Actinotalea lenta sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from tidal flat sediment.

Two Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-negative, non-motile, and short rod-shaped actinomycetes, named SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490, were isolated from tidal flat sediment located in Guangdong province, PR China. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490 were 99.3, 99.5 and 97.1 %, respectively. Strains SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490 exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Actinotalea ferrariae CF 5-4T (97.1 %/98.2 %), with ANI values of 74.01/73.88 % and dDDH values of 20.5/20.4 %. In the phylogenomic tree, the two isolates were affiliated with the genus Actinotalea. The genomes of strains SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490 were 3.31 and 3.34 Mb, and both had DNA G+C contents of 72.8 mol%, coding 3077 and 3085 CDSs, three and three rRNA genes, and 53 and 51 tRNAs, respectively. Growth occurred at 15-40 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), pH 4.0-10.0 (optimum, 7.0) and in the presence of 0-7 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3 %). The major fatty acids (>10  %) of strains SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490 were anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. The major respiratory quinone was identified as MK-10(H4). The polar lipids of strains SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490 were diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoglycolipid, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, two phosphatidylinositol mannosides, two glycolipids and two phospholipids. Based on these data, the two strains (SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490) represent a novel species of the genus Actinotalea, for which the name Actinotalea lenta sp. nov is proposed. The type strain is SYSU T00b441T (=GDMCC 1.3827T=KCTC 49943T).

Desertivirga arenae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Desertivirga brevis sp. nov., isolated from desert soil, and reclassification of Pedobacter xinjiangensis as Desertivirga xinjiangensis comb. nov. and Pedobacter mongoliensis as Paradesertivirga mongoliensis gen.nov., comb. nov.

Two novel bacterial strains, designated as SYSU D00823T and SYSU D00873T, were isolated from sandy soil of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang, north-west China. SYSU D00823T and SYSU D00873T shared 99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence identity, and were both most closely related to Pedobacter xinjiangensis 12157T with 96.1 % and 96.0 % similarities, respectively. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses revealed that the two isolates and P. xinjiangensis 12157T formed a separate distinct cluster in a stable subclade with the nearby species Pedobacter mongoliensis 1-32T, as well as the genera Pararcticibacter and Arcticibacter. Furthermore, P. mongoliensis 1-32T formed a separate deep-branching lineage and did not form a cluster with members of the genus Pedobacter. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between SYSU D00823T and SYSU D00873T and related species were well below the thresholds for species delineation (<81.0 % and <24.0 %, respectively). The genomes of SYSU D00823T and SYSU D00873T were 6.19 and 6.43 Mbp in size with 40.4 % and 40.5 % DNA G+C contents, respectively. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) of SYSU D00823T and SYSU D00873T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). Menaquinone-7 was the only respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, glycosphingolipid, aminoglycolipid/glycolipid, aminophospholipid and three or four unidentified polar lipids. These data indicated that strains SYSU D00823T and SYSU D00873T should be assigned to two novel species of a new genus within the family Sphingobacteriaceae, for which the names Desertivirga arenae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Desertivirga brevis sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are SYSU D00823T (=CGMCC 1.18630T=MCCC 1K04973T=KCTC 82278T) and SYSU D00873T (=CGMCC 1.18629T=MCCC 1K04974T=KCTC 82281T), respectively. Accordingly, the reclassification of P. xinjiangensis as Desertivirga xinjiangensis comb. nov., and P. mongoliensis as Paradesertivirga mongoliensis gen. nov., comb. nov. are also proposed.

Taklimakanibacter deserti gen. nov., sp. nov. and Taklimakanibacter lacteus sp. nov., isolated from desert soil.

Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, milk-white coloured, non-motile, short rod-shaped bacteria, designated as strains SYSU D60010T and SYSU D60012T, were isolated from sand samples collected from the Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang Province in China. Both strains were positive for oxidase, catalase and nitrate reduction, but negative for amylase, H2S production, hydrolysis of gelatin and cellulase. Strains SYSU D60010T and SYSU D60012T grew well at 28 °C, at pH 7 and had the same NaCl tolerance range of 0-1 % (w/v). The major fatty acids (>5 %) of strains SYSU D60010T and SYSU D60012T were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c), iso-C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c, C16 : 0 and iso-C18 : 1 2-OH. Q-10 was the only respiratory ubiquinone. Strains SYSU D60010T and SYSU D60012T showed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Aestuariivirga litoralis SYSU M10001T (94.2 and 94.1 %), Rhodoligotrophos jinshengii BUT-3T (92.0 and 91.9 %) and Rhodoligotrophos appendicifer 120-1T (91.8 and 91.7 %), and the genomes were 7.4 and 5.8 Mbp in size with DNA G+C contents of 62.8 and 63.0 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics indicated that these two strains represent a novel genus and two novel species within the family Aestuariivirgaceae. We propose the name Taklimakanibacter deserti gen. nov., sp. nov. for strain SYSU D60010T, representing the type strain of this species (=KCTC 52783T =NBRC 113344T) and Taklimakanibacter lacteus gen. nov., sp. nov. for strain SYSU D60012T, representing the type strain of this species (=KCTC 52785T=NBRC 113128T).

Pedobacter deserti sp. nov., a novel species isolated from desert soil.

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated as SYSU D00382T, was sourced from soil of Gurbantunggut Desert, PR China. The strain was short-rod-shaped, oxidase-positive and catalase-negative, with yellow-colored, convex, round, and smooth colonies on TSA plate. Growth and proliferation occurred at 4-37 °C (optimal: 28-30 °C), pH 5.0-8.0 (optimal: pH 6.0-7.0) and NaCl concentration of 0-2.5% (optimal: 0-0.5%). The 16S rRNA gene based phylogenetic assessment showed that SYSU D00382T belonged to the genus Pedobacter, and was most closely related to Pedobacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 104T with similarity of 97.7%. The genomic DNA G+C content of SYSU D00382T was 46.4%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between SYSU D00382T and P. ginsengisoli Gsoil 104T were 75.7% and 17.5%, respectively. The main polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids (> 5%) were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, summed features 3 and 9. The sole respiratory quinone identified was MK-7. The phylogeny based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences revealed that SYSU D00382T formed a robust lineage with P. ginsengisoli Gsoil 104T. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, a novel specie named Pedobacter deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU D00382T (= CGMCC 1.18627T = MCCC 1K04972T = KCTC 82279T).

Desertibaculum subflavum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Sneathiellaceae isolated from the Kumtag Desert soil.

A novel rod-shaped bacterium, designated as strain SYSU D60015T that formed yellowish colonies was isolated from a sandy soil collected from the Kumtag Desert in Xinjiang, China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative and motile with a single polar flagellum. Growth optimum occurred between 28 and 37 °C, pH 7.0 and with 0-0.5% (W/V) NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids (> 5%) were summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c), C19:0 cyclo ω8c, C18:1 ω7c 11-methyl and C16:0. The polar lipid profile contained one phosphatidylethanolamine, one diphosphatidylglycerol, one phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified phospholipid, three unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified aminophospholipids and seven unidentified lipids. The only respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogenetic analysis, strain SYSU D60015T was found to form a distinct linage within the family Sneathiellaceae, and had 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 90.8% to Taonella mepensis H1T, and 90.2% to Ferrovibrio denitrificans S3T. The genome of SYSU D60015T was 5.66 Mb in size with 68.2% of DNA G + C content. The low digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH, 18.0%), average nucleotide identity (ANI, 77.5%) and amino acid identity (AAI, 56.0%) values between SYSU D60015T and Ferrovibrio terrae K5T indicated that SYSU D60015T might represent a distinct genus. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic data, we propose Desertibaculum subflavum gen. nov., sp. nov. as a novel species of a new genus within the family Sneathiellaceae. The type strain is SYSU D60015T (= NBRC 112952T = CGMCC 1.16256T).

Rufibacter psychrotolerans sp. nov., a Cold-Tolerating Novel Species Isolated from Desert Soil.

Strain SYSU D00308T, a short-rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from a sandy soil collected from the Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang, PR China. Strain SYSU D00308T was Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, pink-pigmented, non-motile, catalase- and oxidase-positive. The strain grew at 4-37 ℃, pH 5.0-8.0 and 0-1.5% (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses demonstrated that strain SYSU D00308T belonged to the genus Rufibacter and exhibited the highest sequence similarity (97.4%) to Rufibacter glacialis MDT1-10-3T. Summed features 3, 4, and iso-C15:0 were the major fatty acids, and menaquinone 7 (MK-7) was the sole respiratory menaquinone. The polar lipid profiles comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified glycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified aminophospholipids, and two unidentified lipids. The genome size and DNA G + C content of strain SYSU D00308T were 5,176,683 bp and 54.8%, respectively. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between SYSU D00308T and members of the genus Rufibacter were 77.7-81.8% and 20.4-23.4% respectively, which were less than the corresponding thresholds (ANI: 95-96%; dDDH: 70%) for prokaryotic species definition. According to the genotypic, phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain SYSU D00308T represents a novel species of the genus Rufibacter. We propose the name, Rufibacter psychrotolerans sp. nov., with SYSU D00308T (= CGMCC 1.18621T = KCTC 82275T = MCCC 1K04970T) as the type strain.

The Biological Activity of Ganoderma lucidum on Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Interplay between Different Active Compounds and the Pathological Hallmarks.

Neurodegenerative diseases represent a cluster of conditions characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system. Despite significant advancements in understanding these diseases, therapeutic options remain limited. The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been recognized for its comprehensive array of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, which possess potential neuroprotective properties. This literature review collates and examines the existing research on the bioactivity of active compounds and extracts from Ganoderma lucidum in modulating the pathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. The structural information and preparation processes of specific components, such as individual ganoderic acids and unique fractions of polysaccharides, are presented in detail to facilitate structure-activity relationship research and scale up the investigation of in vivo pharmacology. The mechanisms of these components against neurodegenerative diseases are discussed on multiple levels and elaborately categorized in different patterns. It is clearly presented from the patterns that most polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum possess neurotrophic effects, while ganoderic acids preferentially target specific pathogenic proteins as well as regulating autophagy. Further clinical trials are necessary to assess the translational potential of these components in the development of novel multi-target drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.

Danxiaibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium of the family Chitinophagaceae isolated from forest soil on Danxia Mountain.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped, yellow bacterium, designated SYSU DXS3180T, was isolated from forest soil of Danxia Mountain in PR China. Growth occurred at 15-37 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and with 0-2.0 % NaCl (optimum, 0-0.5 %, w/v). Strain SYSU DXS3180T was positive for hydrolysis of Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80 and starch, but negative for urease, H2S production, nitrate reduction, Tween 40 and gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences showed that SYSU DXS3180T belonged to the family Chitinophagaceae. The closely related members were Foetidibacter luteolus YG09T (94.2 %), Limnovirga soli KCS-6T (93.9 %) and Filimonas endophytica SR 2-06T (93.7 %). The genome of strain SYSU DXS3180T was 7287640 bp with 5782 protein-coding genes, and the genomic DNA G+C content was 41.4 mol%. The main respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G. The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified polar lipids. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain SYSU DXS3180T is proposed to represent a novel species of a novel genus named Danxiaibacter flavus gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family Chitinophagaceae. The type strain is SYSU DXS3180T (=KCTC 92895T=GDMCC 1.3825 T).

Rufibacter roseolus sp. nov. and Rufibacter aurantiacus sp. nov., isolated from desert soil.

Two novel bacterial strains, designated as SYSU D00344T and SYSU D00433T, were isolated from soil of Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang, north-west PR China. Cells of both strains were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short-rod-shaped, catalase-positive and non-motile. Oxidase activities of SYSU D00344T and SYSU D00433T were negative and positive, respectively. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, with 0-0.5 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7.0. The results of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that they represented members of the genus Rufibacter and were closely related to Rufibacter hautae NBS58-1T. The results of phylogenomic analysis indicated that the two strains formed two independent and robust branches distinct from all reference type strains. The analyses of average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) values and 16S rRNA gene similarities between the two strains and their relatives further demonstrated that SYSU D00344T and SYSU D00433T represented two different novel genospecies. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified glycolipid, two unidentified aminophospholipids, and two or four unidentified lipids. MK-7 was the only respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids (>10 %) for both strains were identified as iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), as well as summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1B and/or iso-C17 : 1I) for SYSU D00344T and C16 : 1ω5c for SYSU D00433T. On the basis of the phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics, we propose Rufibacter roseolus sp. nov. and Rufibacter aurantiacus sp. nov. as two novel species in the genus Rufibacter. The type strains are SYSU D00344T (=CGMCC 1.8625T=MCCC 1K04971T=KCTC 82274T) and SYSU D00433T (=CGMCC 1.8617T=MCCC 1K04982T=KCTC 82277T), respectively.

Rubellimicrobium arenae sp. nov., isolated from desert soil.

Two Gram-stain-negative strains, designated as SYSU D00286T and SYSU D00782, were isolated from a sand sample collected from the Kumtag Desert in Xinjiang, north-west China. Cells were aerobic, non-motile and positive for both oxidase and catalase. Growth occurred at 4-37 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), pH 6.0-7.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and NaCl concentration of 0-1.5 % (w/v; optimum, 0%). Growth was observed on Reasoner's 2A agar and nutrient agar, but not on Luria-Bertani agar and trypticase soy agar. The polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified glycolipid and two unidentified phospholipids. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strains SYSU D00286T and SYSU D00782 was 100%, and their average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity and (AAI) digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values were all 100.0 %. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these two strains belong to the same species of the genus Rubellimicrobium and show the highest sequence similarity to Rubellimicrobium rubrum KCTC 72461T (98.2 %) and Rubellimicrobium roseum CCTCC AA 208029T (97.5 %). The ANI, AAI and dDDH values between SYSU D00286T (as well as SYSU D00782) and the other five Rubellimicrobium type strains were all less than or equal to 83.2, 80.1 and 23.6 %, respectively. Based on their phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomical features, strains SYSU D00286T and SYSU D00782 represent a novel species of the genus Rubellimicrobium, for which the name Rubellimicrobium arenae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU D00286T (=MCCC 1K04981T=CGMCC 1.8626T=KCTC 82271T).

Aridibaculum aurantiacum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the Kumtag Desert soil.

A novel orange-coloured bacterium, designated strain SYSU D00508T, was isolated from a sandy soil sampled from the Kumtag Desert in China. Strain SYSU D00508T was aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive and non-motile. Growth occurred at 4-45°C (optimum 28-30°C), pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0-8.0) and with 0-2.5 % NaCl (w/v, optimum 0-1.0 %). The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), unidentified aminolipids (AL1-3) and unidentified polar lipids (L1-5) were also detected. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 1 G. The genomic DNA G+C content was 42.6 %. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYSU D00508T belonged to the family Chitinophagaceae and showed 93.9 % (Segetibacter koreensis DSM18137T), 92.9 % (Segetibacter aerophilus NBRC 106135T), 93.0 % (Terrimonas soli JCM 32095T) and 92.8 % (Parasegetibacter terrae JCM 19942T) similarities. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain SYSU D00508T is proposed to represent a novel species of a new genus, named Aridibaculum aurantiacum gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family Chitinophagaceae. The type strain is SYSU D00508T (=KCTC 82286T=CGMCC 1.18648T=MCCC 1K05005T).

Salinibacterium sedimenticola sp. nov., Isolated from Tidal Flat Sediment.

An actinobacterium, designated as SYSU T00001T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment sample from Guangdong province, China. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile and short rod-shaped. Colonies on marine agar 2216 were smooth, yellow-pigmented, and circular with low convexity. The isolate was able to grow at the temperature range 4-37 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 4.0-10.0 (optimum 7.0) and in the presence of 0-10% (w/v) NaCl. The major menaquinones were MK-11 and MK-10. The cell wall contained alanine, glutamic acid, lysine and ornithine. The major fatty acids were C19:0 cyclo ω8c (35.7%) and anteiso C15:0 (26.0%). The polar lipids consisted of one diphosphatidyl glycerol, one unidentified glycolipid and one unknown lipid. Whole genome sequencing of strain SYSU T00001T revealed 2,837,702 bp with a DNA G + C content of 67.8%. Phylogenetic analyses clearly demonstrated that strain SYSU T00001T belonged to the genus Salinibacterium, and the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity to Salinibacterium hongtaonis 194T (97.8%). The ANI and dDDH values of strain SYSU T00001T relative to Salinibacterium hongtaonis 194T were 74.5% and 19.5%, respectively. According to our data, strain SYSU T00001T represents a novel species of the genus Salinibacterium, for which the name Salinibacterium sedimenticola sp. nov. is proposed, the type strain is SYSU T00001T (= GDMCC 1.3283T = KCTC 49758T).

Telluribacter roseus sp. nov., Isolated from the Kumtag Desert Soil.

A pink-pigmented bacterium, designated as strain SYSU D00476T, was isolated from sandy soil collected from the Kumtag Desert in China. Colonies were opaque, smooth and of a slight convexity with a clearly defined border. Cells were rod-shaped, Gram-stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive. Growth occurred at 4-45 ℃ (optimum at 28-30 ℃), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum at 7.0), and with 0-3.0% NaCl (w/v, optimum at 0-2.0%). Major fatty acids (> 10%) were C16:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), iso-C17:0 3-OH and iso-C15:0. Polar lipids comprised of three unidentified polar aminolipids (ALs), two unidentified aminophosphoglycolipids (APLs), one unidentified glycolipid (GL) and three unidentified phospholipids (PLs). The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The genomic DNA G + C content was 50.5%. The low digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH, 27.4%) and average nucleotide identity (ANI, 85%) values between strain SYSU D00476T and Telluribacter humicola KCTC 42819T indicated that SYSU D00476T represent a distinct species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYSU D00476T belonged to the genus Telluribacter, showing 97.5% similarity with T. humicola KCTC 42819T. All these data support that strain SYSU D00476T represent a novel species of the genus Telluribacter within the family Spirosomataceae, named as Telluribacter roseus sp. nov. The type strain is SYSU D00476T (= KCTC 82285T = CGMCC 1.18647T = MCCC 1K04983T).

Longitalea arenae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Longitalea luteola sp. nov., two new members of the family Chitinophagaceae isolated from desert soil.

Two strains designated as SYSU D01084T and SYSU D00799T, were isolated from a sandy soil sample collected from Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang, north-west China. Cells of both strains were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, long-rod-shaped, oxidase- and catalase-negative, motile or non-motile. Colonies were circular, translucent, convex, smooth and light-yellow in color on R2A agar. The two isolates were found to grow at 4-50 ºC, at pH 6.0-8.0 and with 0-1.0% (w/v) NaCl. Analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that they belonged to the family Chitinophagaceae, and closely related to the genera Paraflavitalea, Niastella, Pseudoflavitalea and Flavitalea. The two novel strains shared 98.1% 16S rRNA sequence similarity and represent different species on the basis of low average nucleotide identity (ANI, 83.8%) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH, 51.4%) values. The genomic DNA G + C contents of strains SYSU D01084T and SYSU D00799T were 46.0 and 45.6%, respectively. Phylogenetic trees showed that the two isolates were clustered in an individual lineage and not grouped consistently into any specific genus. The polar lipids contained of phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified aminoglycolipids, and three or four unidentified lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (> 10%) were identified as iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and iso-C15:1 G. Based on the combined phenotypic, genomic and phylogenetic analyses, the two strains represent two novel species of a new genus in the family Chitinophagaceae, for which the name Longitalea gen. nov. is proposed, comprising the type species Longitalea arenae sp. nov. (type strain SYSU D01084T = CGMCC 1.18641T = MCCC 1K05006T = KCTC 82283T) and Longitalea luteola sp. nov. (type strain SYSU D00799T = MCCC 1K04987T = KCTC 82282T = NBRC 114888T).

Sphingomonas arenae sp. nov., isolated from desert soil.

Two bacterial strains, designated as SYSU D00720T and SYSU D00722, were isolated from a desert sandy soil sample collected from Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang, north-west China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped, oxidase-positive and catalase-negative. Colonies were circular, opaque, convex, smooth, orange on Reasoner's 2A (R2A) agar. The isolates were found to grow at 4-45 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), at pH 6.0-7.0 (optimum, 7.0) and with 0-1.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%). Growth was observed on R2A agar, Luria-Bertani agar and nutrient agar, but not on trypticase soy agar. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, sphingoglycolipid, two unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified glycolipid, one unidentified aminoglycolipid, one unidentified aminophospholipid, one unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified lipids. The main fatty acids (>10%) were C17 : 1 ω6c, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c) and C16 : 0. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10 and the major polyamine was sym-homospermidine. The genomic DNA G+C content was 66.0 mol%. Strains SYSU D00720T and SYSU D00722 were nearly identical with a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.6 %, and 100.0 % average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values. Phylogenetic analyses clearly demonstrated that these two strains belonged to the same species of the genus Sphingomonas, and had highest sequence similarity to Sphingomonas lutea KCTC 23642T (97.3 %). The ANI, AAI and dDDH values of strains SYSU D00720T and SYSU D00722 to S. lutea KCTC 23642T were both 73.2, 69.9 and 19.2 %, respectively. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic distinctiveness, strains SYSU D00720T and SYSU D00722 represent a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonas arenae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU D00720T (=MCCC 1K05154T=NBRC 115061T).

Sabulibacter ruber gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium in the family Hymenobacteraceae, isolated from desert soil.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, non-motile, short rod-shaped, red-pigmented strain, designated as SYSU D00434T, was isolated from a dry sandy soil sample collected from the Gurbantunggut desert in Xinjiang, north-west PR China. Strain SYSU D00434T was found to grow at 4-37 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0-1.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-0.5 %). The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 1 ω5c, iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c) and summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1 B and/or iso-C17 : 1 I). The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified polar lipids, two unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified glycolipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SYSU D00434T was 50.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYSU D00434T belonged to the family Hymenobacteraceae, and shared a sequence similarity of less than 94.6 % to all validly named taxa. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic properties, strain D00434T is proposed to represent a new species of a new genus, named Sabulibacter ruber gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family Hymenobacteraceae. The type strain is SYSU D00434T (=CGMCC 1.18624T=KCTC 82276T=MCCC 1K04975T).

Sabulicella rubraurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Acetobacteraceae, isolated from desert soil.

Strain SYSU D01096T was isolated from a sandy soil sample collected from Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis of the nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain SYSU D01096T belonged to the family Acetobacteraceae and was closest to Rubritepida flocculans DSM 14296T (96.0% similarity). Cells of strain SYSU D01096T were observed to be non-motile, short rod-shaped and Gram-staining negative. The colonies were observed to be translucent, reddish orange, circular, convex and smooth. Growth occurred at 15-37 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), pH 4.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 0-0.5% NaCl (w/v; optimum, 0%) on Reasoner's 2A medium. The predominant ubiquinone was identified as ubiquinone 9 and the major fatty acids were Summed Feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c) and C16:0. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), one unidentified phospholipid (PL), three unidentified aminolipids (AL1-3) and one unidentified aminophospholipid (APL). The genomic DNA G + C content was 69.1%. Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated strain SYSU D01096T represented an individual lineage in the family Acetobacteraceae, which was supported by 30 core gene-based phylogenomic tree. Based on the multi-analysis including physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic comparison, strain SYSU D01096T was proposed to represent a novel species of a novel genus, named Sabulicella rubraurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family Acetobacteraceae. The type strain is SYSU D01096T (= CGMCC 1.8619T = KCTC 82268T = MCCC 1K04998T).

Arenibaculum pallidiluteum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium in the family Azospirillaceae, isolated from desert soil, and reclassification of Skermanella xinjiangensis to a new genus Deserticella as Deserticella xinjiangensis comb. nov., and transfer of the genera Indioceanicola and Oleisolibacter from the family Rhodospirillaceae to the family Azospirillaceae.

A novel pale orange-coloured bacterium, designated strain SYSU D00532T, was isolated from sandy soil collected from the Gurbantunggut desert in Xinjiang, PR China. Cells of strain SYSU D00532T were found to be aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, motile and rod-shaped with a single polar or subpolar flagellum. Growth occurred at 15-45 °C (optimum, 28-37 °C, pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 6.0-7.0) and with 0-1.5% NaCl (w/v; optimum, 0.5 %). The major polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. Unidentified aminolipids, unidentified polar lipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid and an unidentified phospholipid were also detected. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10 and the major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c), C16:0 and C19:0 cyclo ω8c. The genomic DNA G+C content was 69.8 mol%. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYSU D00532T belonged to the family Azospirillaceae and showed 93.4% (Desertibacter roseus 2622T), 93.2% (Skermanella xinjiangensis 10-1-101T), 93.2% ('Skermanella rubra' YIM 93097T) and 92.4% (Desertibacter xinjiangensis M71T) similarities. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain SYSU D00532T is proposed to represent a new species of a new genus, named Arenibaculum pallidiluteum gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family Azospirillaceae. The type strain is SYSU D00532T (=KCTC 82269T=CGMCC 1.18631T=MCCC 1K04984T). We also propose the reclassification of Skermanella xinjiangensis to a new genus Deserticella as Deserticella xinjiangensis comb. nov., and the transfer of the genera Indioceanicola and Oleisolibacter from the family Rhodospirillaceae to the family Azospirillaceaewe based on the phylogenetic results.

Polystyrene@poly(ar-vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium-co-acrylic acid core/shell pH-responsive nanoparticles for active targeting and imaging of cancer cell based on aggregation induced emission.

Doubly charged pH-responsive core/shell hydrogel nanoparticles with green fluorescence were prepared and were shown to be viable bioprobes for active targeting tumor tissue and imaging of cancer cells. Via emulsionfree copolymerization hydrogel nanoparticles as VANPs were prepared, the core of which was polystyrene (Ps) and the shell was comprised of strongly positive electrolyte (ar-vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium (VBTAC) with weak negative electrolyte acrylic acid (AA). Through conventional amidation, the shell was conjugated with cell-specific folic acid (FA), denoted as VANPs-FA. Then, negatively charged sulfonated 9,10-distyrylanthracene derivatives (SDSA) based on aggregation induced emission (AIE), was binding tightly to positively charged VBTAC of VANPs-FA shell. The prepared double charged fluorescent core/shell hydrogel nanoparticles abbreviated as VANPs-FS, showed excitation/emission wavelengths at ~420/528 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements were performed to determine the size and surficial zeta potential of VANPs-FS. Under proper ratio of VBTAC to AA, the VANPs-FS was stable (~ 64.63 nm, -20.2 mV) at high pH (> 7), started to aggregate (~ 683.0 nm, -3.2 mV) at pH around 6, and can redispers at low pH (< 5). The MTT analysis proved that VANPs-FS had good biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. The targeting effectiveness of VANPs-FS was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Graphical abstract Detailed synthetic route of VANPs-FS (top) and schematic cancer tumor-target aggregation of pH-sensitive VANPs-FS with enhanced retention and rapid cancer cell imaging (bottom).

High-throughput screening of triplex DNA binders from complicated samples by 96-well pate format in conjunction with peak area-fading UHPLC-Orbitrap MS.

Conventional strategies for the screening of DNA triplex binders cannot be used for complicated samples, such as ligand libraries created by combinatorial chemistry or from natural product extracts. In the current study, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS)-based approach, which we call peak area-fading (PAF) UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS and was designed for just such a purpose, is reported. The triplex DNA modified 96-well plate and the single stranded oligonucleotide modified 96-well plate (as control) were incubated with ligand libraries, and the unbound ligands were directly determined via UHPLC-ESI-MS. The binders were detected through the decrease (fading) in the peak areas compared to those of the control group. Several factors, such as incubation time, incubation temperature, and buffer, which might affect the binding affinity and reproducibility, were optimized. The potential of the approach was examined using the extracts of Rhizoma Coptidis and Phellodendron chinense Schneid cortexe. The triplex DNA-binding capabilities of the five components (epiberberine, coptisine, jatrorrhizine, berberrubine, and columbamine) were found for the first time, indicating their efficiency for the analysis of complicated samples. In contrast to our previous study, which suffered from a serious drawback of poor reproducibility, this method is more robust and more suitable for high-throughput measurements, opening a new experimental strategy in assessing large libraries of potential drug candidates that work by forming a drug/DNA complex.