Promoted hydrogen and acetaldehyde production from alcohol dehydrogenation enabled by electrochemical hydrogen pumps.

The dehydrogenation reaction of bioderived ethanol is of particular interest for the synthesis of fuels and value-added chemicals. However, this reaction historically suffered from high energy consumption (>260 °C or >0.8 V) and low efficiency. Herein, the efficient conversion of alcohol to hydrogen and aldehyde is achieved by integrating the thermal dehydrogenation reaction with electrochemical hydrogen transfer at low temperature (120 °C) and low voltage (0.06 V), utilizing a bifunctional catalyst (Ru/C) with both thermal-catalytic and electrocatalytic activities. Specifically, the coupled electrochemical hydrogen separation procedure can serve as electrochemical hydrogen pumps, which effectively promote the equilibrium of ethanol dehydrogenation toward hydrogen and acetaldehyde production and simultaneously purifies hydrogen at the cathode. By utilizing this strategy, we achieved boosted hydrogen and acetaldehyde yields of 1,020 mmol g-1 h-1 and 1,185 mmol g-1 h-1, respectively, which are threefold higher than the exclusive ethanol thermal dehydrogenation. This work opens up a prospective route for the high-efficiency production of hydrogen and acetaldehyde via coupled thermal-electrocatalysis.

Genome-wide association study reveals the genetic basis for petal-size formation in rapeseed (Brassica napus) and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of BnFHY3 for petal-size reduction.

Petals in rapeseed (Brassica napus) serve multiple functions, including protection of reproductive organs, nutrient acquisition, and attraction of pollinators. However, they also cluster densely at the top, forming a thick layer that absorbs and reflects a considerable amount of photosynthetically active radiation. Breeding genotypes with large, small, or even petal-less varieties, requires knowledge of primary genes for allelic selection and manipulation. However, our current understanding of petal-size regulation is limited, and the lack of markers and pre-breeding materials hinders targeted petal-size breeding. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study on petal size using 295 diverse accessions. We identified 20 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms and 236 genes associated with petal-size variation. Through a cross-analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data, we focused on 14 specific genes, from which molecular markers for diverging petal-size features can be developed. Leveraging CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we successfully generated a quadruple mutant of Far-Red Elongated Hypocotyl 3 (q-bnfhy3), which exhibited smaller petals compared to the wild type. Our study provides insights into the genetic basis of petal-size regulation in rapeseed and offers abundant potential molecular markers for breeding. The q-bnfhy3 mutant unveiled a novel role of FHY3 orthologues in regulating petal size in addition to previously reported functions.

SlMYC2 promotes SlLBD40-mediated cell expansion in tomato fruit development.

As a plant-specific transcription factor, lateral organ boundaries domain (LBD) protein was reported to regulate plant growth and stress response, but the functional research of subfamily II genes is limited. SlMYC2, a master regulator of Jasmonic acid response, has been found to exhibit high expression levels in fruit and has been implicated in the regulation of fruit ripening and resistance to Botrytis. However, its role in fruit expansion remains unknown. In this study, we present evidence that a subfamily II member of LBD, namely SlLBD40, collaborates with SlMYC2 in the regulation of fruit expansion. Overexpression of SlLBD40 significantly promoted fruit growth by promoting mesocarp cell expansion, while knockout of SlLBD40 showed the opposite result. Similarly, SlMYC2 knockout resulted in a significant decrease in cell expansion within the fruit. Genetic analysis indicated that SlLBD40-mediated cell expansion depends on the expression of SlMYC2. SlLBD40 bound to the promoter of SlEXPA5, an expansin gene, but did not activate its expression directly. While, the co-expression of SlMYC2 and SlLBD40 significantly stimulated the activation of SlEXPA5, leading to an increase in fruit size. SlLBD40 interacted with SlMYC2 and enhanced the stability and abundance of SlMYC2. Furthermore, SlMYC2 directly targeted and activated the expression of SlLBD40, which is essential for SlLBD40-mediated fruit expansion. In summary, our research elucidates the role of the interaction between SlLBD40 and SlMYC2 in promoting cell expansion in tomato fruits, thus providing novel insights into the molecular genetics underlying fruit growth.

GLUTAMYL-tRNA SYNTHETASE 1 deficiency confers thermo-sensitive male sterility in rice by affecting ROS homeostasis.

Temperature is one of the key environmental factors influencing crop fertility and yield. Understanding how plants sense and respond to temperature changes is, therefore, crucial for improving agricultural production. In this study, we characterized a temperature-sensitive male-sterile mutant in rice (Oryza sativa), glutamyl-tRNA synthetase 1-2 (ers1-2), that shows reduced fertility at high temperatures and restored fertility at low temperatures. Mutation of ERS1 resulted in severely delayed pollen development and meiotic progression at high temperatures, eventually leading to male sterility. Moreover, meiosis-specific events, including synapsis and crossover formation, were also delayed in ers1-2 compared with the wild type. However, these defects were all mitigated by growing ers1-2 at low temperatures. Transcriptome analysis and measurement of ascorbate, glutathione, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents revealed that the delayed meiotic progression and male sterility in ers1-2 were strongly associated with changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. At high temperatures, ers1-2 exhibited decreased accumulation of ROS scavengers and overaccumulation of ROS. In contrast, at low temperatures, the antioxidant system of ROS was more active, and ROS contents were lower. These data suggest that ROS homeostasis in ers1-2 is disrupted at high temperatures but restored at low temperatures. We speculate that ERS1 dysfunction leads to changes in ROS homeostasis under different conditions, resulting in delayed or rescued meiotic progression and thermosensitive male fertility. ers1-2 may hold great potential as a thermosensitive material for crop heterosis breeding.

Chromosome ends initiate homologous chromosome pairing during rice meiosis.

During meiotic prophase I, chromosomes undergo large-scale dynamics to allow homologous chromosome pairing, prior to which chromosome ends attach to the inner nuclear envelope and form a chromosomal bouquet. Chromosome pairing is crucial for homologous recombination and accurate chromosome segregation during meiosis. However, the specific mechanism by which homologous chromosomes recognize each other is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the process of homologous chromosome pairing during early prophase I of meiosis in rice (Oryza sativa) using pooled oligo probes specific to an entire chromosome or chromosome arm. We revealed that chromosome pairing begins from both ends and extends toward the center from early zygotene through late zygotene. Genetic analysis of both trisomy and autotetraploidy also showed that pairing initiation is induced by both ends of a chromosome. However, healed ends that lack the original terminal regions on telocentric and acrocentric chromosomes cannot initiate homologous chromosome pairing, even though they may still enter the telomere clustering region at the bouquet stage. Furthermore, a chromosome that lacks the distal parts on both sides loses the ability to pair with other intact chromosomes. Thus, the native ends of chromosomes play a crucial role in initiating homologous chromosome pairing during meiosis and likely have a substantial impact on genome differentiation.

Small non-coding RNA signatures in atrial appendages of patients with atrial fibrillation.

The development of high-throughput technologies has enhanced our understanding of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) and their crucial roles in various diseases, including atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to systematically delineate sncRNA profiles in AF patients. PANDORA-sequencing was used to examine the sncRNA profiles of atrial appendage tissues from AF and non-AF patients. Differentially expressed sncRNAs were identified using the R package DEGseq 2 with a fold change >2 and p < 0.05. The target genes of the differentially expressed sncRNAs were predicted using MiRanda and RNAhybrid. Gene Ontology (GO) categories and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed. In AF patients, the most abundant sncRNAs were ribosomal RNA-derived small RNAs (rsRNAs), followed by transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). Compared with non-AF patients, 656 rsRNAs, 45 miRNAs, 191 tsRNAs and 51 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) were differentially expressed in AF patients, whereas no significantly differentially expressed piwi-interacting RNAs were identified. Two out of three tsRNAs were confirmed to be upregulated in AF patients by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and higher plasma levels of tsRNA 5006c-LysCTT were associated with a 2.55-fold increased risk of all-cause death in AF patients (hazard ratio: 2.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.56-4.17; p < 0.001). Combined with our previous transcriptome sequencing results, 32 miRNA, 31 snoRNA, 110 nucleus-encoded tsRNA, and 33 mitochondria-encoded tsRNA target genes were dysregulated in AF patients. GO and KEGG analyses revealed enrichment of differentially expressed sncRNA target genes in AF-related pathways, including the 'calcium signaling pathway' and 'adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes.' The dysregulated sncRNA profiles in AF patients suggest their potential regulatory roles in AF pathogenesis. Further research is needed to investigate the specific mechanisms of sncRNAs in the development of AF and to explore potential biomarkers for AF treatment and prognosis.

FANCM interacts with the MHF1-MHF2 complex to limit crossover frequency during rice meiosis.

Crossovers (COs) are necessary for generating genetic diversity that breeders can select, but there are conserved mechanisms that regulate their frequency and distribution. Increasing CO frequency may raise the efficiency of selection by increasing the chance of integrating more desirable traits. In this study, we characterize rice FANCM and explore its functions in meiotic CO control. FANCM mutations do not affect fertility in rice, but they cause a great boost in the overall frequency of COs in both inbred and hybrid rice, according to genetic analysis of the complete set of fancm zmm (hei10, ptd, shoc1, mer3, zip4, msh4, msh5, and heip1) mutants. Although the early homologous recombination events proceed normally in fancm, the meiotic extra COs are not marked with HEI10 and require MUS81 resolvase for resolution. FANCM depends on PAIR1, COM1, DMC1, and HUS1 to perform its functions. Simultaneous disruption of FANCM and MEICA1 synergistically increases CO frequency, but it is accompanied by nonhomologous chromosome associations and fragmentations. FANCM interacts with the MHF complex, and ablation of rice MHF1 or MHF2 could restore the formation of 12 bivalents in the absence of the ZMM gene ZIP4. Our data indicate that unleashing meiotic COs by mutating any member of the FANCM-MHF complex could be an effective procedure to accelerate the efficiency of rice breeding.

Not One, Not Two, But at Least Three: Activity Origin of Copper Single-Atom Catalysts toward CO2/CO Electroreduction to C2+ Products.

Copper (Cu) single-atom catalysts (SACs) exhibit great potential for generating multicarbon (C2+) products, but the intrinsic activity of single-atom Cu (Cu1) under realistic conditions remains controversial. Herein, we perform extensive calculations with explicit solvation to investigate the underlying mechanism of Cu SACs, disclosing the absence of C2+ activity in Cu1 sites regardless of the different substrates. The original Cu1 sites (first taking Cu1 stably anchored on carbon nitride as an example) cannot facilitate *CO hydrogenation and CO-CO coupling due to the lack of active sites nearby, and they are unstable under operation, causing leaching and aggregation to form small Cu clusters. The derived Cu clusters composed of at least three Cu atoms can efficiently promote CO-CO coupling, as revealed by kinetic analyses. We extend the modeling to other typical Cu SACs and reveal that all of the Cu1 sites are inactive, while the C2+ performance of the derived Cu-cluster catalysts is substrate-dependent. This study offers mechanistic insights into Cu SACs and provides practical guidance for their rational optimization.

Full-Spectrum Utilization of ZIF-67/Ag NPs/NaYF4:Yb,Er Photocatalysts for Efficient Degradation of Sulfadiazine: Upconversion Mechanism and DFT Calculation.

In this work, novel ternary composite ZIF-67/Ag NPs/NaYF4:Yb,Er is synthesized by solvothermal method. The photocatalytic activity of the composite is evaluated by sulfadiazine (SDZ) degradation under simulated sunlight. High elimination efficiency of the composite is 95.4% in 180 min with good reusability and stability. The active species (h+, ·O2 - and ·OH) are identified. The attack sites and degradation process of SDZ are deeply investigated based on theoretical calculation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The upconversion mechanism study shows that favorable photocatalytic effectiveness is attributed to the full utilization of sunlight through the energy transfer upconversion process and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Additionally, the composite is endowed with outstanding light-absorbing qualities and effective photogenerated electron-hole pair separation thanks to the localized surface plasmon resonance effect of Ag nanoparticles. This work can motivate further design of novel photocatalysts with upconversion luminescence performance, which are applied to the removal of sulphonamide antibiotics in the environment.

The transcribed centromeric gene OsMRPL15 is essential for pollen development in rice.

Centromeres consist of highly repetitive sequences that are challenging to map, clone, and sequence. Active genes exist in centromeric regions, but their biological functions are difficult to explore owing to extreme suppression of recombination in these regions. In this study, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to knock out the transcribed gene Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L15 (OsMRPL15), located in the centromeric region of rice (Oryza sativa) chromosome 8, resulting in gametophyte sterility. Osmrpl15 pollen was completely sterile, with abnormalities appearing at the tricellular stage including the absence of starch granules and disrupted mitochondrial structure. Loss of OsMRPL15 caused abnormal accumulation of mitoribosomal proteins and large subunit rRNA in pollen mitochondria. Moreover, the biosynthesis of several proteins in mitochondria was defective, and expression of mitochondrial genes was upregulated at the mRNA level. Osmrpl15 pollen contained smaller amounts of intermediates related to starch metabolism than wild-type pollen, while biosynthesis of several amino acids was upregulated, possibly to compensate for defective mitochondrial protein biosynthesis and initiate consumption of carbohydrates necessary for starch biosynthesis. These results provide further insight into how defects in mitoribosome development cause gametophyte male sterility.

MAP4K4 exacerbates cardiac microvascular injury in diabetes by facilitating S-nitrosylation modification of Drp1.

Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is a crucial regulator of mitochondrial dynamics, the overactivation of which can lead to cardiovascular disease. Multiple distinct posttranscriptional modifications of Drp1 have been reported, among which S-nitrosylation was recently introduced. However, the detailed regulatory mechanism of S-nitrosylation of Drp1 (SNO-Drp1) in cardiac microvascular dysfunction in diabetes remains elusive. The present study revealed that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) was consistently upregulated in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and promoted SNO-Drp1 in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs), which in turn led to mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac microvascular disorder. Further studies confirmed that MAP4K4 promoted SNO-Drp1 at human C644 (mouse C650) by inhibiting glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression, through which MAP4K4 stimulated endothelial ferroptosis in diabetes. In contrast, inhibition of MAP4K4 via DMX-5804 significantly reduced endothelial ferroptosis, alleviated cardiac microvascular dysfunction and improved cardiac dysfunction in db/db mice by reducing SNO-Drp1. In parallel, the C650A mutation in mice abolished SNO-Drp1 and the role of Drp1 in promoting cardiac microvascular disorder and cardiac dysfunction. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that MAP4K4 plays an important role in endothelial dysfunction in DCM and reveal that SNO-Drp1 and ferroptosis activation may act as downstream targets, representing potential therapeutic targets for DCM.

Mechanistic Insights into the Discharge Processes of Li-CO2 Batteries.

Li-CO2 batteries facilitate renewable energy storage in a cost-effective, eco-friendly manner. However, an inadequate understanding of their reaction mechanism severely impedes their development. Here we outline recent mechanistic advances in the discharge processes of Li-CO2 batteries, particularly in terms of the theoretical aspect. First, the vital factors affecting the formation of discharge intermediates are highlighted, and a surface lithiation mechanism predominantly applicable to catalysts with weak CO2 adsorption is proposed. Subsequently, the modeling of the chemical potential of Li++e-, which is crucial for the evaluation of the theoretical limiting voltage, is detailed. Finally, challenges and future directions pertaining to the further development of Li-CO2 are discussed. In essence, this concept article seeks to inspire future experimental and theoretical studies in advancing the development of Li-CO2 electrochemical technology.

Palladium-Catalyzed Iodine Assisted Carbonylation of Indoles with ClCF2CO2Na and Alcohols.

A palladium-catalyzed iodine-assisted carbonylation reaction of indoles with readily available ClCF2CO2Na and alcohols has been developed. This protocol provides a practical and efficient approach to highly regioselective indole-3-carboxylates via a preiodination strategy of indoles. Different from classic carbonylation using toxic and difficult-to-handle carbon monoxide, this operationally simple and scalable reaction employed difluorocarbene as the carbonyl surrogate.

Incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

As China faces demographic shifts and socioeconomic changes, the burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and associated cognitive impairments is increasing dramatically, with significant implications for public health and the economy. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence and incidence of AD across China. Drawing from an extensive search of international and Chinese databases up to August 27, 2023, including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, we synthesized data from 105 studies. Our analysis reveals a combined prevalence of AD of 3.48% within a sample of 626,276 elderly individuals and an incidence rate of 7.90 per 1000 person-years. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses highlight age and gender as pivotal factors influencing these epidemiological patterns. Notably, significant heterogeneity exists due to variations in diagnostic criteria and study quality, impacting the comparability of findings. This meta-analysis underscores the need for continued research into demographic and modifiable risk factors influencing AD, while emphasizing standardized reporting practices to address these limitations and improve the understanding of AD's challenge in China.

Rosmarinic acid attenuates TNF-α induced cardiomyocyte injury via regulating miR-344a-3p.

To investigate whether rosmarinic acid protects cardiomyocytes from inflammatory damage through miRNAs, high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed to identify TNF-α-induced inflammatory damage in cardiomyocytes and miRNAs differentially expressed in TNF-α-induced inflammatory injury in cardiomyocytes, and the bioinformatics analysis shown that the expression levels of 10 miRNAs were significantly up-regulated, and the expression levels of 6 miRNAs were significantly down-regulated. Among them, the expression level of miR-344a-3p was significantly up-regulated in the experimental group, while the expression level of miR-449c-5p was significantly down-regulated in experimental group of cells. The target genes of miR-344a-3p and miR-449c-5p were CCR1 and ATP2B4 respectively. The luciferase reporter system showed that luciferase activity in the WT-CCR1+miR-344a-3p mimic group was significantly decreased, and the expression of CCR1 was significantly decreased at mRNA and protein level after miR-344a-3p was transfected into H9C2 cells, indicating that TNF-α-induced inflammatory injury in cardiomyocytes, rosmarinic acid may up-regulate the expression of miR-344a-3p, thereby inhibiting the expression of CCR1 and ultimately protecting the cardiomyocytes from inflammatory damage. Thus, we thought that CCR1 might be a new therapeutic target for cardiomyocyte injury.

Drug-coated balloon in the treatment of coronary artery de-novo large lesions angiography.

The superiority of drug-coated balloon (DCB) in treating small vessels, branching lesions, and high-risk bleeding lesions in coronary heart disease patients has been confirmed. However, its safety and efficacy in large vessels are still unclear. We aimed to investigate whether the efficacy of DCB in large vessels is not inferior to that of drug-eluting stent (DES). From November 2019 to April 2022, a total of 88 patients in our hospital who underwent coronary angiography for the first time and decided to receive DCB or DES treatment were selected. Indicators including late lumen loss (LLL), major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) rate, major bleeding and all-cause mortality were evaluated at 9 months and 1-year post percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) therapy. The primary endpoint of 9-month LLL was -0.07 in the DCB group and 0.19 mm in the DES group (p value＜0.001). 1-year cumulative MACE rates were similar in the DCB and DES groups (3.03% vs. 7.23%, P=0.519), TLR rates were similar (3.03% vs. 7.23%, P=0.519), Major bleeding was similar (3.03% vs. 5.45%, P=0.580), and 1 case of Cardiac death in DES group. For LLL, the DCB-only strategy was non-inferior to DES in treating de novo large lesions in the coronary arteries. Furthermore, the efficacy of DCB was comparable to DES at 1 year of follow-up for secondary clinical endpoints.

A two-dimensional covalent organic framework with single-atom manganese for electrochemical NO reduction: a computational study.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) exhibit great potential for electrocatalysis. Here, using DFT calculations and constant-potential modelling, we report the feasibility of a series of COFs toward NO reduction via regulating their central metal atoms and linking ligands. A COF with single-atom Mn is identified to possess superior activity while maintaining high NH3 selectivity.

Circular RNA IARS modulates the progression and ferroptosis of osteosarcoma via sponging miR-188-5p from RAB14.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common primary bone tumor in children and adolescents. Circular RNA (circRNA)-IARS acts as an oncogene in multiple human tumors. However, the circ-IARS function in OS is unclear. This research aimed to elucidate the roles and mechanisms of circ-IARS in OS. In this study, circ-IARS expressions were raised in OS tissues and cells. circ-IARS expressions were closely related to clinical stage and distant metastasis. Furthermore, overall survival rates were reduced in OS patients with high circ-IARS levels. Also, silencing circ-IARS weakened OS cell proliferation and invasion, yet enhanced cell ferroptosis. Mechanistically, circ-IARS targeted miR-188-5p to regulate RAB14 expressions in OS cells. Moreover, circ-IARS knockdown repressed OS cell proliferation, invasion, and induced ferroptosis, yet these impacts were abolished by co-transfection with anti-miR-188-5p or pcDNA-RAB14. Meanwhile, interference with circ-IARS reduced OS cell proliferation, and decreased RAB14 (a member of the RAS oncogene family), GPX4, and xCT (crucial ferroptosis regulators) expressions in vivo. In conclusion, circ-IARS facilitated OS progression via miR-188-5p/RAB14.

Study on the active components and mechanism of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma for invigorating the spleen and tonifying qi based on spectrum-effect relationship and network pharmacology.

Spleen deficiency can lead to various abnormal physiological functions of the spleen. Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (AMR) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to invigorate the spleen and tonify qi. The study aimed to identify the primary active components influencing the efficacy of AMR in strengthening the spleen and replenishing qi through spectrum-effect relationship and chemometrics. Network pharmacology was used to investigate the mechanism by which AMR strengthens the spleen and replenishes qi, with molecular docking utilized for validation purposes. The findings indicated that bran-fried AMR exhibited superior efficacy, with atractylenolides and atractylone identified as the primary active constituents. Atractylenolide II emerged as the most influential component impacting the effectiveness of AMR, while the key target was androgen receptor. Furthermore, crucial pathways implicated included the mitogen-activated protein cascade (MAPK) cascade, RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding, and RNA polymerase II sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding. In summary, our study has identified the primary active components associated with the efficacy of AMR and has provided an initial exploration of its mechanism of action. This offers a theoretical foundation for future investigations into the material basis and molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacodynamics of AMR.

Characterizing the emission trends and pollution evolution patterns during the transition period following COVID-19 at an industrial megacity of central China.

After the resumption of work and production following the COVID-19 pandemic, many cities entered a "transition phase", characterized by the gradual recovery of emission levels from various sources. Although the overall PM2.5 emission trends have recovered, the specific changes in different sources of PM2.5 remain unclear. Here, we investigated the changes in source contributions and the evolution pattern of pollution episodes (PE) in Wuhan during the "transition period" and compared them with the same period during the COVID-19 lockdown. We found that vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and road dust exhibited significant recoveries during the transition period, increasing by 5.4%, 4.8%, and 3.9%, respectively, during the PE. As primary emissions increased, secondary formation slightly declined, but it still played a predominant role (accounting for 39.1∼ 43.0% of secondary nitrate). The reduction in industrial activities was partially offset by residential burning. The evolution characteristics of PE exhibited significant differences between the two periods, with PM2.5 concentration persisting at a high level during the transition period. The differences in the evolution patterns of the two periods were also reflected in their change rates at each stage, which mostly depend on the pre-PE concentration level. The transition period shows a significantly higher value (8.4 µg m-3 h-1) compared with the lockdown period, almost double the amount. In addition to local emissions, regional transport should be a key consideration in pollution mitigation strategies, especially in areas adjacent to Wuhan. Our study quantifies the variations in sources between the two periods, providing valuable insights for optimizing environmental planning to achieve established goals.