.8 µW cm-2 980 nm illumination. The device performance can be further enhanced by inserting a 50 nm dielectric PMMA layer between the two sub-photodetectors. As the result, the tandem photodetector ITO/PEDOT:PSS/CsPbBr3:PbS0.4Se0.6/ZnO/PMMA(50 nm)/PVK/CsPbBr3:PbS0.4Se0.6/ZnO/Au exhibits a maximum specific detectivity of 1.32 × 1014 Jones with a responsivity of 27.72 A W-1 under 57.8 µW cm-2 of 980 nm laser. Further, the physical mechanisms for the enhanced performance are discussed in detail.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the dynamic changes of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E5 gene in the development of cervical cancer and the significance of E5 mRNA in early screening of cervical cancer. METHODS: Paraffin specimens of cervical lesions were collected from 49 cases (HPV positive) during September 2015 to December 2017 According to the standard of FIGO, all cervical lesions were diagnosed as: 13 cases of cervicitis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia disorders (CIN) â in 5 cases, CIN â ¡ in 18 cases, CIN â ¢ in 5 cases, 8 cases of cervical cancer. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the integrity of E5 gene and the mRNA expression levels of E5, E6 and E 7in cervical tissues. RESULTS: All the 49 cases showed positive HPV16 infection. E5 genetic integrity in CINâ was higher than that in cervical inflammation, CIN â ¡and cervical cancer (P < 0.05), which was also higher than that in CIN â ¢, but without statistically significance (P>0.05). The mRNA levels of E5, E6, E7 were the highest in CIN â ¢. Compared with E6 and E7, E5 presented superior expression in all types of cervical lesions (P < 0.05), while E 6and E7 mRNA expressions only increased in CIN â ¢ and cervical cancer. CONCLUSION: In the patients with HPV16 infection, the integrity of E5 gene in cervical tissues may be related to the occurrence and development of cervical diseases. E5 gene is expected to be the target gene for early screening of cervical cancer.
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Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Displasia do Colo do Útero/virologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Feminino , Papillomavirus Humano 16 , Humanos , Infecções por Papillomavirus/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/patologiaRESUMO
In this paper, an infrared target adaptive detection method based on the receptive field and lateral inhibition (LI) of the human visual system is proposed. In the proposed method, the direction parameters of a Gabor filter are adaptively determined according to the gradient direction, so that edges in the image can be detected without manual intervention. Meanwhile, background prediction based on LI is used for regulating the gray value in the image to achieve background suppression and target enhancement. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method can extract both the small target and the area target from a complex background, and has satisfactory target detection ability.
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Visão Ocular/fisiologia , Campos Visuais/fisiologia , Algoritmos , Filtração/instrumentação , HumanosRESUMO
Intra-body communication (IBC) is a technology using the conductive properties of the body to transmit signal, and information interaction by handshake is regarded as one of the important applications of IBC. In this paper, a method for modeling the galvanic coupling intra-body communication via handshake channel is proposed, while the corresponding parameters are discussed. Meanwhile, the mathematical model of this kind of IBC is developed. Finally, the validity of the developed model has been verified by measurements. Moreover, its characteristics are discussed and compared with that of the IBC via single body channel. Our results indicate that the proposed method will lay a foundation for the theoretical analysis and application of the IBC via handshake channel.
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Corpo Humano , Comunicação , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , TelemetriaRESUMO
A method of recharging implantable biosensors based on solar radiation is proposed. Firstly, the models of the proposed method are developed. Secondly, the recharging processes based on solar radiation are simulated using Monte Carlo (MC) method and the energy distributions of sunlight within the different layers of human skin have been achieved and discussed. Finally, the simulation results are verified experimentally, which indicates that the proposed method will contribute to achieve a low-cost, convenient and safe method for recharging implantable biosensors.
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Técnicas Biossensoriais , Simulação por Computador , Próteses e Implantes , Energia Solar , Eletricidade , Humanos , PeleRESUMO
The stone recognition and analysis in CT images are significant for automatic kidney stone diagnosis. Although certain contributions have been made, existing methods overlook the promoting effect of clinical knowledge on model performance and clinical interpretation. Thus, it is attractive to establish methods for detecting and evaluating kidney stones originating from the practical diagnostic process. Inspired by this, a novel clinical-inspired framework is proposed to involve the diagnostic process of urologists for better analysis. The diagnostic process contains three main steps, the localization step, the identification step and the evaluation step. Three modules integrating the decision-making mode of urologists are designed to mimic the diagnosis process. The object attention module simulates the localization step to provide the position of kidneys by embedding weight feature factor and angle loss. The feature-driven discriminative module mimics the identification step to detect stones by extracting geometric and positional features. The analysis module based on the principle of clustering and graphic combination is a quantitative analysis strategy for simulating the evaluation step. This work constructed a clinical dataset collecting 27,885 transverse CT images with stones and/or clinical interference. Experiments on the dataset show that the object attention module outperforms the well-performing Yolov7 model by +1% mAP.5:.95, and the analysis module outperforms the well-performing AR-DBSCAN model and the formula method by +21.9% average cluster accuracy and -17.35% average error. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed framework is recently the most effective solution for recognizing and evaluating kidney stones.
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Nickel cobaltate/NiCo-layered double hydroxides (NiCo2O4/NiCo-LDH) as energy storage materials offer considerable potential for various applications. However, many of current methods for synthesizing NiCo2O4/NiCo-LDH suffer from long synthesis times, complex preparation process, and high temperatures and high pressures. In this study, we present a green, simple, and efficient approach known as assisted liquid-phase plasma electrolysis, which realizes the rapid fabrication of ultra-fine NiCo2O4/NiCo-LDH nanoparticle-decorated electrospun carbon nanofibers (NiCo2O4/NiCo-LDH/CNFs) composites. Ultra-fine NiCo2O4/NiCo-LDH nanoparticles (<70 nm) are uniformly deposited on the CNF surface. The CNFs are intertwined to form a highly conductive three-dimensional mesh structure, which synergizes the NiCo2O4/NiCo-LDH nanoparticles with a high specific capacitance in favor of ion/electron transport efficiency. In addition, the cooperative effect between the two phases of NiCo2O4 and NiCo-LDH further improves the electrochemical properties. The NiCo2O4/NiCo-LDH/CNFs composites exhibit a high specific capacitance of 1534.7 F/g at 1 A/g and a capacitance retention of 93.9 % after 5000 cycles. An assembled asymmetric supercapacitor using activated carbon and NiCo2O4/NiCo-LDH/CNFs composites achieves an energy density of 33.8 Wh/kg at a power density of 400 W/kg and a capacitance retention of 93.0 % after 5000 cycles. Notably, two series-connected NiCo2O4/NiCo-LDH/CNFs ASC supercapacitors can light up an LED bulb, which maintains a certain brightness even after 50 min. Hence, this work provides a new and efficient route for synthesizing carbon-based NiCo2O4/NiCo-LDH composites for use as advanced energy storage materials.
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Addressing the repair of large-scale bone defects has become a hot research topic within the field of orthopedics. This study assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of using porous tantalum scaffolds to treat such defects. These scaffolds, manufactured using the selective laser melting (SLM) technology, possessed biomechanical properties compatible with natural bone tissue. To enhance the osteogenesis bioactivity of these porous Ta scaffolds, we applied calcium phosphate (CaP) and magnesium-doped calcium phosphate (Mg-CaP) coatings to the surface of SLM Ta scaffolds through a hydrothermal method. These degradable coatings released calcium and magnesium ions, demonstrating osteogenic bioactivity. Experimental results indicated that the Mg-CaP group exhibited biocompatibility comparable to that of the Ta group in vivo and in vitro. In terms of osteogenesis, both the CaP group and the Mg-CaP group showed improved outcomes compared to the control group, with the Mg-CaP group demonstrating superior performance. Therefore, both CaP and magnesium-CaP coatings can significantly enhance the osseointegration of three-dimensional-printed porous Ta, thereby increasing the surface bioactivity. Overall, the present study introduces an innovative approach for the biofunctionalization of SLM porous Ta, aiming to enhance its suitability as a bone implant material.
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Magnésio , Tantálio , Porosidade , Magnésio/farmacologia , Titânio , Fosfatos de Cálcio/farmacologia , LasersRESUMO
Objective: To review the research progress in the construction strategy and application of bone/cartilage immunomodulating hydrogels. Methods: The literature related to bone/cartilage immunomodulating hydrogels at home and abroad in recent years was reviewed and summarized from the immune response mechanism of different immune cells, the construction strategy of immunomodulating hydrogels, and their practical applications. Results: According to the immune response mechanism of different immune cells, the biological materials with immunoregulatory effect is designed, which can regulate the immune response of the body and thus promote the regeneration of bone/cartilage tissue. Immunomodulating hydrogels have good biocompatibility, adjustability, and multifunctionality. By regulating the physical and chemical properties of hydrogel and loading factors or cells, the immune system of the body can be purposively regulated, thus forming an immune microenvironment conducive to osteochondral regeneration. Conclusion: Immunomodulating hydrogels can promote osteochondral repair by affecting the immunomodulation process of host organs or cells. It has shown a wide application prospect in the repair of osteochondral defects. However, more data support from basic and clinical experiments is needed for this material to further advance its clinical translation process.
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Cartilagem , Hidrogéis , Osso e Ossos , Engenharia Tecidual/métodosRESUMO
Introduction: Developing a culture system that can effectively maintain chondrocyte phenotype and functionalization is a promising strategy for cartilage repair. Methods: An alginate/collagen (ALG/COL) hybrid hydrogel using different guluronate/mannuronate acid ratio (G/M ratio) of alginates (a G/M ratio of 64/36 and a G/M ratio of 34/66) with collagen was developed. The effects of G/M ratios on the properties of hydrogels and their effects on the chondrocytes behaviors were evaluated. Results: The results showed that the mechanical stiffness of the hydrogel was significantly affected by the G/M ratios of alginate. Chondrocytes cultured on Mid-G/M hydrogels exhibited better viability and phenotype preservation. Moreover, RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression of cartilage-specific genes, including SOX9, COL2, and aggrecan was increased while the expression of RAC and ROCK1 was decreased in chondrocytes cultured on Mid-G/M hydrogels. Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that Mid-G/M hydrogels provided suitable matrix conditions for cultivating chondrocytes and may be useful in cartilage tissue engineering. More importantly, the results indicated the importance of taking alginate G/M ratios into account when designing alginate-based composite materials for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Assessing the stability characteristics of high rock slope under rainfall via theoretical research, numerical simulation, and field monitoring is of great implications for safety construction in open-pit mine engineering. Thus, based on the Hoke-Brown criterion, instantaneous internal friction angle and cohesion of high-slope rock mass under high stress conditions were deduced, and a nonlinear strength reduction method for high rock slope was established. The safety factors of the open-pit mine were calculated by COMSOL Multiphysics, which considering the high rock southwest slope and detected rainfall in Dagushan Open-pit Mine, China. The results showed that high rock slope stability could be more accurately analyzed by the proposed method due to its full consideration of slope stress state effect compared with the equivalent Mohr- Coulomb method. When the slope is low, the difference between the calculation results of the equivalent Mohr- Coulomb method and the proposed method is small, but with the increase of the slope height, the difference between the two calculation results gradually increases. When the transient saturated is formed in the slope surface layer and gradually increases, the reduction rate of the factor of safety (FOS) gradually increases. When the total rainfall is the same, the effect of short-term heavy rainfall on slope stability is less than that of long-term ordinary rainfall. The results obtained form this work provided important insights into the stability of high rock slope and rainfall infiltration in open-pit mine, and the safety factor is crucial for guiding the mining process design.
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Chuva , Movimentos da Água , China , Mineração , SoloRESUMO
Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is regarded as the key to developing stable and long-cycling lithium metal batteries (LMBs). The inevitable stress caused by the Li-metal anode expansion/contraction and the battery encapsulation is crucial to the SEI growth and properties. Herein, we perform reactive force field (ReaxFF) molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structure and property variation of the pressure-induced SEI. The pressure boosts the SEI structure delamination and reduces the porosity based on the quantitative analysis of the charge spectrum and porous structure, which contributes to the formation of a thin and dense SEI. Meanwhile, the phase diagram combined with the pressure and salt concentration effects is established to obtain the proper trade-off between SEI mechanical and transport properties, demonstrating that the Li+ diffusion coefficients of the pressure-induced SEI can be improved by the high salt concentration when Young's modulus increases at the same time. The findings not only provide molecular insights into the SEI structure variation but also offer guidance and directions for optimizing the pressure-induced SEI property toward high-performance LMBs.
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Graphene films, fabricated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, have exhibited superiorities in high crystallinity, thickness controllability, and large-scale uniformity. However, most synthesized graphene films are substrate-dependent, and usually fragile for practical application. Herein, a freestanding graphene film is prepared based on the CVD route. By using the etchable fabric substrate, a large-scale papyraceous freestanding graphene fabric film (FS-GFF) is obtained. The electrical conductivity of FS-GFF can be modulated from 50 to 2800 Ω sq-1 by tailoring the graphene layer thickness. Moreover, the FS-GFF can be further attached to various shaped objects by a simple rewetting manipulation with negligible changes of electric conductivity. Based on the advanced fabric structure, excellent electrical property, and high infrared emissivity, the FS-GFF is thus assembled into a flexible device with tunable infrared emissivity, which can achieve the adaptive camouflage ability in complicated backgrounds. This work provides an infusive insight into the fabrication of large-scale freestanding graphene fabric films, while promoting the exploration on the flexible infrared camouflage textiles.
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INTRODUCTION: Annual LDCT has been offered as a regular examination among many unit staff in China. Along with the wide application of LDCT, more and more ground-glass nodules were found. We focused on characteristics and relationship of ground-glass nodules detected by LDCT as a regular health examination among Chinese hospital employees and their parents. METHODS: We recorded LDCT-detected ground-glass nodules (GGNs) in the hospital employees and parents between 2019 and 2020. Clinical information, including age, gender, smoking status was collected and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 5,574 employees and 2,686 employs' parents ≥60 years in Xiangya hospital performed annual physical examination. In total, LDCT incidentally detected ground-glass nodules 392 (24.78%, 392/1,582) in hospital employees and 254 in parents (10.80%, 254/2,352). The GGN-detection rate was significantly greater in employee group than parent group and more non-smokers in former (P <0.001). The detection rate was significantly greater in female than male both in employees group and parents group, and the proportion of female was bigger in employees group (P <0.001). There were more pure-GGNs both in employees group and parents group. There were less participants with solitary GGN in employee group than parent group (P = 0.033). Besides, there were more large GGNs (≥10 mm) (P <0.001), LU-RADS 4 GGNs (P <0.001) and LU-RADS 4B GGNs (P = 0.003), LU-RADS 4C-5 GGNs (P = 0.001) in parent group than employee group. There were 36 employee-parent pairs (27.07%) both had GGNs among 133 pairs who both performed LDCT. GGNs in employees were smaller and lower-grade than their parents (P < 0.001, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among the employees and parents who had ground glass nodules, 1/4 of them both detected GGNs. Although the detection rate of GGNs in the parent group was lower than that in the employee group, the grade of nodules was significantly higher. All these suggest that the occurrence and development of ground glass nodules may be related to genetic factors.
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Ion transport kinetics is identified as the major challenge of thick electrode design for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. The introduction of vertically-oriented structure pores, which provide fast transport pathways for Li+ , can maximize the rate-performance of electrodes while holding a high energy density. To overcome the harsh manufacturing requirements of traditional template-based methods for the oriented-pore electrodes, a template-free strategy is developed to meet the large-scale fabrication demand, in which controllable oriented microchannels are facilely constructed by vertically aggregated bubbles generated from thermal decomposition. The proposed method is demonstrated to be applicable for different active materials and compatible with industrial roll-to-roll manufacturing. The oriented-pore electrodes exhibit a seven times higher capacity at 5C rate and show double the power density relative to the state of the art while maintaining a high level of energy density. The balance between the ion transport kinetics through the channels and in the matrix manifests an optimal design of the electrode structures, enabling the desired superior performance of the electrodes toward practical applications.