[Assessment of efficacy-toxicity-syndrome correlation based on anti-inflammation of Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma in excess-heat mice].

Models of throat excess-heat mice were established and different dosages of water extract of STRR were ig given to mice to observe anti-inflammatory effect and its mechanism. The activities of ALT, AST and the contents of TNF-α, T3, rT3, T4, SOD, MDA, PEG2, NO, NOS, Cr, BUN, GSH and GSH-Px in serum were tested while liver index, kidney index, spleen index and thymus index were measured. The anti-inflammatory efficacy accompanied by side effects and mechanisms of water extract of Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma (STRR) in excess-heat mice were investigated to clear safety dose-dependence range and the relationship of efficacy, toxicity and syndrome. In the experiment, water extract of STRR showed a strong inhibitory effect on ear edema by croton oil in throat excess-heat mice. The activities of ALT, AST in serum and liver index were all higher than that of normal group after multiple administration. PEG2, SOD, MDA, NO, NOS, GSH and GSH-Px had obvious changes. According to the results, water extract of STRR has an anti-inflammatory effect on acute inflammation in throat excess-heat mice and it is stronger than that in normal mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of STRR is related to the reduction of inflammatory mediators release. Side effects and hepatotoxicity will be produced on clinical efficacy dosage. The mechanisms of anti-inflammation and hepatotoxicity are all in connection with oxidative damnification.

[Atorvastatin inhibits the H2O2-induced apoptosis of human vascular endothelial cells through a down-regulation of cleaved caspase-9/caspase-3].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and potential mechanism of atorvastatin against H2O2-induced apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECV-304). METHODS: ECV-304 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of atorvastatin (0.1, 1 and 10 µmol/L) for 2 h, followed by an exposure to 100 µmol/L H2O2 for 18 h. Cellular morphology was observed under fluorescence microscope. Cellular viability and apoptosis were evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and flow cytometry. Finally the expressions of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 were measured by Western blot. RESULTS: H2O2 treatment caused an obvious apoptosis of ECV-304 cells and significantly decreased the cellular viability as characterized by a high percentage (50.71%) of apoptotic cells. Atorvastatin pretreatment inhibit cellular apoptosis induced by H2O2 (39.45%, 20.53% and 7.83%). Western blot assay showed that H2O2 treatment caused a high expression of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 while atorvastatin pretreatment obviously inhibited the expression in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Atorvastatin inhibits the H2O2-induced apoptosis of ECV-304 cells in a dose-dependent manner. This effect may be associated with the down-regulation of cleaved caspase-9/caspase-3.

Concurrent quantification of proteome and phosphoproteome to reveal system-wide association of protein phosphorylation and gene expression.

Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is an important process modulating cellular activities from upstream, which mainly involves sequential phosphorylation of signaling molecules, to downstream where phosphorylation of transcription factors regulates gene expression. In this study, we combined quantitative labeling with multidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to monitor the proteome and phosphoproteome changes in the initial period of adipocyte differentiation. The phosphorylation level of a specific protein may be regulated by a kinase or phosphatase without involvement of gene expression or as a phenomenon that accompanies the alteration of its gene expression. Concurrent quantification of phosphopeptides and non-phosphorylated peptides makes it possible to differentiate cellular phosphorylation changes at these two levels. Furthermore, on the system level, certain proteins were predicted as the targeted gene products regulated by identified transcription factors. Among them, several proteins showed significant expression changes along with the phosphorylation alteration of their transcription factors. This is to date the first work to concurrently quantify proteome and phosphoproteome changes during the initial period of adipocyte differentiation, providing an approach to reveal the system-wide association of protein phosphorylation and gene expression.

Sys-BodyFluid: a systematical database for human body fluid proteome research.

Recently, body fluids have widely become an important target for proteomic research and proteomic study has produced more and more body fluid related protein data. A database is needed to collect and analyze these proteome data. Thus, we developed this web-based body fluid proteome database Sys-BodyFluid. It contains eleven kinds of body fluid proteomes, including plasma/serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, synovial fluid, nipple aspirate fluid, tear fluid, seminal fluid, human milk and amniotic fluid. Over 10,000 proteins are presented in the Sys-BodyFluid. Sys-BodyFluid provides the detailed protein annotations, including protein description, Gene Ontology, domain information, protein sequence and involved pathways. These proteome data can be retrieved by using protein name, protein accession number and sequence similarity. In addition, users can query between these different body fluids to get the different proteins identification information. Sys-BodyFluid database can facilitate the body fluid proteomics and disease proteomics research as a reference database. It is available at http://www.biosino.org/bodyfluid/.

Speeding up tandem mass spectrometry based database searching by peptide and spectrum indexing.

Database searching is the technique of choice for shotgun proteomics, and to date much research effort has been spent on improving its effectiveness. However, database searching faces a serious challenge of efficiency, considering the large numbers of mass spectra and the ever fast increase in peptide databases resulting from genome translations, enzymatic digestions, and post-translational modifications. In this study, we conducted systematic research on speeding up database search engines for protein identification and illustrate the key points with the specific design of the pFind 2.1 search engine as a running example. Firstly, by constructing peptide indexes, pFind achieves a speedup of two to three compared with that without peptide indexes. Secondly, by constructing indexes for observed precursor and fragment ions, pFind achieves another speedup of two. As a result, pFind compares very favorably with predominant search engines such as Mascot, SEQUEST and X!Tandem.

Protein sumoylation sites prediction based on two-stage feature selection.

Protein sumoylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications. Accurate prediction of sumoylation sites is very useful for the analysis of proteome. Though the putative motif Psi K XE can be used, optimization of prediction models still remains a challenge. In this study, we developed a prediction system based on feature selection strategy. A total of 1,272 peptides with 14 residues from SUMOsp (Xue et al. [8] Nucleic Acids Res 34:W254-W257, 2006) were investigated in this study, including 212 substrates and 1,060 non-substrates. Among the substrates, only 162 substrates comply to the motif Psi K XE. First, 1,272 substrates were divided into training set and test set. All the substrates were encoded into feature vectors by hundreds of amino acid properties collected by Amino Acid Index Database (AAIndex, http://www.genome.jp/aaindex ). Then, mRMR (minimum redundancy-maximum relevance) method was applied to extract the most informative features. Finally, Nearest Neighbor Algorithm (NNA) was used to produce the prediction models. Tested by Leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation, the optimal prediction model reaches the accuracy of 84.4% for the training set and 76.4% for the test set. Especially, 180 substrates were correctly predicted, which was 18 more than using the motif Psi K XE. The final selected features indicate that amino acid residues with two-residue downstream and one-residue upstream of the sumoylation sites play the most important role in determining the occurrence of sumoylation. Based on the feature selection strategy, our prediction system can not only be used for high throughput prediction of sumoylation sites but also as a tool to investigate the mechanism of sumoylation.

Analysis of microdissected cells by two-dimensional LC-MS approaches.

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a powerful tool that enables the isolation of specific cell types from tissue sections, overcoming the problem of tissue heterogeneity and contamination. We combined the LCM with isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) technology and two-dimensional liquid chromatography to investigate the qualitative and quantitative proteomes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The effects of three different histochemical stains on tissue sections have been compared, and toluidine blue stain was proved as the most suitable stain for LCM followed by proteomic analysis. The solubilized proteins from microdissected HCC and non-HCC hepatocytes were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed with two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS) alone or coupled with cleavable isotope-coded affinity tag (cICAT) labeling technology. A total of 644 proteins were qualitatively identified and 261 proteins were unambiguously quantified. These results showed that the clinical proteomic method using LCM coupled with ICAT and 2D-LC-MS/MS can carry out not only large-scale but also accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis.

[Effect of MiR-99a-5p on the Differential Ability of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of microRNA-99a-5p (miR-99a-5p) on differentiation ability of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC). METHODS: BM-MSC was cultured and then transfected with miR-99a-5p mimics or inhibitors. The transfection efficiency was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The effects of miR-99a-5p on the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation ability of BM-MSC were detected by differentiation experiment. RESULTS: As compared with the negative control group, the expression of miR-99a-5p was significantly up-regulated after transfection with miR-99a-5p mimics(P<0.001), the expression of miR-99a-5p was down-regulated after transfection with miR-99a-5p inhibitor (P<0.001). In osteogenic differentiation experiments, the miR-99a-5p overexpression could promote the osteogenic differentiation, while the downregulation of miR-99a-5p expression inhibited the osteogenic differentiation. The same results were obtained by semi-quantitative detection through spectrophotometry. In the adipogenic differentiation test, transfection of miR-99a-5p mimics or inhibitors had no significant effect on the adipogenic differentiation of BM-MSC. CONCLUSION: Overexpression of miR-99a-5p can promote the osteogenic differentiation of BM-MSC, but no significant effects are observed in the adipogenic differentiation.

Temporal and spatial profiling of nuclei-associated proteins upon TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling.

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha/NF-kappaB-signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in various processes including apoptosis, cellular differentiation, host defense, inflammation, autoimmunity and organogenesis. The complexity of the TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling is in part due to the dynamic protein behaviors of key players in this pathway. In this present work, a dynamic and global view of the signaling components in the nucleus at the early stages of TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling was obtained in HEK293 cells, by a combination of subcellular fractionation and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). The dynamic profile patterns of 547 TNF-alpha-induced nuclei-associated proteins were quantified in our studies. The functional characters of all the profiles were further analyzed using that Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway annotation. Additionally, many previously unknown effectors of TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling were identified, quantified and clustered into differential activation profiles. Interestingly, levels of Fanconi anemia group D2 protein (FANCD2), one of the Fanconi anemia family proteins, was found to be increased in the nucleus by SILAC quantitation upon TNF-alpha stimulation, which was further verified by western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. This indicates that FANCD2 might be involved in TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling through its accumulation in the nucleus. In summary, the combination of subcellular proteomics with quantitative analysis not only allowed for a dissection of the nuclear TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB-signaling pathway, but also provided a systematic strategy for monitoring temporal and spatial changes in cell signaling.

Localized-statistical quantification of human serum proteome associated with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Recent advances in proteomics have shed light to discover serum proteins or peptides as biomarkers for tracking the progression of diabetes as well as understanding molecular mechanisms of the disease. RESULTS: In this work, human serum of non-diabetic and diabetic cohorts was analyzed by proteomic approach. To analyze total 1377 high-confident serum-proteins, we developed a computing strategy called localized statistics of protein abundance distribution (LSPAD) to calculate a significant bias of a particular protein-abundance between these two cohorts. As a result, 68 proteins were found significantly over-represented in the diabetic serum (p<0.01). In addition, a pathway-associated analysis was developed to obtain the overall pathway bias associated with type 2 diabetes, from which the significant over-representation of complement system associated with type 2 diabetes was uncovered. Moreover, an up-stream activator of complement pathway, ficolin-3, was observed over-represented in the serum of type 2 diabetic patients, which was further validated with statistic significance (p = 0.012) with more clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS: The developed LSPAD approach is well fit for analyzing proteomic data derived from biological complex systems such as plasma proteome. With LSPAD, we disclosed the comprehensive distribution of the proteins associated with diabetes in different abundance levels and the involvement of ficolin-related complement activation in diabetes.

Quantitative phosphoproteome profiling of Wnt3a-mediated signaling network: indicating the involvement of ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase M2 subunit phosphorylation at residue serine 20 in canonical Wnt signal transduction.

The complexity of canonical Wnt signaling comes not only from the numerous components but also from multiple post-translational modifications. Protein phosphorylation is one of the most common modifications that propagates signals from extracellular stimuli to downstream effectors. To investigate the global phosphorylation regulation and uncover novel phosphoproteins at the early stages of canonical Wnt signaling, HEK293 cells were metabolically labeled with two stable isotopic forms of lysine and were stimulated for 0, 1, or 30 min with purified Wnt3a. After phosphoprotein enrichment and LC-MS/MS analysis, 1057 proteins were identified in all three time points. In total 287 proteins showed a 1.5-fold or greater change in at least one time point. In addition to many known Wnt signaling transducers, other phosphoproteins were identified and quantitated, implicating their involvement in canonical Wnt signaling. k-Means clustering analysis showed dynamic patterns for the differential phosphoproteins. Profile pattern and interaction network analysis of the differential phosphoproteins implicated the possible roles for those unreported components in Wnt signaling. Moreover 100 unique phosphorylation sites were identified, and 54 of them were quantitated in the three time points. Site-specific phosphopeptide quantitation revealed that Ser-20 phosphorylation on RRM2 increased upon 30-min Wnt3a stimulation. Further studies with mutagenesis, the Wnt reporter gene assay, and RNA interference indicated that RRM2 functioned downstream of beta-catenin as an inhibitor of Wnt signaling and that Ser-20 phosphorylation of RRM2 counteracted its inhibition effect. Our systematic profiling of dynamic phosphorylation changes responding to Wnt3a stimulation not only presented a comprehensive phosphorylation network regulated by canonical Wnt signaling but also found novel molecules and phosphorylation involved in Wnt signaling.

Prefractionation of proteome by liquid isoelectric focusing prior to two-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometric identification.

Due to the complexity of proteomes, developing methods of sample fractionation, separation, concentration, and detection have become urgent to the identification of large numbers of proteins, as well as the acquisition of those proteins in low abundance. In this work, liquid isoelectric focusing (LIEF) combined with 2D-LC-MS/MS was applied to the proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This yielded a total of 1795 proteins that were detected and identified by 30 fractions of protein prefractionation. Categorization of these hits demonstrated the ability of this technology to detect and identify proteins rarely seen in proteome analysis without protein fractionation. LIEF-2D-LC-MS/MS also produced improved resolution of low-abundance proteins. Furthermore, we analyzed the characteristics of proteins obtained by LIEF-2D-LC-MS/MS. 1103 proteins with CAI under 0.2 were identified, allowing us to specifically obtain detailed biochemical information on these kind proteins. It was observed that LIEF-2D-LC-MS/MS is useful for large-scale proteome analysis and may be specifically applied to systems with wide dynamic ranges.

High-sensitivity analysis of human plasma proteome by immobilized isoelectric focusing fractionation coupled to mass spectrometry identification.

Immobilized pH gradients isoelectric focusing (IPG-IEF) is the first dimension typically used in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). It can also be used on its own in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the analysis of proteins. Here, we described a strategy combining isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradient strips, and mass spectrometry to create a new high-throughput and sensitive detection method. Protein mixture is separated by in-gel IEF, then the entire strip is cut into a set of gel sections. Proteins in each gel section are digested with trypsin, and the resulted peptides are subjected to reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography followed by electrospray-linear ion-trap tandem mass analysis. Using this optimized strategy, we have identified 744 distinct human proteins from an IPG strip loaded only 300 microg of plasma proteins. When compared with other works in published literatures, this study offered a more convenient and sensitive method from gel to mass spectrometry for the separation and identification proteins of complex biological samples.

Human plasma proteome analysis by multidimensional chromatography prefractionation and linear ion trap mass spectrometry identification.

A resurgence of interest in the human plasma proteome has occurred in recent years because it holds great promise of revolution in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. As one of the most powerful separation techniques, multidimensional liquid chromatography has attracted extensive attention, but most published works have focused on the fractionation of tryptic peptides. In this study, proteins from human plasma were prefractionated by online sequential strong cation exchange chromatography and reversed-phase chromatography. The resulting 30 samples were individually digested by trypsin, and analyzed by capillary reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry. After meeting stringent criteria, a total of 1292 distinct proteins were successfully identified in our work, among which, some proteins known to be present in serum in <10 ng/mL were detected. Compared with other works in published literatures, this analysis offered a more full-scale list of the plasma proteome. Considering our strategy allows high throughput of protein identification in serum, the prefractionation of proteins before MS analysis is a simple and effective method to facilitate human plasma proteome research.

Quantitative analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus-infected cells using proteomic approaches: implications for cellular responses to virus infection.

We present the first proteomic analysis on the cellular response to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection. The differential proteomes of Vero E6 cells with and without infection of the SARS-CoV were resolved and quantitated with two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis followed by ESI-MS/MS identification. Moreover isotope-coded affinity tag technology coupled with two-dimensional LC-MS/MS were also applied to the differential proteins of infected cells. By combining these two complementary strategies, 355 unique proteins were identified and quantitated with 186 of them differentially expressed (at least 1.5-fold quantitative alteration) between infected and uninfected Vero E6 cells. The implication for cellular responses to virus infection was analyzed in depth according to the proteomic results. Thus, the present work provides large scale protein-related information to investigate the mechanism of SARS-CoV infection and pathogenesis.

Large-scale identification of human biliary proteins from a cholesterol stone patient using a proteomic approach.

Gallbladder bile, one of the most important body fluids, is composed of water, inorganic ions, conjugated bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bilirubin, mucin and proteins. The separation and identification of bile proteins remain difficult due to the complexity of this matrix. In the present study, human gallbladder bile was obtained from a cholesterol stone patient, and the proteins were isolated and purified by dialysis, precipitation and delipidation procedures. The resulting proteins were divided into several aliquots. One aliquot was subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). The protein spots were then in-gel digested and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Another aliquot was directly digested and analyzed by a combination of strong cation-exchange (SCX) and reversed-phase (RP) chromatography prior to tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC/MS/MS). Eventually, 48 and 218 unique proteins were identified from 2DE/MS and 2D-LC/MS/MS, respectively, resulting in a total of 222 unique identified proteins. Of the 218 proteins identified by 2D-LC/MS/MS, 92 were identified based on more than one unique tryptic peptide, and, of the total 222 proteins, 98 were identified based on more than one unique tryptic peptide.

Proteomic analysis of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: Identification of potential tumor markers.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy of both underdeveloped and developing countries. Proteomes of ten pairs of clinical hepatitis B virus associated HCC tissue samples were obtained by high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Comprehensive analyses of proteins associated with B-type HCC were focused on total differentially expressed proteins (> or = two-fold increase or decrease, Student's t-test, p < 0.05) from one pair of samples. Protein identification was done by peptide mass fingerprinting with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Comparative analyses of proteins associated with B-type HCC included repeat statistics in ten cases. A total of 100 protein spots, corresponding to 80 different gene products, were identified. Proteins whose expression levels were different by more than 2-fold in at least 50% of the cases (five of ten cases) were further analyzed and 45 proteins were selected out as candidates for HCC-associated proteins. Western blotting further validated up-regulated expressions of two candidate proteins in tumor tissues: proliferating cell antigen and stathmin 1. This comprehensive and comparative analyses of proteins associated with B-type HCC could provide useful molecular markers for diagnostics and prognostics and for therapeutic targets. The physiological significance of the differential expressions for several candidate proteins are discussed.

Accurate qualitative and quantitative proteomic analysis of clinical hepatocellular carcinoma using laser capture microdissection coupled with isotope-coded affinity tag and two-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a powerful tool that enables the isolation of specific cell types from tissue sections, overcoming the problem of tissue heterogeneity and contamination. This study combined the LCM with isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) technology and two-dimensional liquid chromatography to investigate the qualitative and quantitative proteomes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The effects of three different histochemical stains on tissue sections have been compared, and toluidine blue stain was proved as the most suitable stain for LCM followed by proteomic analysis. The solubilized proteins from microdissected HCC and non-HCC hepatocytes were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed with two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS) alone or coupled with cleavable ICAT labeling technology. A total of 644 proteins were qualitative identified, and 261 proteins were unambiguously quantitated. These results show that the clinical proteomic method using LCM coupled with ICAT and 2D-LC-MS/MS can carry out not only large-scale but also accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis.

A high-throughput approach for subcellular proteome: identification of rat liver proteins using subcellular fractionation coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis.

Four fractions from rat liver (a crude mitochondria (CM) and cytosol (C) fraction obtained with differential centrifugation, a purified mitochondrial (PM) fraction obtained with nycodenz density gradient centrifugation, and a total liver (TL) fraction) were analyzed with two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. A total of 564 rat proteins were identified and were bioinformatically annotated according to their physicochemical characteristics and functions. While most extreme alkaline ribosomal proteins were identified in the TL fraction, the C fraction mainly included neutral enzymes and the PM fraction enriched alkaline proteins and proteins with electron transfer activity or oxygen binding activity. Such characteristics were more apparent in proteins identified only in the TL, C, or PM fraction. The Swiss-Prot annotation and the bioinformatic prediction results proved that the C and PM fractions had enriched cytoplasmic or mitochondrial proteins, respectively. Combination usage of subcellular fractionation with two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was proved to be a high-throughput, sensitive, and effective analytical approach for subcellular proteomics research. Using such a strategy, we have constructed the largest proteome database to date for rat liver (564 rat proteins) and its cytosol (222 rat proteins) and mitochondrial fractions (227 rat proteins). Moreover, the 352 proteins with Swiss-Prot subcellular location annotation in the 564 identified proteins were used as an actual subcellular proteome dataset to evaluate the widely used bioinformatics tools such as PSORT, TargetP, TMHMM, and GRAVY.