Immunoglobulin M perception by FcµR.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first antibody to emerge during embryonic development and the humoral immune response1. IgM can exist in several distinct forms, including monomeric, membrane-bound IgM within the B cell receptor (BCR) complex, pentameric and hexameric IgM in serum and secretory IgM on the mucosal surface. FcµR, the only IgM-specific receptor in mammals, recognizes different forms of IgM to regulate diverse immune responses2-5. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here we delineate the structural basis of the FcµR-IgM interaction by crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. We show that two FcµR molecules interact with a Fcµ-Cµ4 dimer, suggesting that FcµR can bind to membrane-bound IgM with a 2:1 stoichiometry. Further analyses reveal that FcµR-binding sites are accessible in the context of IgM BCR. By contrast, pentameric IgM can recruit four FcµR molecules to bind on the same side and thereby facilitate the formation of an FcµR oligomer. One of these FcµR molecules occupies the binding site of the secretory component. Nevertheless, four FcµR molecules bind to the other side of secretory component-containing secretory IgM, consistent with the function of FcµR in the retrotransport of secretory IgM. These results reveal intricate mechanisms of IgM perception by FcµR.

A new variant of the colistin resistance gene MCR-1 with co-resistance to ß-lactam antibiotics reveals a potential novel antimicrobial peptide.

The emerging and global spread of a novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, threatens human health. Expression of the MCR-1 protein affects bacterial fitness and this cost correlates with lipid A perturbation. However, the exact molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we identified the MCR-1 M6 variant carrying two-point mutations that conferred co-resistance to ß-lactam antibiotics. Compared to wild-type (WT) MCR-1, this variant caused severe disturbance in lipid A, resulting in up-regulation of L, D-transpeptidases (LDTs) pathway, which explains co-resistance to ß-lactams. Moreover, we show that a lipid A loading pocket is localized at the linker domain of MCR-1 where these 2 mutations are located. This pocket governs colistin resistance and bacterial membrane permeability, and the mutated pocket in M6 enhances the binding affinity towards lipid A. Based on this new information, we also designed synthetic peptides derived from M6 that exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, exposing a potential vulnerability that could be exploited for future antimicrobial drug design.

GEN1 as a risk factor for human congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract.

BACKGROUND: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are prevalent birth defects. Although pathogenic CAKUT genes are known, they are insufficient to reveal the causes for all patients. Our previous studies indicated GEN1 as a pathogenic gene of CAKUT in mice, and this study further investigated the correlation between GEN1 and human CAKUT. METHODS: In this study, DNA from 910 individuals with CAKUT was collected; 26 GEN1 rare variants were identified, and two GEN1 (missense) variants in a non-CAKUT group were found. Mainly due to the stability results of the predicted mutant on the website, in vitro, 10 variants (eight CAKUT, two non-CAKUT) were selected to verify mutant protein stability. In addition, mainly based on the division of the mutation site located in the functional region of the GEN1 protein, 8 variants (six CAKUT, two non-CAKUT) were selected to verify enzymatic hydrolysis, and the splice variant GEN1 (c.1071 + 3(IVS10) A > G) was selected to verify shear ability. Based on the results of in vitro experiments and higher frequency, three sites with the most significant functional change were selected to build mouse models. RESULTS: Protein stability changed in six variants in the CAKUT group. Based on electrophoretic mobility shift assay of eight variants (six CAKUT, two non-CAKUT), the enzymatic hydrolysis and DNA-binding abilities of mutant proteins were impaired in the CAKUT group. The most serious functional damage was observed in the Gen1 variant that produced a truncated protein. A mini-gene splicing assay showed that the variant GEN1 (c.1071 + 3(IVS10) A > G) in the CAKUT group significantly affected splicing function. An abnormal exon10 was detected in the mini-gene splicing assay. Point-mutant mouse strains were constructed (Gen1: c.1068 + 3 A > G, p.R400X, and p.T105R) based on the variant frequency in the CAKUT group and functional impairment in vitro study and CAKUT phenotypes were replicated in each. CONCLUSION: Overall, our findings indicated GEN1 as a risk factor for human CAKUT.

The significance of antigen-antibody-binding avidity in clinical diagnosis.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing are commonly used to determine infection status. Typically, the detection of IgM indicates an acute or recent infection, while the presence of IgG alone suggests a chronic or past infection. However, relying solely on IgG and IgM antibody positivity may not be sufficient to differentiate acute from chronic infections. This limitation arises from several factors. The prolonged presence of IgM can complicate diagnostic interpretations, and false positive IgM results often arise from antibody cross-reactivity with various antigens. Additionally, IgM may remain undetectable in prematurely collected samples or in individuals who are immunocompromised, further complicating accurate diagnosis. As a result, additional diagnostic tools are required to confirm infection status. Avidity is a measure of the strength of the binding between an antigen and antibody. Avidity-based assays have been developed for various infectious agents, including toxoplasma, cytomegalovirus (CMV), SARS-CoV-2, and avian influenza, and are promising tools in clinical diagnostics. By measuring the strength of antibody binding, they offer critical insights into the maturity of the immune response. These assays are instrumental in distinguishing between acute and chronic or past infections, monitoring disease progression, and guiding treatment decisions. The development of automated platforms has optimized the testing process by enhancing efficiency and minimizing the risk of manual errors. Additionally, the recent advent of real-time biosensor immunoassays, including the label-free immunoassays (LFIA), has further amplified the capabilities of these assays. These advances have expanded the clinical applications of avidity-based assays, making them useful tools for the diagnosis and management of various infectious diseases. This review is structured around several key aspects of IgG avidity in clinical diagnosis, including: (i) a detailed exposition of the IgG affinity maturation process; (ii) a thorough discussion of the IgG avidity assays, including the recently emerged biosensor-based approaches; and (iii) an examination of the applications of IgG avidity in clinical diagnosis. This review is intended to contribute toward the development of enhanced diagnostic tools through critical assessment of the present landscape of avidity-based testing, which allows us to identify the existing knowledge gaps and highlight areas for future investigation.

Photosynthetic characteristics and genetic mapping of a yellow-green leaf mutant jym165 in soybean.

BACKGROUND: Leaves are important sites for photosynthesis and can convert inorganic substances into organic matter. Photosynthetic performance is an important factor affecting crop yield. Leaf colour is closely related to photosynthesis, and leaf colour mutants are considered an ideal material for studying photosynthesis. RESULTS: We obtained a yellow-green leaf mutant jym165, using ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. Physiological and biochemical analyses indicated that the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll in the jym165 mutant decreased significantly compared with those in Jiyu47 (JY47). The abnormal chloroplast development of jym165 led to a decrease in net photosynthetic rate and starch content compared with that of JY47. However, quality traits analysis showed that the sum of oil and protein contents in jym165 was higher than that in JY47. In addition, the regional yield (seed spacing: 5 cm) of jym165 increased by 2.42% compared with that of JY47 under high planting density. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the yellow-green leaf phenotype was closely related to photosynthesis and starch and sugar metabolism pathways. Genetic analysis suggests that the yellow-green leaf phenotype is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. Using Mutmap sequencing, the candidate regions related of leaf colour was narrowed to 3.44 Mb on Chr 10. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal chloroplast development in yellow-green mutants leads to a decrease in the photosynthetic pigment content and net photosynthetic rate, which affects the soybean photosynthesis pathway and starch and sugar metabolism pathways. Moreover, it has the potentiality to increase soybean yield under dense planting conditions. This study provides a useful reference for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying photosynthesis in soybean.

Interfacial and Electronic Modulation of W Bridging Heterostructure Between WS2 and Cobalt-Based Compounds for Efficient Overall Water Splitting.

The development of high performance electrocatalysts for effective hydrogen production is urgently needed. Herein, three hybrid catalysts formed by WS2 and Co-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derivatives are constructed, in which the small amount of W in the MOFs derivatives acts as a bridge to provide the charge transfer channel and enhance the stability. In addition, the effects of the surface charge distribution on the catalytic performance are fully investigated. Due to the optimal interfacial electron coupling and rearrangement as well as its unique porous morphology, WS2 @W-CoPx exhibits superior bifunctional performance in alkaline media with low overpotentials in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) (62 mV at 10 mA cm-2 ) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) (278 mV at 100 mA cm-2 ). For overall water splitting (OWS), WS2 @W-CoPx only requires a cell voltage of 1.78 V at 50 mA cm-2 and maintains good stability within 72 h. Density functional theory calculations verify that the combination of W-CoPx with WS2 can effectively enhance the activity of OER and HER with weakened OH (or O) adsorption and enhanced H atom adsorption. This work provides a feasible idea for the design and practical application of WS2 or phosphide-based catalysts in OWS.

Pure optical twist with zero net torque.

In photonic systems, bilayer or multilayer systems exhibit numerous exciting phenomena induced by twisting. Thus, it is highly desired to explore the twisting effect by engineering the light-matter interactions. Optical torque, an important means in optical micromanipulation, can rotate micro-objects in various ways, enabling a wide range of promising applications. In this study, we present an interesting phenomenon called "pure optical twist" (POT), which emerges when a bilayer structure with specific symmetry is illuminated by counter-propagating lights with opposite spin and/or orbital angular momentum. Remarkably, this leads to zero net optical torque but yet possesses an interesting mechanical effect of bilayer system twisting. The crucial determinant of this phenomenon is the rotational symmetries of each layer, which govern the allowed azimuthal channels of the scattered wave. When the rotational symmetries do not allow these channels to overlap, no resultant torque is observed. Our work will encourage further exploration of the twisting effect through engineered light-matter interactions. This opens up the possibility of creating twisted bilayer systems using optical means, and constructing a stable bilayer optical motor that maintains identical rotation frequencies for both layers.

The construction of dual-emissive ratiometric fluorescent probes based on fluorescent nanoparticles for the detection of metal ions and small molecules.

With the rapid development of fluorescent nanoparticles (FNPs), such as CDs, QDs, and MOFs, the construction of FNP-based probes has played a key role in improving chemical sensors. Ratiometric fluorescent probes exhibit distinct advantages, such as resistance to environmental interference and achieving visualization. Thus, FNP-based dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent probes (DRFPs) have rapidly developed in the field of metal ion and small molecule detection in the past few years. In this review, firstly we introduce the fluorescence sensing mechanisms; then, we focus on the strategies for the fabrication of DRFPs, including hybrid FNPs, single FNPs with intrinsic dual emission and target-induced new emission, and DRFPs based on auxiliary nanoparticles. In the section on hybrid FNPs, methods to assemble two types of FNPs, such as chemical bonding, electrostatic interaction, core satellite or core-shell structures, coordination, and encapsulation, are introduced. In the section on single FNPs with intrinsic dual emission, methods for the design of dual-emission CDs, QDs, and MOFs are discussed. Regarding target-induced new emission, sensitization, coordination, hydrogen bonding, and chemical reaction induced new emissions are discussed. Furthermore, in the section on DRFPs based on auxiliary nanoparticles, auxiliary nanomaterials with the inner filter effect and enzyme mimicking activity are discussed. Finally, the existing challenges and an outlook on the future of DRFP are presented. We sincerely hope that this review will contribute to the quick understanding and exploration of DRFPs by researchers.

Three-Dimensional Polyoxometalate Organic Frameworks with One-Dimensional Channels Constructed by Multiple Helical Chains Based on 22-Core Ln/Mn/Mo Clusters for Proton Conduction.

Two unique 22-core sandwich {[Mn6Mo6O37]Ln3[MnMo6O24]} (Ln = La or Pr) units have been assembled, featuring an undisclosed {Mn6Mo6} cluster. This assembly is subsequently integrated into two three-dimensional polyoxometalate organic frameworks, which exhibit one-dimensional hydrophilic hexagonal channels formed by six intertwined 63 helical chains, leading to effective proton conduction primarily facilitated by an abundance of water molecules within the channels.

Discovery of a urea-based hit compound as a novel inhibitor of transforming growth factor-ß type 1 receptor: in silico and in vitro studies.

Transforming growth factor ß type 1 receptor (TGFßR1), a crucial serine-threonine kinase, is central to the TGFß/Smad signaling pathway, governing cellular processes like growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune response. This pathway is closely linked to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, which plays an important role in the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To date, only limited inhibitors targeting TGFßR1 have entered clinical trials, yet they encounter challenges, notably high toxicity, in clinical applications. Herein, an efficient virtual screening pipeline was developed. Eighty compounds were screened from a pool of over 17 million molecules based on docking scores and binding free energy. Four compounds were manually selected with the assistance of enhanced sampling method BPMD (binding pose metadynamics). The binding stability of these four compounds complexed with TGFßR1 was subsequently studied through long-timescale conventional molecular dynamics simulations. The three most promising compounds were subjected to in vitro bioactivity assays. Cpd272 demonstrated moderate inhibitory activity against TGFßR1, with an IC50 value of 1.57 ± 0.33 µM. Moreover, it exhibited cytotoxic effects on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Bel-7402. By shedding light on the binding mode of the receptor-ligand complexes, Cpd272 was identified as a hit compound featuring a novel urea-based scaffold capable of effectively inhibiting TGFßR1.

Weight loss, glycolipid profile changes in type 2 diabetes patients after esophagectomy: a propensity score matching analysis.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common co-morbidity in patients who receive esophagectomy and has unfavorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients. This study examines how weight and glycolipid metabolism change in patients with T2DM following esophagectomy. METHODS: This retrospective, one-center, observational analysis with a propensity score matching analysis (PSM) included 114 patients who underwent esophageal surgery in the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force from 2017 to 2020, which were separated into T2DM group and Non-T2DM group. Weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured and analyzed before and after the operation. RESULTS: Two groups showed similar reductions in weight and BMI after surgery. In the T2DM group, weight decreased from 63.10(10.31) before surgery to 55.10(11.60) kg at 6 months (P < 0.001) with BMI decreasing from 22.67 (2.90) to 19.77 (3.48); While in the Non-T2DM group, weight decreased from 61.42 (8.46) to 53.19 (9.26) kg at 6 months after surgery with BMI decline from 22.49 (2.77) before operation to 19.45 (3.08) at 6 months after surgery. Fasting plasma glucose levels showed a significant decrease (P = 0.035) in the T2DM group at a six-month point of 7.00 (2.21) mmol/L compared to preoperative levels of 7.67 (2.32) mmol/L. HDL levels increased significantly in the Non-T2DM group at six months postoperatively at 1.52 (0.05) with P < 0.001 compared to preoperative levels of 1.22(0.04) mmol/L. TG, LDL, and TC levels decreased significantly in both groups from the preoperative to the 6-month point. CONCLUSIONS: Esophagectomy induces weight loss in T2DM and Non-T2DM groups, improves long-term glucose metabolism in the T2DM group, and enhances lipid metabolism in both groups. Further research is needed to understand their mechanisms.

Efficacy of H2O2 inactivated bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) type 1 vaccine in mice.

BACKGROUND: Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an acute febrile infectious disease caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), which has brought huge economic losses to the world's cattle industry. At present, commercial inactivated BVDV vaccines may cause some adverse reactions during use. This study aims to develop a safer and more efficient inactivated BVDV vaccine. METHODS: Here, we described the generation and preclinical efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) inactivated BVDV type 1 vaccine in mice, and administered it separately with commercial vaccine (formaldehyde inactivated) in mice to study its efficacy. RESULTS: The BVDV type 1 IgG, IFN- γ, IL-4 and neutralizing antibody in the serum of the H2O2 inactivated vaccine group can be maintained in mice for 70 days. The IgG level reached its maximum value of 0.67 on the 42nd day, significantly higher than the commercial formaldehyde inactivated BVDV type 1 vaccine. IFN- γ and IL-4 reached their maximum values on the 28th day after immunization, at 123.16 pg/ml and 143.80 pg/ml, respectively, slightly higher than commercial vaccines, but the effect was not significant. At the same time the BVDV-1 neutralizing antibody titer reached a maximum of 12 Nu on the 42nd day post vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: The H2O2 inactivated BVDV vaccine has good safety and immunogenicity, which provides a potential solution for the further development of an efficient and safe BVDV vaccine.

Effect of oesophagectomy on lipid profiles in patients with oesophageal cancer combined with hyperlipidaemia: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Surgery is widely regarded as a pivotal therapeutic approach for treating oesophageal cancer, and clinical observations have revealed that many oesophageal cancer patients also present with concomitant hyperlipidaemia. It is surprising that few studies have been performed to determine how blood lipid levels are affected by oesophageal cancer resection. This research was designed to assess the influence of oesophageal cancer resection on lipid profiles among individuals diagnosed with both oesophageal cancer and hyperlipidaemia. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out on 110 patients with hyperlipidaemia and oesophageal cancer who had undergone oesophagectomy at the 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Preoperative and postoperative serological data were collected at seven-, thirty-, sixty-day-, and one-year-long intervals. Changes in lipid levels were compared, the remission of various types of hyperlipidaemia was statistically assessed, and Pearson correlation was used to analyse the association between lipid changes and preoperative body weight. The research sought to assess the reduction in body weight and the proportion of body weight lost one year following surgery. RESULTS: Noteworthy decreases were observed in total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, with TC decreasing from 6.20 mmol/L to 5.20 mmol/L, TG decreasing from 1.40 mmol/L to 1.20 mmol/L, and LDL decreasing from 4.50 mmol/L to 3.30 mmol/L. Conversely, there was a notable increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, which increased from 1.20 mmol/L to 1.40 mmol/L (P < 0.05) compared to the preoperative levels. Notably, the remission rates for mixed hyperlipidaemia (60.9%) and high cholesterol (60.0%) were considerably greater than those for high triglycerides (16.2%). Alterations in TC at one year postoperatively correlated with preoperative weight and weight loss (r = 0.315, -0.216); changes in TG correlated with preoperative weight, percentage of total weight loss (TWL%), and weight reduction (r = -0.295, -0.246, 0.320); and changes in LDL correlated with preoperative weight, TWL%, and weight loss (r = 0.251, 0.186, and -0.207). Changes in non-high-density lipoprotein(non-HDL) were linked to preoperative weight (r = 0.300), and changes in TG/HDL were correlated with preoperative weight and TWL% (r = -0.424, -0.251). CONCLUSIONS: Oesophagectomy significantly improved lipid profiles in oesophageal cancer patients, potentially leading to a reduction in overall cardiovascular risk.

Sleep factors were associated with a higher risk of MAFLD and significant fibrosis.

PURPOSE: The relationships of sleep factors separately and jointly with metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and significant fibrosis remain unclear. We intended to explore the relationships in the United States. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 4477 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2017 to 2018. Information regarding each sleep factor (sleep duration, trouble sleeping, snoring, excessive daytime sleep, and sleep apnea symptoms) was obtained through questionnaires. MAFLD was diagnosed by transient elastography according to the consensus definitions. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to explore relationships of sleep factors separately and jointly with MAFLD and significant fibrosis. RESULTS: Participants having a poor sleep pattern was associated with higher MAFLD and significant fibrosis risk, and poor sleep pattern was related to about threefold (OR, 3.67; 95% CI, 1.82-7.37) increased risk of MAFLD remarkably. When examining specific factors of sleep patterns individually, trouble sleeping (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.10-2.12), snoring (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.40-3.19), excessive daytime sleep (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.93-2.62), and sleep apnea symptoms (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.13-3.10) were positively associated with the odds of MAFLD (all P < 0.05). However, sleep duration was not independently correlated with MAFLD or significant fibrosis. Sleep patterns showed similar relationships with MAFLD, regardless of all age, sex, physical activity, and shift work groups. CONCLUSIONS: Poor sleep pattern was linked with a considerably higher risk of MAFLD and significant fibrosis.

Self-efficacy and cheating among young children.

This research, comprising three preregistered studies, investigated the link between self-efficacy and cheating on an academic test in 5- and 6-year-old children. Study 1 assessed children's general self-efficacy and found it to be unrelated to their cheating behavior. Study 2 assessed task-specific self-efficacy, which was not found to be associated with cheating. In Study 3, children were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, which received brief positive feedback on task-specific self-efficacy, or a control group, which received no feedback. The experimental group demonstrated significantly less cheating. These findings, for the first time, identify a specific connection between young children's self-efficacy and academic dishonesty and suggest that positive feedback on task-specific efficacy could be a simple effective strategy for fostering academic integrity early on.

Physical frailty intensifies the positive association of oral frailty with poor global cognitive function and executive function among older adults especially for females: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Oral frailty is reported to increase the risk of new onset of mild cognitive impairment. Whereas, the association of oral frailty with cognition among older adults in both physical frail and non-physical frail status has not been sufficiently explored, and whether there are sex differences in the association is unclear. This study investigated the association of oral frailty and physical frailty with global cognitive function and executive function among older adults, as well as the sex differences in such association. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 307 participants aged ≥ 60 years old from communities between June 2023 and August 2023, in Nanjing, China. Global cognitive function and executive function were assessed by using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Trail Making Tests A (TMT-A), respectively. Oral frailty was identified by the combination of natural tooth, Oral Frailty Index-8 (OFI-8), and oral diadochokinesis. Physical frailty was measured by using Fried phenotype model which contained 5 criteria: unintentional weight loss, weakness, exhaustion, slowness, and low physical activity. Multiple linear regression analyses for overall participants and stratified by sex and presence or absence of physical frailty were performed, respectively, to examine the association between oral frailty and cognitive functions. RESULTS: The median age of participants was 70 years old. The study included 158 (51.5%) females, 53 (17.3%) individuals with physical frailty, and 65 (21.2%) participants with oral frailty. After adjustment, the association between oral frailty and global cognitive function was observed in the physical frailty group (B = -2.67, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: -5.27 to -0.07, p = 0.045) and the females with physical frailty (B = -4, 95% CI: -7.41 to -0.58, p = 0.024). Oral frailty was associated with executive function in overall participants (B = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.22, p = 0.037), physical frailty group (B = 23.68, 95% CI: 1.37 to 45.99, p = 0.038). In the adjusted models, oral frailty was significantly associated with executive function in all females (B = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.36, p = 0.009), in females without physical frailty (B = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.36, p = 0.027), and in females with physical frailty (B = 48.69, 95% CI: 7.17 to 90.21, p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Physical frailty intensifies the positive association of oral frailty with poor global cognitive function and executive function among older adults, particularly among females. It is ponderable to consider sex differences and facilitate the management of physical frailty when it comes to promoting cognitive health based on the perspective of oral health among older adults.

Low Testosterone and High Leptin Activate PPAR Signaling to Induce Adipogenesis and Promote Fat Deposition in Caponized Ganders.

Low or insufficient testosterone levels caused by caponization promote fat deposition in animals. However, the molecular mechanism of fat deposition in caponized animals remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the metabolomics and transcriptomic profiles of adipose tissues and study the effect of testosterone and leptin on the proliferation of adipocytes. We observed a significant enlargement in the areas of adipocytes in the abdominal fat tissues in capon, as well as increased luciferase activity of the serum leptin and a sharp decrease in the serum testosterone in caponized gander. Metabolomics and transcriptomic results revealed differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed metabolites with enhanced PARR signal pathway. The mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ, fatty acid synthase, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in goose primary pre-adipocytes were significantly upregulated with high leptin treatment and decreased significantly with increasing testosterone dose. Hence, reduced testosterone and increased leptin levels after caponization possibly promoted adipocytes proliferation and abdominal fat deposition by altering the expression of PPAR pathway related genes in caponized ganders. This study provides a new direction for the mechanism through which testosterone regulates the biological function of leptin and fat deposition in male animals.

Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Profiling of Soybean RbcS Family in Response to Plant Hormones and Functional Identification of GmRbcS8 in Soybean Mosaic Virus.

Rubisco small subunit (RbcS), a core component with crucial effects on the structure and kinetic properties of the Rubisco enzyme, plays an important role in response to plant growth, development, and various stresses. Although Rbcs genes have been characterized in many plants, their muti-functions in soybeans remain elusive. In this study, a total of 11 GmRbcS genes were identified and subsequently divided into three subgroups based on a phylogenetic relationship. The evolutionary analysis revealed that whole-genome duplication has a profound effect on GmRbcSs. The cis-acting elements responsive to plant hormones, development, and stress-related were widely found in the promoter region. Expression patterns based on the RT-qPCR assay exhibited that GmRbcS genes are expressed in multiple tissues, and notably Glyma.19G046600 (GmRbcS8) exhibited the highest expression level compared to other members, especially in leaves. Moreover, differential expressions of GmRbcS genes were found to be significantly regulated by exogenous plant hormones, demonstrating their potential functions in diverse biology processes. Finally, the function of GmRbcS8 in enhancing soybean resistance to soybean mosaic virus (SMV) was further determined through the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay. All these findings establish a strong basis for further elucidating the biological functions of RbcS genes in soybeans.

A Zn(II) Coordination Polymer for Fluorescent Turn-Off Selective Sensing of Heavy Metal Cation and Toxic Inorganic Anions.

A novel coordination polymer [Zn(atyha)2]n (1) (Hatyha = 2-(2-aminothiazole-4-yl)-2- hydroxyiminoacetic acid) was constructed by hydrothermal reaction of Zn2+ with Hatyha ligand. CP 1 exhibits a 2D (4,4)-connected topological framework with Schläfli symbol of {44·62}, where atyha- anions serve as tridentate ligands, bridging with Zn2+ through carboxylate, thiazole and oxime groups. CP 1 displays a strong ligand-based photoluminescence at 390 nm in the solid state, and remains significantly structurally stable in water. Interestingly, it can be utilized as a fluorescent probe for selective and sensitive sensing of Fe3+, Cr2O72- and MnO4- through the fluorescent turn-off effect with limit of detection (LOD) of 3.66 × 10-6, 2.38 × 10-5 and 2.94 × 10-6 M, respectively. Moreover, the efficient recyclability for detection of Fe3+ and Cr2O72- is better than that for MnO4-. The mechanisms of fluorescent quenching involve reversible overlap of UV-Vis absorption bands of the analytes (Fe3+, Cr2O72- and MnO4-) with fluorescence excitation and emission bands for CP 1, respectively.

Depolymerization of Native Lignin over Thiol Capped Ultrathin ZnIn2S4 Microbelts Mediated by Photogenerated Thiyl Radical.

The valorization of native lignin to functionalized aromatic compounds under visible light is appealing yet challenging. In this communication, colloidal mercaptoalkanoic acid capped ultrathin ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) microbelts was successfully fabricated, which was used as a superior catalyst for depolymerization of native lignin in birch woodmeal under visible light, with an optimum yield of 28.8 wt % to functionalized aromatic monomers achieved in 8 h. The capped mercaptoalkanoic acid not only enables a solvent modulated reversible interchange of ZIS between the colloidal state for efficient reaction and the aggregated state for facile separation, but also serves as a precursor for light initiated generation of reactive thiyl radical for highly selective cleavage of ß-O-4 bond in native lignin. This work provides a green and efficient strategy for the depolymerization of native lignin to functionalized aromatic monomers under mild conditions, which involves a new mechanism for the cleavage of ß-O-4 bonds in native lignin. The capability of cleavage of ß-O-4 bonds in native lignin by photogenerated thiyl radicals also demonstrates the great potential of using photogenerated thiyl radicals in organics transformations.